O trabalho por turnos é definido como aquele realizado fora dos horários considerados “convencionais”, por exemplo: pelo trabalho no turno noturno ou o trabalho de forma contínua, através do revezamento de equipes. Durante as últimas décadas, a proporção de trabalhadores que executam as atividades em escalas de turnos vem aumentando e, com as mudanças nas condições de trabalho, a organização do ambiente social, familiar, dos hábitos de vida e das necessidades básicas desses trabalhadores passou por significativas transformações, que podem causar danos saúde. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e distúrbios metabólicos em trabalhadores de turnos já é bastante evidenciado na literatura, e os estudos epidemiológicos demonstram associações consistentes entre o trabalho por turnos e a ocorrência de doenças, como obesidade, diabetes e síndrome metabólica. Além da relação entre alterações dos ritmos biológicos, disruptura do sistema circadiano e alterações metabólicas, mudanças comportamentais experienciadas pelos trabalhadores de turnos são apontadas como potenciais fatores de risco adicionais ao desenvolimento de doenças. Dentre as alterações nos hábitos de vida, a alimentação parece ser alterada em decorrência do trabalho por turno. Mudanças nos horários de sono, vigília, da atividade laboral, bem como na disponibilidade de alimentos e tempo para realização das refeiçoes em locais adequados, são fatores determinantes nas escolhas alimentares desses indivíduos. Ainda que estudos voltados à avaliaçao da alimentação de trabalhadores de turnos tenham sido propostos e bastante discutidos na literatura, a real influência do turno de trabalho nos hábitos alimentares é pouco elucidada. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi revisar sistematicamente os resultados de estudos que avaliaram os hábitos alimentares de trabalhadores de turnos, de forma a esclarecer como o turno de trabalho influencia, positiva ou negativamente na alimentação. A sumarização de evidências permite a elaboração de condutas e estratégias nutricionais específicas a esse grupo de risco. Além disso, destaca aspectos importantes a serem considerados no desenvolvimento de futuros estudos, visando contribuir com a qualidade das informações obtidas. / Shift work is defined as the one performed outside the "conventional" hours, for example by working the night shift or working continuously through the team relay. Over the last few decades, the proportion of workers performing turn-based activities has been increasing and, with changes in working conditions, the organization of the social, family, living, and basic needs of these workers has changed significantly which can cause health damage. The development of chronic noncommunicable diseases and metabolic disorders in shift workers is already well documented in the literature, and epidemiological studies demonstrate consistent associations between shift work and the occurrence of diseases such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In addition to the relationship between changes in biological rhythms, disruption of the circadian system and metabolic alterations, behavioral changes experienced by shift workers are indicated as potential additional risk factors for the development of diseases. Among the changes in life habits, food habits seems to be altered as a result of shift work. Changes in sleep schedules, wakefulness, labor activity, as well as food availability and time to make meals in appropriate places, are determining factors in the food choices of these individuals. Although studies aimed at evaluating the feeding of shift workers have been proposed and discussed in the literature, the real influence of work shift on eating habits is little elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematically review the results of studies that evaluated the eating habits of shift workers, in order to clarify how the work shift influences, positively or negatively in the diet. Summarizing evidence allows the elaboration of specific nutritional strategies and strategies for this risk group. In addition, it highlights important aspects to be considered in the development of future studies, aiming to contribute to the quality of the information obtained.

A prevalência da obesidade em crianças e adolescentes tem aumentado em diversos países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Esse fato está fortemente relacionado à mudança no estilo de vida e aos hábitos alimentares. A transição nutricional é um fenômeno caracterizado pelo aumento da ingestão de calorias e o consumo alimentar tem sido relacionado à obesidade não somente quanto ao volume de ingestão alimentar como também à composição e qualidade da dieta. O Healthy Eating Index (HEI, índice de alimentação saudável) é uma medida de adesão às recomendações dietéticas americanas. O HEI é composto por um escore de 100 pontos, onde 10 componentes alimentares são avaliados e destinados a avaliar a qualidade da alimentação, com a finalidade de monitorar as mudanças na ingestão dietética ao longo do tempo e como um instrumento base para elaboração das atividades de educação nutricional e promoção de saúde na população. Muitos estudos avaliaram a qualidade da alimentação através desse índice, alguns mostraram associação positiva entre o HEI e a ingestão de nutrientes essenciais. Porém, poucos estudos correlacionaram o HEI com marcadores de perfil lipídico. Este estudo se preocupa com o surgimento de alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular já na infância, e uma das causas relacionadas a esse problema seria o tipo de alimentação que as crianças consomem. Para avaliar a qualidade da dieta e marcadores de perfil lipídico, realizou-se um estudo transversal com a finalidade de investigar a associação entre o HEI e marcadores de perfil lipídico e o índice de massa corporal em escolares de sete e oito anos de idade, de baixo nível socioeconômico. A amostra foi constituída de 305 escolares, sendo 173 meninos e 132 meninas, a média geral de idade foi de 7,7 ± 0,4 anos, o excesso de peso foi diagnosticado em 27,2% das crianças, sendo que 11,5% foram classificadas como obesas. A média geral da pontuação do HEI foi 58,8 ± 7,7. Neste estudo foi encontrada uma elevada proporção de crianças com consumo alimentar que precisa ser melhorado e nenhuma criança com qualidade boa da dieta. Além disso, não foi possível mostrar associação entre o HEI e os níveis de lipídeos séricos nas crianças estudadas. Os resultados desta pesquisa, aliados a estudos de intervenção já feitos, destacam a necessidade de elaborar e implementar políticas e programas de nutrição nas escolas que tenham como alvo as crianças e suas famílias, com o objetivo de aumentar a ingestão de legumes, verduras, frutas e reduzir a ingestão de produtos industrializados, sódio e gorduras. / The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has increased in several countries including Brazil. This fact is strongly related to changes in lifestyle and eating habits. The nutrition transition is a phenomenon characterized by increased calorie intake and food consumption has been linked to obesity not only in the amount of food intake as well as the composition and diet quality. The Healthy Eating Index – HEI – is a measure of adherence to U.S. dietary recommendations. HEI is composed of a score of 100 points, in which 10 food components are evaluated and are designed to assess the quality of food, in order to monitor changes in dietary intake over time and as a basic instrument for development activities nutrition education and promotion of health in the population. Many studies have assessed the quality of food through this index, some showed a positive association between the HEI and the intake of essential nutrients. However few studies HEI correlated with markers of lipid profile. This research is concerned with the emergence of some cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and one of the causes related to this problem would be the type of food that children consume. In order to assess the quality of diet and lipid profile markers a crosssectional study was conducted to investigate the association between the HEI and markers of lipid profile and body mass index in schoolchildren of seven and eight years old, low socioeconomic status. The sample consisted of 305 school children, 173 boys and 132 girls, the overall mean age was 7.7 ± 0.4 years, overweight was diagnosed in 27.2% of children, and 11.5 % were classified as obese. The general average HEI score was 58.8 ± 7.7. This study found a high proportion of children with food consumption that needs to be improved and no child with good quality diet. In addition, we could not show an association between the HEI and serum lipid levels in children. The results of this research combined with intervention studies ever made highlight the need to develop and implement policies and nutrition programs in schools that target children and their families in order to increase the intake of vegetables, fruits and reduce the intake of processed products, sodium and fats.

Title: Contemporary youth lifestyle and its impact on health Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to describe and evaluate the current lifestyle of young people with a focus on the level of physical activity, eating habits, spending leisure time and health of young people and to compare the obtained data with the results of international research conducted in the Czech Republic in 2018 as part of the HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN. Methods: The questioning method was used to obtain information about the current lifestyle of young people and its effect on their health. 334 respondents participated in the survey, including 142 boys and 192 girls attending the Bratří Jandusů Primary School, the Hotel and Gastronomy Secondary School, the Media Graphic Secondary School and the Secondary Vocational School for European Union Administration in Prague. Results: The aim of the thesis was to find out what the current lifestyle of young people is and how it affects their health. According to the information obtained in my research, the respondents' current lifestyle is characterized mainly by unsuitable eating habits, insufficient physical activity and excessive spending of leisure time by sedentary (inactive) behavior. Only 6.9% of respondents meet sufficient physical activity and appropriate...

The food decisions, dietary patterns, physical activity, and weight-related convictions of African American mothers are affected by their self-perceptions and views of body weight. The gap in the literature regarding the impact of these perceptions on children's food choices, eating habits, and body image is significant. Using the health belief model as the theoretical foundation and a cross-sectional survey as the research design, this study assessed the potential relationship between mothers' and children's eating habits and whether mothers' perceptions of their children's body image were reliable indicators of childhood obesity. Eighty-six mothers provided demographic information and completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Figure Rating Scale (FRS); 86 children completed the FRS. All 172 participants self-reported weight and height. No other measurements were taken. Logistic regression and correlation analysis were used to answer the research questions. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between the mothers' perceptions of their children's body image and the children's self-perceptions of their body image. The results of regression analyses indicated that the mothers' perceptions of their weight as children influenced food choices for their children as well as their children's self-perception of body image. Positive social change in the African American community may occur by having community and health care professionals offer awareness programs to African American mothers.

Abstract Food and recuperation has a superior importance in human life and it is hard to deny the distinction of the food in everyday life. Nutritious food gives energy to benefit activities of the day and influences on behavior and performance as well as well being. The meaning of the terms meal and mealtime are key concepts in this study and the several beneficial aspects beyond the physiological function. Inadequate time for the meal might provide degenerative consequences for individual health and generate outgoings for society. The aim of this study was that from an individual perspective describe work environment conditions for meals and recovery potential among employees with irregular working hours using mixed methods with both questionnaire and interviews. Four (4) airline employees participated. Result from this study demonstrated that airline employees, especially cabin crew, rarely could effect on the surrounding environment of the meal. The participants indicated the irregularity of the meals and meal patterns at work along with constant time pressure and economic directives as the main underlying factors from their perspective. The study concluded that the time, place and money dictated the terms of the mealtime and that the potential of recovery was virtually nonexistent. Keywords: meal, eating habits, shift work, health promotion, recovery/recuperation

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur individer som arbetar skift upplever att skiftarbetet påverkar dem fysiskt och psykiskt samt hur de upplever att det påverkar deras mattider och matvanor. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervju. Fyra skiftarbetande informanter deltog i studien, av dessa var tre personer män och en kvinna. Informanterna i studien var 24, 27, 45 samt 45. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades för att sedan analyseras med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Meningsenheter ur det transkriberade materialet valdes ut, kondenserades och kodades. Koderna sammanställdes sedan till kategorier. Resultat som framkom av studien var att informanterna angav att de påverkades både fysiskt och psykiskt av att arbeta skift. De upplevda fysiska symptom som rapporterades till följd av att arbeta skift var trötthet och sömnsvårigheter. De upplevda bakomliggande faktorerna till de fysiska symptomen var svårigheter att koppla av, omställning mellan skift samt intensiteten på arbetet. De upplevda psykiska symptom som rapporterades var trötthet, nedstämdhet och stress. De upplevda bakomliggande faktorerna som informanterna angav till de psykiska symptomen var störd sömnrytm, rädsla för att göra fel i arbetet samt matvanor. Informanterna uppgav att de upplevde att deras mattider och matvanor påverkades av att de arbetar skift. Gällande skiftarbetets påverkan på mattiderna uppgavs problematiska mattider, hungrigare på kvällarna samt sockersug nattetid som påverkansfaktorer. Informanter angav svårigheter att äta nattetid, mättnad, rörligt schema samt sömnbrist som upplevda bakomliggande faktorer. Informanternas upplevelser av hur skiftarbetet påverkar deras matvanor uppgavs att de äter onyttigare kvällstid samt att de äter onyttigare nattetid. De upplevda bakomliggande orsakerna till skiftarbetets påverkan på matvanorna var snabb energipåfyllning samt lathet. Resultaten visade att det finns ohälsosamma effekter av skiftarbete för personer som arbetar skift, vilket motiverar och därför är det en viktig aspekt för folkhälsovetenskap att fortsätta sin ytterligare forskning om riskfaktorer och förebyggande åtgärder. / The aim of this study was to learn about how shift workers experience how the shiftwork affect them both physically and psychologically and to study if they experience that their mealtimes and eating habits are affected by the shift work. The method used was a qualitative semi-structured interview. Content analysis was used to analyze the interviews. The results showed that the informants were affected by working shift both physically and psychologically. Physical symptoms reported were fatigue and insomnia. Reported psychological symptoms were fatigue, stress and low mood. All informants reported that both their mealtimes and eating habits were affected. The results showed that mealtimes were affected by sleep deprivation and variable schedule. The eating habits were reported to be unhealthier when the informants were working evening or night shift. The results showed that there are unhealthy impacts from shiftwork on individuals who are working shift, which motivates further research on risk factors and preventive measures.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether parents of children who attend childcare centers have different attitudes and behaviors toward shaping their child's eating habits than parents of children who stay at home, and whether these attitudes and behaviors affect their child's dietary intake and weight. Fifty parents of 3- to 5-year-old children who attended childcare centers and fifty parents of 3- to 5-year-old children who stayed at home in Central Texas participated in the study. Parents completed questionnaires designed to measure the factors they considered when choosing food for their child, and their perceived influence on, satisfaction with, responsibility for, and control over their child's eating habits. After receiving training and measuring utensils, parents completed 3-day dietary records for their child. A researcher recorded the children's food intake when they were at the childcare center. Children's height and weight were measured, and body mass index was plotted on the CDC BMIfor- age growth charts (2000). Twelve percent of childcare children were obese compared to 2 percent of stay-at-home children (p<0.05). Children in childcare consumed more energy, vegetables, fat, saturated fat, and sweetened beverages than stay-at-home children (p<0.05), mostly due to consumption at the center. Both groups met requirements for all food groups and nutrients except grains, vegetables, and vitamin E. Their diets were too high in fat, contributing 32 percent of total energy. There was no evidence that parents of children in childcare felt less responsible for, less influential on, more satisfied with, or exerted less control over their child's diet than stay-at-home parents. Parents of childcare children believed that they and the childcare center shared responsibility for their child's nutrition. They felt that time was a more important factor in choosing food for their child than did stay-at-home parents. Parents who perceived lack of time to be an obstacle had children who consumed less energy, iron, and fat during the evening hours. Parents of overweight children felt more influential on and were more satisfied with their child's diets than parents of normal weight children. No other parental attitudes were predictive of children's food intake or weight status. / text

Adopting more sustainable consumption habits has been identified as a necessary step in the progression towards a sustainable society. In the area of sustainable consumption, personal food behaviour represents a strong leverage point. University students have been identified as a strategic audience; habits established during this transformative period can track forward into later life. This study seeks to identify the barriers inhibiting students from eating more sustainably. Perceived benefits of eating more sustainably, student food preferences, and student definitions of sustainable food are also identified. Focus groups, surveys, and interviews were carried out at universities in Europe, North America and Australia. Results show that perceived cost of sustainable food and a lack of knowledge, time and availability were ubiquitous barriers preventing students from adopting more sustainable eating habits. In addition to gathering the perceptions of others, the authors’ understanding of the challenges and benefits of eating more sustainably was augmented by a month-long self-study. Results from the self-study show that it is feasible to eat more sustainably without incurring additional costs. Recommendations informed by the focus groups, surveys, interviews and self-study are made to help students overcome the barriers to eating more sustainably.

This methods-oriented dissertation focuses on the psychometric evaluation of the Feeding Your Preschooler Questionnaire (FYPQ) designed to assess the eating habits and diet quality of young children. Parental proxy reports (n=135) were obtained through pen and pencil administration of the FYPQ and an in-person interview using a 24- hour food recall (24HR).Test-retest reliability (n=82) was determined using a repeated measures design with Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Spearman correlations for the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) portion of the survey, parental self-efficacy, parental role modeling, parental practices, and parental perception of child food preference regarding fruits and vegetables scales. Test-retest reliabilities ranged from r=.53 for water to r=.84 for vegetables for the FFQ and from r=.64 for role modeling to r=.71 for parental perception of child preference for the psychosocial measures. Concurrent construct validity (n=107) was examined with a cross-sectional study design using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Spearman correlations, and cross-classification analysis into quartiles of food group intakes. Spearman’s correlations between the FFQ and the 24HR were .46 for milk, .22 for fruit, .22 for vegetables, .11 for grains and .07 for protein. Cross-classification analysis revealed that 29% of children were classified in the same quartile and 69% in the same or within one quartile, and gross misclassification ranged from 2% to 10%. Nomological validity was examined using weighted least squares regression. Two regression analyses with fruit and vegetable intake on first the FFQ and second the 24HR as the dependent variable examined the influences of psychosocial environmental predictors and food insecurity. The FFQ regression model explained 28% (p<.05) of the variance in fruit and vegetable intake, with the significant predictors of parental role modeling and food insecurity. The 24HR regression analysis predicting fruit and vegetable intake explained 11% (p<.05), with parental perception of child preference and parental role modeling as significant predictors. In summary, the FYPQ demonstrated good test-retest reliability. The study provides evidence of concurrent validity for the FFQ for assessment of milk consumption and fruit and vegetable variety in preschool children's diets and of nomological validity in the prediction of fruit and vegetable consumption. / text

The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of computer consumption among boys in ninth grade, and to see if there were any differences with regards to physical activity, sleeping habits, breakfast habits and BMI. The study has cross sectional design with a comparative and a quantitative structure and is based on a former study called “Food &amp; Health 2007”.  The respondents were represented by 181 boys in ninth grade, recruited from ten different schools in the county of Uppsala, who were answering questions about media consumption, breakfast habits, physical activity and sleeping habits. Daily computer consumption was reported up to one hour for 12 % of the respondents, one to three hours for 65 % and over three hours for 42 %. The boys who had a high physical activity level were less frequent in computer consumption while those who had a low physical activity level spent more time by the computer. The boys who were high computer consumers showed either a high or low level of physical activity, while the boys who were low computer consumers were presented mainly by boys with a high activity level. BMI increased in relation to increasing computer consumption and in relation to less prevalence of physical activity. The boys with high computer consumption had a higher BMI than the low consumers and involve a risk of decreased general health. Further studies are required to confirm the results and to find out the causes for the differences, and to give a foundation for further work against overweight, obesity and decreasing level of physical activity among children and adolescents.