Health care played an important role in the revolutions of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Both the Sandinistas and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) prioritized popular health throughout the 1980s. Clinics and hospitals served as sites of revolution that drew healthcare solidarity activists from the United States. These health internationalists worked to build community-level networks that relied upon trained medical volunteers. In both El Salvador and Nicaragua, women comprised a bulk of the community health workers. These women chose to interact with revolution by building on radical promises of universal healthcare access. Healthcare solidarity activists trained community volunteers and encouraged women to pursue their own needs within the revolutionary frameworks. Health internationalists actively undermined United States’ policies toward Central America. In the 1980s, the United States implemented economic policies and supported military violence that targeted healthcare infrastructure. In training community health workers, treating civilians, sharing knowledge through international exchange, and sending funds and medical supplies, health activists mitigated some of the damage being done. This thesis posits that health care was an important site of revolution for Central Americans and internationalists alike. By choosing to mend bodies, medical activists stood in direct opposition to the violence of the decade. They also served as fundamental to the revolution because they helped carry out the will of the people. The revolutions rested on the hope of improving the lives of every day Nicaraguans and Salvadorans. As the violence of the 1980s forced the guerillas of El Salvador and the leaders of Nicaragua to focus on war, the people continued to implement revolutionary health goals at the community level. This thesis argues that understanding how health internationalists, women, and community activists engaged revolutionary ideas of medicine is vital to the study of 1980s Central America.

Actualmente, el interés por las Artes Escénicas ha incrementado en el país. Sin embargo, este crecimiento no va de la mano con la infraestructura destinada a la presentación y enseñanza de este tipo de arte. El proyecto toma como punto de partida esta realidad y busca construir espacios adecuados para difusión y formación de las artes escénicas que, además, promuevan la relación entre el estudiante y los espectadores. Asimismo, se pretende integrar el edificio con la ciudad en contraposición a los referentes de infraestructura nacional analizados. / Nowadays, the interest for the Scenic Arts has increased in the country. Nevertheless, this growth does not have relation with the infrastructure destined for the presentation and education of this type of art. The project takes this issue as a start to propose appropriate spaces for diffusion and formation of the scenic arts that, in addition, promote the relation between the student and the spectators. Likewise, one tries to integrate the building with the city in contraposition to the modals of national infrastructure analyzed. / Tesis

Se trata del desarrollo del proyecto arquitectónico de una escuela de diseño industrial de carácter técnico, la cual estará emplazada en Villa el Salvador, distrito que posee una gran cantidad de microempresas y viviendas taller dedicadas a la elaboración de muebles, textiles, cerámicos y otros productos. Se ha conceptualizado el proyecto usando la teoría educacional del Aprendizaje Colaborativo, generando una arquitectura que genera vínculos visuales y físicos entre los alumnos y otros usuarios y, de esta forma, busca promover el aprendizaje y los procesos creativos. Además, es un proyecto permeable y que brinda servicios e infraestructura al distrito buscando el aprendizaje no solo en los alumnos, sino también en la comunidad. / Tesis

Durante años las Mypes se han desarrollado de forma intuitiva en el mercado nacional e internacional, la dirección que tienen en muchos casos no es clara, es por ello que basado en un enfoque de gestión por procesos y la Norma ISO 9001 se plantea la creación de modelos de gestión que permitan procedimientos adecuados para el manejo empresarial de las mypes en los distintos ámbitos de la empresa, los lineamientos previstos tienen su esencia en la hipótesis que indica que mediante la asociatividad de mypes y el apoyo de procesos estratégicos y de soporte adecuados estas empresas prometedoras podrán acceder a pequeñas y medianas empresas. Bajo estos conceptos se desarrolla el modelo de planeamiento y control que consta de cuatro subprocesos asociados entre si, el modelo actúa como un núcleo matriz para los procesos productivos en un macro modelo que asocia otras áreas de la ingeniería Industrial, sus procesos brindan algunas de las directrices para la planificación de las actividades productivas así como también para el desarrollo de planes ante contingencias y otros eventos no previstos en producción, cabe destacar que a pesar de su dirección para asociaciones del tipo consorcio este modelo puede ser amoldado a la realidad de otros tipos de asociaciones, para ello y con miras a un proceso de estandarización se brinda además los formatos y un grupo de procedimientos estándar que pueden ser utilizados para le implementación y uso del modelo en cuestión. / Tesis

Rescate y análisis en conjunto de las primeras novelas históricas escritas por mujeres en los diferentes países centroamericanos hasta 1950.

The scholarly tradition in urban policy analysis holds that a variety of economic, social and political background factors influence the nature and amount of output by the policymaking system. Here a number of these factors such as elections and parties, structure of the national economy and age and sex composition of the population are examined to determine their effect on public housing and local government revenue policy in two Central American urban centers. San Jose, Costa Rica and San Salvador, El Salvador were chosen for the study because they are in the same size range, both are capital (and primate) cities and both have been growing rapidly in recent years. Moreover, the cities exist in radically different sociopolitical milieux. With such characteristics as size and primacy held constant, it was felt that variations in policy output could be linked to and at least partially explained by the political, social and economic differences. For a variety of systemic and historical reasons, urban public housing is provided in both countries by autonomous agencies of the national governments. Their operational policies and programs are compared. Two major activities in the field of municipal revenue are traced through the policymaking process from their genesis: a successful effort to install parking meters in San Jose, and an unsuccessful attempt at overall tax reform in San Salvador. In neither policy area, public housing nor municipal revenue, was the original hypothesis sustained. No important differences in policy output between San Jose and San Salvador could be identified. Consequently, there were no variations to be explained by the diversity in social, economic and political background factors. Nonetheless, these factors are considered in detail, along with the nature of the policymaking process in the two cities. Finally, some suggestions are offered as to why San Jose and San Salvador exhibit these similarities in policy product in spite of their many social, political and economic dissimilarities.

A comparative study of the cycles of military-political power in El Salvador between 1931 and 1979 indicates that the country was convulsed six times by political struggle. A pattern emerged wherein the military asserted itself as maintainer of the status quo each time that repression of, or concession to, the masses threatened the economic and political balance.

This project investigates how youth in San Salvador, El Salvador define and participate in the co-creation of safety in their neighborhoods. For many years, El Salvador topped the rankings of most dangerous countries because of street gang violence and homicides. As the homicide rates have fallen in recent years, due to mass incarceration of street gang members, trust in state authority to effectively participate in the co-creation of safety has empowered young Salvadorans to also participate in that co-creation through reclaiming space. By painting over gang graffiti, the youth are participating in discourse in a public sphere, making claims to safety in their communities. Feelings and understanding of safety are also influenced by the representation and reputation of a place, thus this project included the creation of a participatory documentary for the youth to be a part of the representation of their country and communities. The documentary shows the painting over of gang graffiti and includes participant responses to questions about safety and representation. The video along with the interview responses show that the youth’s feelings of safety are tied to their physical environment, including the presence of gang graffiti, and that they are eager for their country to overcome the historical representation of being a dangerous place.

Hoy en día la difusión de la cultura está tomando fuerza tanto en el sector privado como público, ya que se ha convertido en una oportunidad de crecer como persona y profesional. Existen ONG que promueven esta difusión en sectores de escasos recursos en el país para poder brindarla a quienes no tienen acceso a ella, contribuyendo también con el desarrollo del lugar en donde se ubican. Es así como se llega a la creación de una Escuela de Música en Villa El Salvador, distrito emprendedor con una población joven considerable y con gran oportunidad de ser un polo importante en Lima. De esta manera, la investigación ha sido dividida en el marco teórico, estudio de proyectos referenciales, estudio del lugar, usuario, programa arquitectónico y aspectos tecnológicos; debidamente desarrollados para llegar a una conclusión que satisfaga el objetivo principal. Este es el de promover la cultura a través de la música para poder mejorar la calidad de vida en los usuarios y su entorno, a partir de una escuela que brinde las enseñanzas básicas de estudios preparatorios, y que a través de su arquitectura logre un impacto urbano y arquitectónico. Concluyendo que al brindar una oportunidad de desarrollo a las personas, en este caso a través de la música, con un equipamiento diseñado para el objetivo, se puede lograr un cambio importante en la ciudad. / Nowadays, cultural diffusion is getting stronger in the private sector as well as the public, since it has become an opportunity to grow as a person and a professional. There are ONGs that promote this diffusion in places of scarce resources in the country to be able to offer it to those who do not have access to it, also contributing to the development of the place where they are located. This is how we arrive to the creation of the Music School in Villa El Salvador, an entrepreneurial district with a considerable amount of young population and great opportunity to be a main pole in Lima. Thus, the research has been divided into the theoretical framework, the study of references, the study of the place, user, architectural program, and technological aspects; each one developed to arrive at a conclusion that satisfies the main objective. Which is to promote culture through music, in order to improve the quality of life in users and their environment, with a school that provides the basic knowledge of preparatory studies, and through its architecture, it will accomplish an urban and architectural impact in the place. Concluding that by providing a development opportunity to people, in this case through music, with equipment designed for the purpose, we can make a major change in the city. / Tesis

El pasado proceso de destitución del alcalde de la Municipalidad de Villa El Salvador en el 2012, no solo tuvo sustento de razón pública, sino que pudo estar asociado directamente al nivel de bienestar que tienen las personas en múltiples áreas en las que se desarrolla su vida. Este estudio propone explorar las necesidades de desarrollo dentro del discurso de un grupo de funcionarios de la MVES, y describir las asociaciones de las metas comunitarias de desarrollo asociadas a éstas. Mediante entrevistas a diez funcionarios municipales, se determinó cinco categorías de necesidades de desarrollo: Entorno Saludable, Fortalecer Educación y Empleo, Desarrollo Vecinal, Seguridad y Transporte, y sus once metas asociadas. A partir de estas, se identifica una tendencia hacia la modernización y un enfoque de desarrollo progresivo, donde destacan las variables esenciales para el desarrollo humano, como son contar con servicios básicos, proporcionar un ambiente limpio, seguridad y educación. Asimismo, se identifica en el discurso de los funcionarios, un énfasis en el rol de los pobladores como actores de su propio desarrollo familiar y comunal, y una propuesta de gestión municipal que aspire a generar dichas condiciones. / Last dismissal process of the mayor at the local government of Villa El Salvador on 2012, not only had sustaining public reason but may had be directly associated to people’s wellbeing level on the multiple areas where their lives develop. This research analyzes development needs within public speech of official managers, and to describe development community goals associated. Through interviews to ten official managers, five categories as development needs were identified: Healthy Environment, Education and Employment Strengthening, Neighborly Development, Security and Transportation, and its eleven associated goals. On this basis, a trend to modernization and progressive development approach was identified, and essential variables for human development where outlined, such as access to basic services, access to a clean environment, education and security. Likewise, was identified on the managers’ speech an emphasis on citizen’s role as actors of their own family and community development, and a management proposal that seeks to generate these conditions.