Cette thèse s’est focalisée sur le développement et l’optimisation de techniques de métallisation électrochimique permettant le dépôt de métaux conducteurs, l’argent et le cuivre, par voie électrolytique ou par la technique dite LIP (Light-Induced Plating). Deux approches ont été abordées pour l’élaboration des contacts en face avant : l’épaississement de contacts sérigraphiés d’une part, et la réalisation de contacts entièrement par voie électrochimique sans recours à la sérigraphie. Pour cette dernière solution, le dépôt d’une couche d’accroche avant l’étape d’épaississement est nécessaire afin d’assurer une résistivité de contact faible, une bonne adhérence et une bonne sélectivité au travers de la couche anti-reflet. Ces objectifs ont été atteints grâce à la mise en œuvre et l’optimisation de dépôts electroless de nickel-phosphore (NiP), y compris sur émetteur peu dopé. Les investigations menées ont également permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de formation du contact NiP/Si. La faisabilité des techniques de dépôt électrochimique a été démontrée pour diverses applications: cellules avec contacts électrochimiques NiP/Ag en face avant, cellules de type n, épaississement de contacts fins sérigraphiés… Des résultats très prometteurs d’amélioration de facteur de forme FF et de rendement η ont été obtenus et permettent d’envisager une ouverture potentielle vers de nouvelles structures de cellules photovoltaïques à haut rendement : cellules à émetteur peu dopé, cellules à émetteur sélectif avec ouverture laser de la couche anti-reflet, cellules à contacts arrières…. / This thesis is focused on the development and the optimization of electrochemical metallization techniques allowing the deposition of conductive metals, silver and the copper, by electrolytic deposition or by lip (light-induced plating). Two approaches were studied to realize the front side contacts of silicon solar cells: the thickening of screen-printed contacts and the fabrication of contacts completely by electrochemical deposition without screen-printing. For this solution, the deposition of a seed layer before thickening is necessary to insure a low contact resistivity, a satisfying adhesion and selectivity through the anti-reflection coating. These objectives were reached thanks to the optimization of electroless nickel-phosphorous (nip) deposits, including on low doped emitter. The investigations also allowed a better understanding of the NiP/Si contact formation mechanisms. The feasibility of electrochemical deposition techniques was demonstrated for various applications : cells with electrochemical front side contacts NiP/Ag, type n cells, thickening of fine line screen-printed contacts… very promising results of fill factor ff and efficiency improvement were obtained and allow to realize new structures of high efficiency photovoltaic cells : cells with low doped emitter, cells with selective emitter and with laser ablated anti-reflection coating, rear contact cells…

[pt] O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar a simulação de processos, no software Aspen HYSYS (marca registrada) v8.8, de uma planta de etanol derivado de cana-de-açúcar, abrangendo o sistema de cogeração e hidrólise enzimática aplicáveis ao bagaço, e associada a uma planta de cultivo de microalgas para produção de biodiesel de terceira geração. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados, por planejamento composto central 32, os efeitos de duas variáveis – designação de bagaço para hidrólise enzimática (x1) e de etanol para desidratação (x2) - sobre parâmetros de performance energéticos e ambientais restritos à planta, e negligenciando-se contribuições do âmbito rural. Em um cenário similar à realidade brasileira - coordenadas (0, 50 por cento) -, observou-se que a integração proporciona uma quantidade significativa de biodiesel (26,6 kg.t-1 de cana), em termos energéticos, além da oferta de etanol (62,2 kg.t-1 de cana). Nesse cenário, a demanda energética da seção de microalgas-biodiesel demonstrou-se semelhante à da planta de etanol. Os modelos produzidos demonstram-se robustos e precisos (R2 superiores a 0,998). As avaliações estatísticas indicaram que x1 afeta quadraticamente as respostas, e x2 promove efeitos nulos ou brandos. Destaca-se valores de NER - razão entre contribuições energéticas de produtos e de insumos do sistema -entre 0,763 e 0,904, próximos a 1; e valores de FER - razão entre as contribuições energéticas dos produtos e das participações fósseis de insumos - entre 4,33 e 10,88, acima 3, o que configura caráter renovável ao sistema. Dentre as otimizações de respostas, encontrou-se a coordenada (92 por cento, 0) para eficiência exergética global. Por fim, a associação das plantas de etanol e de biodiesel forneceu resultados promissores para as eficiências energéticas, razão entre oferta de energia total e consumo de energia fóssil, e incremento de eficiência exergética da planta de etanol original. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to present a simulation in the software Aspen HYSYS (Registered trademark) v8.8 of a sugarcane-ethanol plant covering a cogeneration and an enzymatic hydrolysis system, applicable to bagasse final use, and associated to a microalgae-cultive plant for the production of third-generation biodiesel through transesterification route. Additionally, the effects of two variables - designation of bagasse to enzymatic hydrolysis (x1) and of ethanol to dehydration (x2) - were statistically evaluated by 3(2) central composite design over energetic and environmental performance parameters restricted to the plant s scope and being neglected contributions of the rural area. In a base scenario similar to Brazilian’s reality – coordinates (0, 50 per cent) –, it was observed that the integration provides a quantity of biodiesel (26.6 kg.t-1 of sugarcane) energetically significant, besides the supply of ethanol (62.2 kg.t-1 of sugarcane). In this case, the energetic demand of the microalgae-biodiesel section pointed to be similar the conventional ethanol plant consumption. The adjusted models were robust and precise (R2 higher than 0.998). The statistical assessments pointed that x1 affects quadratically the answers and x2 promotes null or mild effects. Stands out NER values - ratio between energetic contribution of products and inputs of the system - between 0.763 and 0.904, which were close to 1, and FER values - ratio between energetic contributions of products and fossil share of inputs - between 4.33 and 10.88 that were higher than the 3, which configured renewability to the system. Among the optimization of the answers, it was found the coordinate (92 per cent, 0) for the global exergetic efficiency. Finally, the association of the ethanol and biodiesel plants provided promising results for energetic efficiency, ratio between total delivered energy and demanded fossil energy, and increase in exergetic efficiency of the original ethanol plant.

The diploma thesis is partly dedicated to energetic efficiency of buildings and describes possibilities how to evaluate energetic efficiency of buildings in the Czech Republic. We also get to know with distribution of thermal insulators by material base and use in construction. There are also mentioned methods how to determine thermal insulations characteristics of heat insulations, so called heat conductivity coefficient. The last and the crucial chapter of theoretic part is dedicated to thermal-reflective insulations. There are mentioned some of the basic characteristics of insulations, material composition and heat transfer mechanism in their structure as well. Practical part describes measurement of thermal resistance of chosen samples of thermal-reflective insulations per measuring device on the principal of Hot Box method. In the next step was determined emissivity of aluminium foils which forms the surface of chosen samples of thermal-reflective insulations. In the end of thesis are defined possibilities of use thermal-reflective insulations in building structures especially in passive and low-energy buildings in climatic conditions of the Czech Republic.

[pt] A comunicação por fibras ópticas utiliza diversos modelos herdados dos sistemas de telecomunicações tradicionais. Recentemente, a necessidade de maior controle sobre o fluxo de dados tem atraído muita atenção para as vantagens da comunicação óptica adaptativa. Num sistema de comunicação adaptativo, o fluxo de dados pode ser alterado em função de variações na qualidade do canal ou simplesmente pela necessidade de racionalizar a utilização dos recursos disponíveis. A interoperação entre redes pressiona pela necessidade de uma rede elástica e a expectativa é que este tipo de rede permita o controle sobre vários níveis da estrutura de comunicação. Nesta tese, a análise deste tema se concentra na camada física da rede óptica, em que a elasticidade pode ser obtida através de diferentes técnicas de modulação e multiplexação. A camada física de uma rede óptica adaptativa deve responder a variações e restrições do meio de transmissão. O consumo de energia, por exemplo, é um requisito cada vez mais presente nos projetos das redes de comunicação e a relevância deste requisito tende a aumentar na medida em que as redes ópticas aumentam sua capilaridade. O principal objetivo desta tese é analisar uma solução de comunicação óptica adaptativa que atenda aos requisitos básicos de uma rede elástica. O sistema de comunicação em análise é baseado em modulações realizadas no espaço de sinais de quatro dimensões, também conhecidas como modulações 4D. A perspectiva adotada privilegia a polarização da portadora óptica. A vantagem em adotar esta perspectiva, reside no fato de que ela permite a construção de modulações multidimensionais utilizando os fibrados de Hopf. Conforme será observado, o uso dos fibrados de Hopf em conjunto com o conceito matemático denominado vértice embutido de politopos, potencializa as soluções de engenharia para o problema da comunicação óptica adaptativa. / [en] Fiber-optic communications use several models inherited from traditional telecommunications systems. Recently, the need to improve the control over the data flow has attracted attention to the advantages of adaptive optical communication. In adaptive systems, the data flow can be altered due to changes in the channel quality or simply to rationalize the use of available resources. Interoperation between networks further presses on the need for an elastic network and the expectation is that this type of network will allow control over various levels of the communication structure. In this thesis, the analysis of this theme focuses on the physical layer of the optical network, where elasticity can be obtained through different modulation and multiplexing techniques. The physical layer of an adaptive optical network must respond to variations and restrictions of the transmission medium. Energy consumption, for example, is a requirement that is increasingly present in communication network projects and the relevance of this requirement tends to increase as optical networks expands in capillarity. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze an adaptive optical communication solution that meets the basic requirements of an elastic network. The communication system under analysis is based on the four-dimensional signal space modulations, also known as 4D modulations. The perspective adopted favors the polarization of the optical carrier. The advantage in adopting this perspective resides in the fact that it allows the construction of multidimensional modulations using Hopf bundles. As will be observed, the use of Hopf bundles in conjunction with the mathematical concept called embedded vertex polytopes, improves the engineering solutions to the problem of adaptive optical communication.