No atual contexto do planejamento e controle da produção, existe uma necessidade de uma melhor utilização do processo de negócio que norteia o desenvolvimento de todos os seus planos, conhecido como gestão da demanda. Nesse assunto, a existência de literatura adequada e de modelos ou formalismos que visam facilitar a compreensão e utilização do processo em si, é rara, e por muitas vezes, insuficiente. Dessa forma, a gestão da demanda acaba por não ser amplamente conhecida, e, por conseqüência, torna-se sub-utilizada nas organizações. Assim, este trabalho visa colaborar para a solução dessa questão, contribuindo para a geração de um modelo formal que possa ser útil tanto à comunidade acadêmica quanto à empresarial interessada. / In current context of the Manufacturing Planning and Control Systems there is a need for a better use of the business process that address the development of alI its plans, the Demand Management process. The existence of appropriate literature and models or formalisms that aims to help a better understanding and usage of this business process is rare and insufficient. ln that way, the Demand Management process is not being known thoroughly and, for consequence, it is not properly used in some organizations. Thus, this work aims to collaborate for the solution of this problem, contributing to a formal model generation that can be useful for the academic and managerial community interested.

O processo de desenvolvimento de produto é uma atividade caracterizada por um ciclo de projetar-construir-testar que faz uso intensivo do conhecimento existente na empresa. Uma parte dele está armazenada nos documentos gerados no decorrer deste processo, são os conhecimentos explícitos. Este trabalho analisa as soluções computacionais dedicadas a auxiliar na gestão deste tipo de conhecimento e demonstra vários problemas: falta de um modelo conceitual apropriado; limitações referentes aos tipos de conhecimentos armazenados; e falta de uma sistemática de validação e sistematização. Propõe-se um conjunto de elementos, arquitetura, para superá-los, o qual pode ser utilizado como referência para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de gestão de conhecimentos explícitos. A arquitetura foi empregada no desenvolvimento de uma solução computacional específica, utilizando uma ferramenta de modelagem e uma intranet, e esta foi posteriormente aplicada para a gestão dos conhecimentos dentro de um grupo de pesquisa. Os resultados demonstram que a arquitetura é viável e que o sistema pode e deve ser aplicado em empresas que desenvolvam produtos. Encerra-se o trabalho apresentando as propostas de melhoria e de novas avaliações para ambas, a arquitetura e a solução desenvolvidas / The product development is characterized by a continuing design-build-test cycle, marked by experimentation and the intensive use of enterprise knowledge. Part of them is tangible and is stored in the documents created during the product development process, named explicit knowledge. This work analyzes the computational solutions for support the explicit knowledge management. As result present a set of common limitations of commercial tools applied in this area. Three important aspects are: a lack of conceptual model to link the information systems at knowledge management effort; small knowledge representation types manipulated by these systems; and a lack of knowledge validation model, sufficient to "filter" the explicit knowledge created. For encompass these challenges, this work presents an architecture (a set of elements) designed to build explicit knowledge management systems. A solution aided by the architecture was created, which integrates a commercial modeling tool and an intranet especially designed. Finally, this solution was applied at specific case: to manage the explicit knowledge of a research group. The results show that the architecture is viable and sufficient to create explicit knowledge management systems. Finalizing, the work presents a set of future findings to architecture's development research

O processo de desenvolvimento de produto é uma atividade caracterizada por um ciclo de projetar-construir-testar que faz uso intensivo do conhecimento existente na empresa. Uma parte dele está armazenada nos documentos gerados no decorrer deste processo, são os conhecimentos explícitos. Este trabalho analisa as soluções computacionais dedicadas a auxiliar na gestão deste tipo de conhecimento e demonstra vários problemas: falta de um modelo conceitual apropriado; limitações referentes aos tipos de conhecimentos armazenados; e falta de uma sistemática de validação e sistematização. Propõe-se um conjunto de elementos, arquitetura, para superá-los, o qual pode ser utilizado como referência para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de gestão de conhecimentos explícitos. A arquitetura foi empregada no desenvolvimento de uma solução computacional específica, utilizando uma ferramenta de modelagem e uma intranet, e esta foi posteriormente aplicada para a gestão dos conhecimentos dentro de um grupo de pesquisa. Os resultados demonstram que a arquitetura é viável e que o sistema pode e deve ser aplicado em empresas que desenvolvam produtos. Encerra-se o trabalho apresentando as propostas de melhoria e de novas avaliações para ambas, a arquitetura e a solução desenvolvidas / The product development is characterized by a continuing design-build-test cycle, marked by experimentation and the intensive use of enterprise knowledge. Part of them is tangible and is stored in the documents created during the product development process, named explicit knowledge. This work analyzes the computational solutions for support the explicit knowledge management. As result present a set of common limitations of commercial tools applied in this area. Three important aspects are: a lack of conceptual model to link the information systems at knowledge management effort; small knowledge representation types manipulated by these systems; and a lack of knowledge validation model, sufficient to "filter" the explicit knowledge created. For encompass these challenges, this work presents an architecture (a set of elements) designed to build explicit knowledge management systems. A solution aided by the architecture was created, which integrates a commercial modeling tool and an intranet especially designed. Finally, this solution was applied at specific case: to manage the explicit knowledge of a research group. The results show that the architecture is viable and sufficient to create explicit knowledge management systems. Finalizing, the work presents a set of future findings to architecture's development research

Die Arbeit adressiert insgesamt drei Forschungsschwerpunkte. Der erste Schwerpunkt setzt sich mit zu entwickelnden BPMN-Erweiterungen auseinander und stellt deren methodische Implikationen im Rahmen der bestehenden Sprachstandards dar. Dies umfasst zum einen ganz konkrete Spracherweiterungen wie z. B. BPMN4CP, eine BPMN-Erweiterung zur multi-perspektivischen Modellierung von klinischen Behandlungspfaden. Zum anderen betrifft dieser Teil auch modellierungsmethodische Konsequenzen, um parallel sowohl die zugrunde liegende Sprache (d. h. das BPMN-Metamodell) als auch die Methode zur Erweiterungsentwicklung zu verbessern und somit den festgestellten Unzulänglichkeiten zu begegnen. Der zweite Schwerpunkt adressiert die Untersuchung von sprachunabhängigen Fragen der Erweiterbarkeit, welche sich entweder während der Bearbeitung des ersten Teils ergeben haben oder aus dessen Ergebnissen induktiv geschlossen wurden. Der Forschungsschwerpunkt fokussiert dabei insbesondere eine Konsolidierung bestehender Terminologien, die Beschreibung generisch anwendbarer Erweiterungsmechanismen sowie die nutzerorientierte Analyse eines potentiellen Erweiterungsbedarfs. Dieser Teil bereitet somit die Entwicklung einer generischen Erweiterungsmethode grundlegend vor. Hierzu zählt auch die fundamentale Auseinandersetzung mit Unternehmensmodellierungssprachen generell, da nur eine ganzheitliche, widerspruchsfreie und integrierte Sprachdefinition Erweiterungen überhaupt ermöglichen und gelingen lassen kann. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die Spezifikation der intendierten Semantik einer Sprache.

There is a growing need to study factors that affect user comprehension of Business Process Management (BPM) information portrayed by graphical process models (GPMs). For example, deployment of BPM Systems, unique types of enterprise-level information systems, has dramatically increased in recent years. This increase is primarily because BPM Systems give a variety of managers across an enterprise the ability to directly design, configure, enact, monitor, diagnose, and control business processes that other types of enterprise systems do not. This is possible because BPM Systems uniquely rely on GPMs derived from formal graph theory. Besides controlling the business processes, these GPMs, such as metagraphs and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, portray business process information (BPI) and prompt BPM managers to apply their training and expertise to deal with BPM situations. As a result, GPMs are the primary information artifacts for decision-making and communication among different, often geographically dispersed stakeholders. Therefore, user comprehension of these unique GPMs is critical to the efficient and effective development, deployment, and utilization of BPM Systems. User comprehension outcomes are jointly affected by the (1) BPM cognitive resources available to each manager (including the type of GPM, BPI, and user educational training and experience), and (2) cognitive differences between individual BPM managers (such as their mental workload, cognitive styles and cognitive abilities). Although research has studied GPMs in various contexts, there is apparently no empirical research investigating GPM user comprehension in the context of BPM Systems. This research makes an important contribution by addressing this gap in the literature. Statement of the Objective: The purpose of this research is to empirically study how BPM cognitive resources and cognitive differences between individuals affect outcomes of GPM user comprehension. This research centered on the following objectives: A. Investigate whether more positive user comprehension outcomes are produced by novice users if a single GPM technique is used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with metagraphs) or if different GPM techniques are used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with UML diagrams). B. Investigate whether one type of BPI is more easily comprehended and interpreted by novice users irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of educational training of the user. C. Investigate whether users with a specific type of user educational training can more easily comprehend and interpret BPM information irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of BPI. D. Evaluate influences of individual cognitive differences (i.e., mental workload, cognitive styles, and cognitive abilities) on outcomes of user comprehension. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study: (a) defined a theoretical framework conceptualizing user comprehension outcomes in terms of the interaction between cognitive resources external to the user and individual differences affecting how users cognitively process BPI, (b) empirically tested an operational research model of GPM user comprehension that is based on the theoretical framework, and (c) interpreted the experimental results in the context of related literatures. Description of Research Methods: This study empirically tested relationships between several variables representing BPM cognitive resources and individual cognitive differences hypothesized as influencing the outcomes of user comprehension. A laboratory experiment, involving 87 upper-level undergraduate students from two universities, analyzed relationships between participant comprehension of two types of GPMs (i.e., metagraphs and UML diagrams) used to portray three types of BPI (i.e., task-centric, resource-centric, and information-centric BPI) by novice GPM users possessing different educational training (i.e., industrial engineering, business management, and computer science training). Dependent variables included assessments of task accuracy, task timeliness, subjective mental workload, and self-efficacy. Covariate effects were also analyzed for two types of participant cognitive abilities (i.e., general cognitive ability (GCA) and attentional abilities) and two types of participant cognitive styles (extroversion-introversion and sensing-intuitive). Multivariate analysis techniques were used to analyze and interpret the data. Discussion of Results: The type of GPM and participants' GCA produced significant effects on the dependent variables in this study. For example, metagraph users produced significantly more desirable results than UML users across all dependent variables, contrary to what was hypothesized. However, if only the BPM cognitive resources (i.e., GPM Type, BPM Type, and the Type of Participant Education) were studied in relation to user comprehension outcomes, spurious conclusions would have been reached. When individual cognitive differences were included in the research model and analyses, results showed participants with higher GCA produced significantly more positive user comprehension outcomes compared to participants with lower GCAs. Also, many of the impacts of differences in the types of BPI and the types of UET were moderated by the differences in participants' GCA and attentional abilities. In addition, the relationship between subjective mental workload and task performance (i.e., accuracy and timeliness) suggest a possible GPM cognitive "profile" for user comprehension tasks in a BPM Systems context. These results have important implications for future research and practice in several bodies of knowledge, including GPM user comprehension in management systems engineering, BPM modeling, BPM Systems, HCI, and cognitive ergonomics literature. / Ph. D.

À l'heure où toute décision stratégique doit être conforme aux principes de la durabilité, l'évaluation des conséquences environnementales, économiques et sociales d'un choix d'ingénierie s'avère nécessaire. Parmi les outils d'évaluation des systèmes et de leurs conséquences, l'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) dérivée de la pensée cycle de vie s'est imposée comme la méthode la plus adaptée à un tel niveau de décision. Historiquement focalisée sur les impacts environnementaux, l'ACV a naturellement étendue son champ d'évaluation aux aspects économiques, sociaux et d'ingénierie pour devenir une analyse de la durabilité (AdCV) des systèmes. L'AdCV est ainsi en train d'émerger et nécessite des propositions d'améliorations méthodologiques et des applications concrètes pour devenir robuste et applicable. Cette étude présente l'évaluation de la durabilité d'un système dans le contexte de l'agro-industrie oléicole. À cet effet, elle propose une approche intégrée d’évaluation de la durabilité basée sur l’AdCV couplée à la modélisation des processus et des procédés et, l'analyse multicritère pour l'aide à la décision. Une première partie traite des concepts de durabilité, d'ingénierie et d'agro-industrie oléicole à travers une analyse de la littérature scientifique. Dans la deuxième partie, l'approche d'évaluation de la durabilité proposée est décrite, formalisée et implémentée dans la solution logicielle « EcOlive » à l'aide d'outils empruntés à la modélisation des systèmes. Enfin, la troisième partie présente les résultats de l’application de l’approche à l’agro-industrie oléicole en s’appuyant sur un ensemble de données terrain récoltées dans le cadre du projet européen OiLCA. / Nowadays, any strategic decision must be in accordance with the sustainability principles. Therefore, companies need to evaluate the consequences of their activities and products onto environment, economy and society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) from Life cycle thinking (LCT) is one of the major environmental impact evaluation methods for product, process or service and the trends is to integrate economic and social aspects to become a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, LCSA is still in its infancy and needs methodological proposals to be applicable. This study presents sustainability assessment in the olive oil agro-industrial context. In doing so, a systemic approach based on the coupling between LCSA, enterprise modeling, chemical process modeling and multicriteria analysis is proposed. The approach is then validated by the development of the software solution “ Ecolive ” for sustainability assessment of olive oil production. This application relies on field data collected under the European OiLCA project.

Dans le contexte économique actuel, les entreprises font face à de nouveaux problèmes en termes d’interopérabilité, du fait de besoins croissants de collaboration eBusiness dans les écosystèmes numériques auxquels elles appartiennent. Elles ont également besoins de pouvoir rentabiliser et faire évoluer les applications internes existantes. De plus, l’établissement rapide d’une collaboration numérique avec un membre de leur écosystème, limitée dans le temps, ne devrait pas nécessiter de modification de leurs infrastructures de communications et de leurs applications pour pouvoir échanger information et connaissance. D’un côté, les solutions actuelles sont de moins en moins adaptées pour faire face ni aux besoins croissants d’interopérabilité dans des environnements de plus en plus complexes. D’un autre côté, il n’est pas envisageable de remplacer les standards et les cadres d’interopérabilité actuellement utilisés en proposant des innovations de rupture. Les travaux de recherches réalisés dans le cadre de la thèse « Interopérabilité des applications techniques d’entreprise » concernent le développement d’une approche innovante pour construire un cadre d’interopérabilité des applications d’entreprise basé sur l’utilisation simultanée et cohérente des standards d’interopérabilité d’un écosystème et des technologies associées. L’objectif est l’interopérabilité « pragmatique ». L’approche innovante propose s’appuie sur les apports conjugués de l’ingénierie par les modèles, de la modélisation d’entreprise, des ontologies et des architectures orientées services. Elle promeut l’utilisation des commodités du WEB, basées sur des standards ouverts et gouvernés. Ce faisant, la préservation sémantique entre les standards de l’écosystème considéré, les artefacts d’ingénierie des applications et les infrastructures de communication est cruciale. Aussi l’approche innovante proposée inclut-elle le concept “d’hyper modèle étendu”, qui a été développée dans le cadre de cette thèse, et dont l’usage est illustré dans le cadre particulier des applications de gestion du cycle de vie des produits industriels, au sein de l’entreprise étendue. / Within the current economic context, enterprises are facing new interoperability issues due to increasing needs of eBusiness Collaboration within the emerging digital ecosystems they belong to. They also need to be able to keep in pace with their heterogeneous internal legacy systems. In addition, they should not have to modify their infrastructure or applications for fast and short collaboration implying information and knowledge interchange with new partners of their ecosystem. In one hand, current solutions are less and less adapted to face increasing needs and complexity in term of interoperability. In the other hand, legacy interoperability standards and frameworks can’t be replaced as it can be imagined to propose new disruptive approach and technologies. The research work undertaken for the thesis “Interoperability of Technical Enterprise Interoperability” consists in proposing an innovative approach allowing a given and mature ecosystem to build an enterprise application interoperability framework based on simultaneous and coherent usage of eBusiness standards used by a given ecosystem, combining usage of the different relevant frameworks supporting these standards. The goal is achievement of "pragmatic" interoperability. Proposed innovative approach takes advantage of simultaneous usage of Model Driven Engineering, Enterprise Modeling, Ontology and Service Oriented Architecture. It promotes systematic usage of commodities on the WEB based on open and governed standards. Doing so, semantic preservation between ecosystem’s standards, application engineering artifacts and communication infrastructures is crucial. To support semantic preservation within the context of the innovative proposed approach, the concept of “extended hypermodel” is developed and demonstrated within the context of Product Lifecycle Management within networked organizations.

A preocupação da engenharia de software esteve por muito tempo relacionada a aspectos da funcionalidade do sistema, ou seja, com \"o que\" e \"como\" fazer e não com o \"por que\" fazer. Tais aspectos, envolvidos nos processos existentes, buscam a definição das propriedades desejadas, em lugar de observarem a informação de uma forma mais ampla, começando com as necessidades do próprio negócio, ou dos objetivos dos sistemas nele embutidos. As técnicas de análise estruturadas, diagrama de fluxo de dados e modelagem entidade e relacionamento modelam importantes conceitos para o desenvolvimento de sistemas, mas não buscam por soluções alternativas inovadoras aos problemas da organização. É comum encontrar situações onde o sistema não satisfaz às reais necessidades do negócio, embora esteja tecnicamente correto. O entendimento dos aspectos sociais, organizacionais, técnicos, jurídicos e econômicos é essencial para a realização de um bom trabalho de engenharia de requisitos. Nesse sentido, a modelagem organizacional facilita a compreensão do ambiente empresarial e é reconhecida como uma atividade valiosa pela engenharia de requisitos. O modelo organizacional representa o \"mundo\" onde se aplicam as regras do negócio. O entendimento das regras do negócio é muito importante para a organização ser flexível em um ambiente de crescente competitividade. Com a necessidade de se ter a modelagem dos aspectos relativos à organização para que o sistema atenda as suas reais necessidades, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o processo de desenvolvimento de software buscando conhecer técnicas ou métodos que atendem aos requisitos organizacionais, enfatizando o uso de regras do negócio com a finalidade de obter a especificação de requisitos. / The software engineering\'s focus were for a long time related to system\'s functionality aspects, or with \"what\" and \"how\" to do, and not with \"why\" to do. Those aspects in the existents process are looking for the definition of the desired proprieties instead observe the information in a more large aspect, beginning with the business needs itself or the systems goals inserted in it. The structure analysis techniques, flux data diagram, and relationship and entity modeling form important concepts for systems development but do not search for innovating alternatives solutions for organization\'s problems. It is very common to find situations were the system does not satisfy the real business needs, thought it is technically correct. The comprehension of social, organizational, technical, juridical and economics aspects are essential for a good realization of requirements in engineering work. In that way the enterprise modeling makes the business environment comprehension easier and is recognized as a value activity by the requirements engineering. The enterprise model represents the \"world\" where the business rules are applied. The comprehension of the business rules is very important so the organization can be flexible in a growing competitive environment. With the necessity to have a modeling of the relative aspects to the organization so the system can accomplish the real needs, this present research has the objective to investigate a software development process trying to find techniques or methods that answer the enterprise\'s requirement, emphasizing the use of business rules to obtain the specifics requirements.

L’objectif de la thèse est d’abord d’analyser les rapports croisés existant entre modélisation d’entreprise et gestion des connaissances (modélisation comme explicitation des connaissances et connaissances comme une vue en modélisation) et ensuite de déboucher sur un ensemble méthodologique unifiant les deux approches. L’apport de nos travaux est décomposé comme suit : 1.Une étude comparative conceptuelle et théorique de ces méthodes. 2.Une chaîne de valeur ajoutée de la création des connaissances nommée VCKC. 3.Un cadre générique pour la mise en place de gestion des connaissances en entreprise nommé I2CE. 4.Un cadre d’ingénierie d’entreprise basé sur la connaissance nommé KBEE. / The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the relation between enterprise modeling and knowledge management (modeling as a way of knowledge externalization and knowledge as a view in modeling) and next to propose a global framework which will be able to unify two approaches. The contribution of this research is divided into four major axes: 1. To propose a conceptual and theoretic comparison study of two approaches. 2. To propose a value chain of knowledge creation in a value added way to unify the basic terminology in the context of knowledge in the organizations. This proposition named Value Chain of Knowledge Creation (VCKC). 3. To propose a reference model as the theoretic foundation of implementing knowledge management approach in the organizations named Intent-Content-Context-Evolution (I2CE). 4. To propose a knowledge engineering framework in the enterprises named Knowledge Based Enterprise Engineering (KBEE).

Considerando as complexidades envolvidas no processo de tomada de decisão nas organizações de hoje, é fácil ver que este processo representa um ponto importante para a obtenção de vantagens na competição pelo mercado. Portanto, observa-se que a função de gerenciamento é fundamental para a empresa, seja qual for o seu setor de atividade, tamanho, complexidade e tecnologia dos produtos ou serviços por ela oferecidos. Por este motivo, é importante que seja dada uma atenção particular ao aperfeiçoamento desta função e, para que isto seja possível, é necessário que, primeiro, seja feita uma análise detalhada do Sistema de Gerenciamento existente na empresa através da utilização de uma ferramenta que permita criar um modelo que represente as informações necessárias. De acordo com esta necessidade, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma técnica que auxilia na criação do modelo da Estrutura de Decisão associada ao Sistema de Gerenciamento da empresa. A técnica descrita está baseada no método de refinamentos sucessivos, e visa permitir que, a partir do modelo macro da estrutura de decisão, sejam criados modelos específicos, com um nível de formalização adequado para a implementação de sistemas de informação automatizados, que possam apoiar o processo da tomada de decisão. A preocupação principal foi propor uma técnica que forneça a facilidade de uma ferramenta gráfica, a qual permita um rápido aprendizado e proporcione ao analista um canal de comunicação com o usuário, assim como também permita a criação de um modelo com um alto grau de detalhamento. Para que isto seja possível a proposta alia o uso das Redes de Petri e do modelo TF-ORM. Ao final é apresentado um estudo de caso focando a estrutura de decisão em um ambiente de manufatura, o qual é utilizado para mostrar a aplicação prática da técnica. / Considering the complexities involved in the process of decision-taking in organizations nowadays, it is easy to realize that this process represents an important point in the acquisition of advantages concerning the competition for the market. Therefore, it is observed that the function of the management is fundamental to the enterprise, whatever its section of activity, size, complexity, technology of its products or services are. That is why it is important to give particular attention to the improvement of that function, and for that to be possible, first it is necessary to do a detailed analysis of the Management System that exists in the enterprise through the utilization of a tool which permits to create a model to represent the needed information. According to this necessity, this paper proposes a technique which helps in the creation of a model of the Decision Structure associated with the Enterprise Management System. This technique has been based on the method of successive refinement and aims at allowing to be created, from the macro model of the decision structure, specific models and with a formalization level adequate to the implement of automatic information's systems that can support the process of decision-taking. The goal was to propose a technique that provides the facility of a graphic tool and permits a fast learning, providing the analyst with a way to communicate with the user, as well as it should permit the creation of a model with a high level of details. For this to be possible, the proposal associates the use of Petri Nets and TF-ORM model together. At the end a case study focusing on the decision structure in a manufacturing environment, with is used to show the practical application of the technique is presented.