In electronic commerce, systems development is based on two fundamental types of models, business models and process models. A business model is concerned with value exchanges among business partners, while a process model focuses on operational and procedural aspects of business communication. Thus, a business model defines the what in an e-commerce system, while a process model defines the how. Business process design can be facilitated and improved by a method for systematically moving from a business model to a process model. Such a method would provide support for traceability, evaluation of design alternatives, and seamless transition from analysis to realization. This work proposes a unified framework that can be used as a basis to analyze, to interpret and to understand different concepts associated at different stages in e-Commerce system development. In this thesis, we illustrate how UN/CEFACT’s recommended metamodels for business and process design can be analyzed, extended and then integrated for the final solutions based on the proposed unified framework. Also, as an application of the framework, we demonstrate how process-modeling tasks can be facilitated in e-Commerce system design. The proposed methodology, called BP3 stands for Business Process Patterns Perspective. The BP3 methodology uses a question-answer interface to capture different business requirements from the designers. It is based on pre-defined process patterns, and the final solution is generated by applying the captured business requirements by means of a set of production rules to complete the inter-process communication among these patterns.

[pt] Modelos organizacionais são excelentes insumos para a engenharia de requisitos, uma vez que eles são ricos em detalhes sobre o sistema de informação, permitindo a comunicação, entendimento, avaliação do domínio, e a elicitação da informação para a definição de requisitos de software. Dentro do contexto da administração organizacional, estes modelos são usados em uma variedade de propósitos, incluindo o alinhamento organizacional, o qual é um dos maiores desafios das companhias em ambientes de alta competitividade. O alinhamento organizacional torna explicita as relações entre a camada operacional e de objetivos, o que deve ser representado através de modelos organizacionais para ampliar as possibilidades de avaliação, mensuração e melhoria. No contexto de sistemas de software, é importante o uso de modelos com alta qualidade e aderência aos objetivos organizacionais. Para se alcançar um nível satisfatório de alinhamento, somente a projeção de processos bem definidos não é suficiente. Também é necessário o alinhamento estratégico de diversas perspectivas da organização, por exemplo, financeira, planejamento, tecnologia e recursos humanos. Entretanto, quando se trata de alinhamento estratégico, as linguagens de modelagem organizacional não abordam diversos aspectos. Esta tese busca expandir a capacidade da modelagem organizacional, inserindo recursos que ajudam a análise do alinhamento estratégico. Em especial, a perspectiva de Recursos Humanos é abordada, a qual consideramos uma das mais relevantes para o alinhamento organizacional devido a sua posição vital na execução dos processos organizacionais. / [en] Organizational models are excellent inputs for requirement engineering, since they carry a huge amount of detail about information systems, allowing the communication, understanding, domain evaluation, and the information elicitation to the definition of software requirements. Inside the organizational administration context, these models are used for a variety of purposes, including organizational alignment, which is a major challenge for companies in a highly competitive environment. Organizational alignment makes explicit the relationship between the operational and objective layers, what must be represented in organizational models to increase the possibilities of evaluation, measurement and improvement. In the context of software systems, it is important to use models with higher quality and adherence to the organizational objectives. To achieve satisfactory level of alignment, only the designing of well-defined processes is not enough. It is also necessary to strategically align diverse perspectives of the organization, for example, budget, planning, technology, and human resources. However, when it comes to strategic alignment, organizational modeling languages do not address several aspects. This thesis seeks to expand the capacity of organizational modeling, inserting resources that help the strategic alignment analysis. Especially the Human Resources perspective will be approached, which we consider one of the most relevant to organizational alignment, due to its vital position in the execution of organizational processes.

Atualmente as empresas precisam de sistemas ágeis a mudanças constantes do ambiente do negócio e para garantir que os sistemas cumpram com sua finalidade, os desenvolvedores devem possuir uma compreensão mais aprofundada sobre a organização, seus objetivos, metas e estratégias de mercado. O principal problema para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de software tem sido a dificuldade em se obter informações sobre o domínio da aplicação. Essa dificuldade levou ao surgimento de técnicas de modelagem organizacional, sendo uma atividade valiosa para a compreensão do ambiente empresarial. O EKD - Enterprise Knowledge Development - é uma metodologia que fornece uma forma sistemática e controlada de analisar, entender, desenvolver e documentar uma organização. Infelizmente não possui uma sintaxe e semântica bem definidas, dificultando análises mais complexas dos modelos. Como resultado, o modelo de processos de negócio do EKD pode ser ambíguo e de difícil análise, principalmente em sistemas mais complexos, não sendo possível verificar a consistência e completude do modelo. Neste trabalho, esses problemas serão estudados sob uma abordagem baseada em redes de Petri. O formalismo de redes de Petri a torna uma importante técnica de modelagem para a representação de processos. Além disso, redes de Petri permitem rastrear cada etapa da operação sem ambigüidade e possuem métodos eficientes de análise que garantem que o modelo está livre de erros. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método de avaliação do modelo de processo de negócio do EKD (MPN-EKD). Por meio desse método é possível verificar se o modelo tem erros de construção e travamentos. Este método pode ser aplicado em modelos direcionados para o desenvolvimento de sistema de informação ou de controle do fluxo de trabalho, e pode ser utilizado também para o estudo de estratégias de trabalho e simulação do fluxo de trabalho. / Nowadays all companies need fast systems and frequent changes on the business environment and to guarantee that the systems are reaching their goals, the developers must have a deeper comprehension of the enterprise, its goals and market strategies. The main problem to the development of software systems has been the difficulty to obtain information about the application domain. This difficulty leaded to the creation of enterprise modeling techniques, which is a valuable activity for the comprehension of business environment. The EKD - Enterprise Knowledge Development - is a methodology that gives a systematic and controlled way to analyze, understand, develop, and document an enterprise. Unfortunately it doesn\'t have syntax neither a semantic well defined, which doesn\'t help on more complex analyses of the models. As a result, the enterprise process model of EKD can be ambiguous and hard to analyze, especially on more complex systems, and also it is not possible to verify the consistency and entireness of the model. On this paper, these problems will be studied under an approach based on Petri nets. Because of the Petri nets formalism this is an important modeling technique to process representation. Furthermore, Petri nets allow the tracking of each step of the operation without ambiguity and also they have efficient methodology for analyses, which guarantee the accuracy of the model. Therefore, this work has the objective to develop an evaluation methodology of the business process model of EKD (MPN-EKD). Such methodology will make possible the verification of possible building and locking model errors. This methodology can be applied to information systems or workflow, and also can be used to study the strategies of work and workflow simulations.

Ce travail de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE avec l’entreprise Essilor et le laboratoire ERPI de l’Université de Lorraine, propose un cadre d’évolution des organisations basée sur le management opérationnel des connaissances et des compétences. Nous avons mis en valeur les mécanismes organisationnels de partage et de mise en oeuvre des connaissances et compétences en environnement de conception, afin de proposer des modèles, méthodes et outils permettant aux acteurs et organisations d’améliorer leurs performances. Quatre aspects ont été développés dans ce travail, dont trois contributions et une évaluation de l’efficacité du cadre d’évolution proposé : • L’élaboration d’une méthode de modélisation d’entreprise basée sur le modèle conceptuel KROM et de sa déclinaison en modèles opérationnels. Cette méthode vise à expliciter les liens organisationnels des concepts de connaissance et de compétence afin de les rattacher à leurs contextes de mise en oeuvre. • La définition d’un cadre global d’évolution d’une organisation sur la base du management de ses connaissances et compétences. Ce cadre d’évolution comprend une caractérisation et une évaluation de la maturité des organisations dans leurs pratiques de gestion des connaissances et des compétences, ainsi qu’une méthode d’évolution des organisations reposant sur la proposition de scénarios d’actions d’amélioration : la méthode ACKME. • La proposition d’une approche organisationnelle de conception de Systèmes Multi-agents (SMA) appelée DOCK, permettant de spécifier des SMA adaptés aux enjeux rencontrés par les approches d’ingénierie à base de connaissances, à savoir la prise en compte et la gestion du cycle de vie de la connaissance. • Une évaluation de l’intérêt du cadre d’évolution mis en oeuvre (les trois contributions précédentes) sur la base de l’évaluation des compétences des acteurs de l’organisation. Cette évaluation repose d’une part sur la possibilité d’intégrer le cadre d’évolution dans une approche globale de pilotage du changement dans l’organisation et d’autre part, sur des expérimentations menées au sein du service Ingénierie d’Essilor. / This research, carried out under a PhD “CIFRE” with the company ESSILOR and the ERPI Laboratory of the Lorraine University, proposes a framework to make organizations evolve, based on the operational management of knowledge and competences. We have enhanced the organizational mechanisms of sharing, and the use of knowledge and competences within the design environment, in order to propose models, methods and tools allowing actors and organizations to improve their performances. Four key elements have been developed in this research, including three contributions and an assessment of the efficiency of the proposed development framework: • The development of an enterprise modeling method based on the conceptual model KROM and its translation into operational models. This method aims to clarify the organizational links of the knowledge and competence concepts in order to link them to their implementation contexts. • The definition of a global framework to make an organization evolve based on the management of its knowledge and competence assets. This evolution framework includes a characterization and an assessment of the organizations’ maturity in their knowledge and competences management practices, as well as a method to make organizations change, based on the proposal of scenario of improvement actions: the ACKME method. • The proposal of an organizational approach to design Multi-agent systems (MAS) called DOCK, allowing the designer to specify MAS oriented toward the issues faced by knowledge engineering approaches, namely the recognition and management of the knowledge life cycle. • An assessment of the value of the implemented framework (the three previous contributions) based on the assessment of the competences of the actors within the organization. This evaluation is based, on one hand, on the possibility to integrate the evolution framework into a global steering approach to make the organization evolve, and on the other hand, on experiments led within the Engineering department of Essilor