Existem muitas ferramentas capazes de apoiar o processo de gestão do conhecimento nas organizações. A eficiência dessas ferramentas depende da capacidade de lidar com grandes massas de dados. Portanto, a recuperação é fundamental e é hoje uma área de pesquisa em ascensão, para a qual várias técnicas vêm sendo desenvolvidas, tais como sistemas sofisticados de classificação, mecanismos de busca e agentes inteligentes. Grande parte dessas tecnologias se baseia no princípio de que o usuário sabe da existência da informação e está a sua procura. Este trabalho propõe um conceito para a construção de sistemas que, ao invés de apenas disponibilizar mecanismos para a busca, procura filtrar as informações e apresentá-las em meio aos sistemas corporativos empregados pelo usuário nas suas tarefas rotineiras. Isto significa uma informação contextualizada, isto é, apresentada conforme a situação enfrentada pelo usuário e dentro da qual faz sentido e adiciona valor às decisões. O conceito proposto emprega conhecimentos sobre gestão de projetos e modelagem de empresa, de forma a proporcionar que as informações relevantes sejam oferecidas no ambiente onde o usuário interage com outros membros da equipe de projeto. Foram desenvolvidos, além do conceito, uma especificação detalhada e um protótipo da ferramenta. Os resultados demonstram que o conceito é viável e pode ser utilizado em sistemas de apoio à gestão do conhecimento. Encerra-se o trabalho apresentando as propostas de melhoria para o conceito e solução desenvolvidos. / There exist many tools able to support the knowledge management process in organizations. Due to a large quantity of information registered in these tools, they need to be efficient in the recovery of information. In this sense there exist several techniques, such as sophisticated search engines, classification and intelligent agents. These ways are by far important to the information recovery but, the user knows that exist an information and need to search. The present dissertation proposes a concept of a system which, instead of providing a form of the user to search the information, tries to find a form to present it together the functionalities the user employs when he/she performs his/her job. It means contextual information, which is presented according to the situation the user faces and which such information makes sense and adds value to the decisions. For the development of this system, concepts on project management and enterprise modeling are used. The results show that the concept is viable and can be utilized supporting systems to knowledge management. Finally the dissertation present the proposals of improvement for the concept and the solution developed.

At the present time, when enterprises have tendency for constant improvements, different tools are used to analyze current state of the business and to introduce organizational changes. Enterprise Modeling is one of these tools. Enterprise modeling can be used for different purposes: to restructure or standardize business processes, to develop business strategy, to capture best practices, etc. Evidently, enterprise models creation is resource-consuming job, since it requires variety of resources, for example labor, time and others. However, resources utilization is always aimed at result achievement, which originates the question of efficiency. There is a need to evaluate efficiency in the area of EM, which starts from defining a set of indicators to be checked. This work presents checklists of efficiency indicators for processes that EM can involve. For this purpose it identifies processes (so-called application areas of EMMs and enterprise models) that EM can involve. All of them are characterized with the help of two concepts: required resources and expected results. Formulated efficiency indicators can be used to analyze efficiency in the area of EM, particularly in application areas of EMMs and enterprise models.

La gestion des connaissances dans les petites et moyennes entreprises a toujours été un défi. Ces entreprises ont des caractéristiques particulières qui sont liés à la taille, la structure et la coordination et la collaboration de leurs membres. L’enjeu scientifique de ce travail est de mieux appréhender les spécificités de la gestion des connaissances et de l’apprentissage organisationnel dans ces petites entreprises. / Knowledge management in small and medium enterprises has always been a challenge. These companies have special features that are related to the size, structure and coordination and cooperation between members. The scientific challenge of this work is to better understand the specifics of knowledge management and organizational leaning in these small businesses.

Die Arbeit adressiert insgesamt drei Forschungsschwerpunkte. Der erste Schwerpunkt setzt sich mit zu entwickelnden BPMN-Erweiterungen auseinander und stellt deren methodische Implikationen im Rahmen der bestehenden Sprachstandards dar. Dies umfasst zum einen ganz konkrete Spracherweiterungen wie z. B. BPMN4CP, eine BPMN-Erweiterung zur multi-perspektivischen Modellierung von klinischen Behandlungspfaden. Zum anderen betrifft dieser Teil auch modellierungsmethodische Konsequenzen, um parallel sowohl die zugrunde liegende Sprache (d. h. das BPMN-Metamodell) als auch die Methode zur Erweiterungsentwicklung zu verbessern und somit den festgestellten Unzulänglichkeiten zu begegnen. Der zweite Schwerpunkt adressiert die Untersuchung von sprachunabhängigen Fragen der Erweiterbarkeit, welche sich entweder während der Bearbeitung des ersten Teils ergeben haben oder aus dessen Ergebnissen induktiv geschlossen wurden. Der Forschungsschwerpunkt fokussiert dabei insbesondere eine Konsolidierung bestehender Terminologien, die Beschreibung generisch anwendbarer Erweiterungsmechanismen sowie die nutzerorientierte Analyse eines potentiellen Erweiterungsbedarfs. Dieser Teil bereitet somit die Entwicklung einer generischen Erweiterungsmethode grundlegend vor. Hierzu zählt auch die fundamentale Auseinandersetzung mit Unternehmensmodellierungssprachen generell, da nur eine ganzheitliche, widerspruchsfreie und integrierte Sprachdefinition Erweiterungen überhaupt ermöglichen und gelingen lassen kann. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die Spezifikation der intendierten Semantik einer Sprache.

Information Technology (IT) has evolved over the decades, where its role and impact have transitioned from being a tactical tool to a more strategic one for driving business strategies to transform organizations. The right alignment between IT strategy and business has become a compelling factor for Chief Information Officer (CIO)s where misalignment could lead to a degradation of organization performance and slow them down in the landscape of market competition. Enterprise Architecture (EA) in practice is one of the approaches where this alignment can be achieved. Through Enterprise Modeling (EM), EA supports all the stakeholders (Business and IT) of an organization to have a common understanding for communication of information, making decisions, and coordinating actions. EM results in EA models that are composed of enterprise components and relationships, that are stored in a repository. Over time, the repository grows as architects design new models or update existing models with complex structures. This opens up new avenues of research where the data can be used to provide intelligence. One such field is Recommender Systems (RS) which are software tools and techniques to provide meaningful suggestions to the user. RS can take different forms in the EM domain. For instance, identifying semantically similar components [8] or modeling assistance during the EM process [40]. Each form of recommendation can be enhanced with sophisticated recommendation models over time implemented in different technologies. We focus on the latter problem in this thesis where we implement a recommender framework that contains a robust architecture that easily integrates with different RS. We present the robustness and the ease of integration criteria for the framework. The framework is distributed as a plugin for Archi, a modeling toolkit used by Enterprise Architects to create EA models. / Information Technology (IT) har utvecklats under decennierna, där dess roll och inverkan har övergått från att vara ett taktiskt verktyg till ett mer strategiskt verktyg för att driva affärsstrategier för att transformera organisationer. Den rätta anpassningen mellan IT-strategin och verksamheten har blivit en övertygande faktor för Chief Information Officer (CIO):er där felanpassning kan leda till en försämring av organisationens prestanda och sakta ner dem i konkurrensen på marknaden. Enterprise Architecture (EA) är i praktiken ett av tillvägagångssätten där denna anpassning kan uppnås. Genom Enterprise Modeling (EM) stöder EA alla intressenter (Business och IT) i en organisation att ha en gemensam förståelse för kommunikation av information, fatta beslut och samordna åtgärder. EM resulterar i EA-modeller som är sammansatta av företagskomponenter och relationer, som lagras i ett arkiv. Med tiden växer förvaret i takt med att arkitekter designar nya modeller eller uppdaterar befintliga modeller med komplexa strukturer. Detta öppnar för nya forskningsvägar där data kan användas för att tillhandahålla intelligens. Ett sådant fält är Recommender Systems (RS) som är mjukvaruverktyg och tekniker för att ge meningsfulla förslag till användaren. RS kan ha olika former i EM-domänen. Till exempel identifiera semantiskt liknande komponenter [8] eller modelleringshjälp under EM-processen [40]. Varje form av rekommendation kan förbättras med sofistikerade rekommendationsmodeller över tid implementerade i olika teknologier. Vi fokuserar på det senare problemet i den här avhandlingen där vi implementerar ett recommender-ramverk som innehåller en robust arkitektur som enkelt integreras med olika RS. Vi presenterar robustheten och enkelheten i integrationskriterierna för ramverket. Ramverket distribueras som en plugin för Archi, en verktygssats för modellering som används av Enterprise Architects för att skapa EA-modeller.

A capacidade de antecipar decisões, reagir rapidamente às mudanças, bem como sustentar e aprimorar os avanços alcançados ao longo do tempo, caracterizam a Empresa sensitiva, inteligente e sustentável. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar e sistematizar os principais elementos da Empresa S^3 para caracterizar o princípio de colaboração. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico, desenvolvimento de modelos de empresas e instanciação em um caso real por meio da metodologia de modelagem For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) orientada para a gestão do conhecimento. O estudo bibliográfico contempla a contextualização dessa iniciativa em disciplinas consolidadas, identificação de aspectos e princípios norteadores, bem como uma revisão sistemática sobre redes colaborativas. Como contribuição da pesquisa, menciona-se a caracterização do princípio de colaboração no âmbito de Empresa S^3 através de um caso exemplo, bem como a sistematização do conhecimento acerca de um tema incipiente e inovador, evidenciando futuras pesquisas e aplicações. / The ability to anticipate decisions, react quickly to changes, and sustain and improve the progress made over time, characterize a sensing, smart and sustainable Enterprise. The objective of the research is to analyze and systematize the main elements of the S^3 Enterprise to characterize the collaboration principle. The research methodology used includes a bibliographical study for the theoretical basis, the development of enterprise models and instantiation in a real case through the modeling methodology For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) oriented to knowledge management. The bibliographic study contemplates the contextualization of this initiative in consolidated disciplines, identification of aspects and guiding principles, as well as a systematic review on collaborative networks. As a contribution of this research, we mention the characterization of collaboration principle within S^3 Enterprise through an example case, as well as the systematization of the knowledge about an incipient and innovative theme, evidencing future researches and applications.

No atual contexto do planejamento e controle da produção, existe uma necessidade de uma melhor utilização do processo de negócio que norteia o desenvolvimento de todos os seus planos, conhecido como gestão da demanda. Nesse assunto, a existência de literatura adequada e de modelos ou formalismos que visam facilitar a compreensão e utilização do processo em si, é rara, e por muitas vezes, insuficiente. Dessa forma, a gestão da demanda acaba por não ser amplamente conhecida, e, por conseqüência, torna-se sub-utilizada nas organizações. Assim, este trabalho visa colaborar para a solução dessa questão, contribuindo para a geração de um modelo formal que possa ser útil tanto à comunidade acadêmica quanto à empresarial interessada. / In current context of the Manufacturing Planning and Control Systems there is a need for a better use of the business process that address the development of alI its plans, the Demand Management process. The existence of appropriate literature and models or formalisms that aims to help a better understanding and usage of this business process is rare and insufficient. ln that way, the Demand Management process is not being known thoroughly and, for consequence, it is not properly used in some organizations. Thus, this work aims to collaborate for the solution of this problem, contributing to a formal model generation that can be useful for the academic and managerial community interested.

A capacidade de antecipar decisões, reagir rapidamente às mudanças, bem como sustentar e aprimorar os avanços alcançados ao longo do tempo, caracterizam a Empresa sensitiva, inteligente e sustentável. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar e sistematizar os principais elementos da Empresa S^3 para caracterizar o princípio de colaboração. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico, desenvolvimento de modelos de empresas e instanciação em um caso real por meio da metodologia de modelagem For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) orientada para a gestão do conhecimento. O estudo bibliográfico contempla a contextualização dessa iniciativa em disciplinas consolidadas, identificação de aspectos e princípios norteadores, bem como uma revisão sistemática sobre redes colaborativas. Como contribuição da pesquisa, menciona-se a caracterização do princípio de colaboração no âmbito de Empresa S^3 através de um caso exemplo, bem como a sistematização do conhecimento acerca de um tema incipiente e inovador, evidenciando futuras pesquisas e aplicações. / The ability to anticipate decisions, react quickly to changes, and sustain and improve the progress made over time, characterize a sensing, smart and sustainable Enterprise. The objective of the research is to analyze and systematize the main elements of the S^3 Enterprise to characterize the collaboration principle. The research methodology used includes a bibliographical study for the theoretical basis, the development of enterprise models and instantiation in a real case through the modeling methodology For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) oriented to knowledge management. The bibliographic study contemplates the contextualization of this initiative in consolidated disciplines, identification of aspects and guiding principles, as well as a systematic review on collaborative networks. As a contribution of this research, we mention the characterization of collaboration principle within S^3 Enterprise through an example case, as well as the systematization of the knowledge about an incipient and innovative theme, evidencing future researches and applications.

In order to make company work efficiently, managers often divide an enterprise into several functions or departments, such as sales, marketing, human resource, finance and manufacture. However, in this structure, managers would fail to see the wood for the trees. Because each department manager has to be responsible for his own performance, which may easily leads these managers to make decisions that are fit for their department instead of the whole company. Therefore, it¡¦s impossible for companies to make an optimized decision in a dynamic environment. As we enlarge space and time, we can find out that decisions may influence one by another, and the feedback of each decision has a long time delay which makes the manager try to see the wood for the trees even harder. For one manager who tries to show up his performance in a short time will leave the side effect which caused by time delay to other people. What even worse is they can¡¦t predict how much side effect is behind. In this research, we used system dynamics and systems thinking to develop our system dynamics model for the case study. And we developed a MFS(management flight simulator) as a learning tool. Students who manipulate this MFS can enrich their ability to see the wood for the trees. In this case study, we choose a factory which provide electronic product assemble services as a research object. The company was established since AD 1989 until now. After first five years hard working time, it started to grow up stably by keeping changing the product and service. In this industry, success is relied on product quality, price, service and delivery time. Only by making the optimized decision in this competition market can gain better performance. This thesis simulated the case company surface mount technology plant from 1995 to 2006 for 12 years. Students can make different decisions to obtain different equity and capital equipment to evaluate their performance. By different result, simulators can reconsider the structure which is behind the game and their own mental models. After learning from this virtual world, players will find out that their own mental models influencing the final result. From the result and experience, one simulator can accumulate their know-how for the next game. After experiencing this double loop learning process, player will finally learn how to make the best decisions by systems thinking for the real world. Keywords : System Dynamics¡BSystems Thinking¡BDynamic Complexity¡BEnterprise Modeling¡BManagement Flight Simulator¡BSurface Mount Technology(SMT)¡BElectronic Manufacturing Services(EMS)

Este trabalho propõe um método de representação e análise de cadeias de suprimentos que visa permitir a identificação e conseqüente eliminação dos desperdícios que ocorrem ao longo de uma cadeia produtiva. Fundamentado nos conceitos de gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, produção enxuta e modelagem de empresas, este trabalho tem como principal justificativa a necessidade de se desenvolver mecanismos que possibilitem a integração entre empresas, melhorando os níveis de coordenação e sincronização dos fluxos de materiais e informações. O mapeamento do fluxo de valor, técnica de modelagem desenvolvida por ROTHERS & SHOOK (1998), visa auxiliar a obtenção de sistemas produtivos enxutos e foi utilizada como base para o desenvolvimento do método. Dois aspectos são levados em conta para a proposição do método: o primeiro diz respeito ao conteúdo de informações dos modelos e o segundo ao procedimento de aplicação. A principal característica do método é a decomposição em três níveis de mapeamento, indo de um nível mais genérico para um nível de maiores detalhes. Uma ilustração de um caso hipotético de aplicação é fornecida como exemplo. Como conclusões são expostas as vantagens e limitações percebidas no método. Os trabalhos futuros sugeridos se referem à avaliação, aplicação e complementação do método. / This work proposes a method for supply chain representation and analysis to allow the identiJication and consequent elimination of the waste in the production chains. The fundamental concepts this work is based on are: supply chain management, lean production and enterprise modeling. The main reason for the development of this research is the need of developing tools and mechanisms to help the integration between enterprises, improving the coordination and synchronization of the material and information flows. The Value Stream Mapping technique, developed by ROTHERS & SHOOK (1998), which helps the design of lean production systems, is used as a basis for the development of the method. Two aspects were observed during the development of the method: the first one deals with the information content of the models and the second one with the application procedure of the method. The main characteristic of the method is the decomposition in three levels of mapping, from a generic level to a more detailed one. An illustration based on a hypothetic case is given as an example. At the conclusion of this work the advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. Some future researches are suggested based on the evaluation, application and complementation of the method.