Проведенное исследование посвящено концептуальным основам оценки эффективности деятельности предприятия в условиях воздействия металлургического производства на окружающую среду. В работе раскрывается содержание методики оценки эффективности деятельности предприятия черной металлургии в условиях экологизации производства. Методический подход предполагает последовательную реализацию нескольких этапов и основан на сбалансированной системе частных показателей, приводимых к интегральному. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при принятии управленческого решения о перспективности инвестиционных вложений в деятельность металлургического предприятия, а также при развитии методических основ в экологии металлургии. / The conducted research is devoted to the conceptual framework for assessing the efficiency of an enterprise in terms of the impact of metallurgical production on the environment. The work reveals the content of the methodology for assessing the efficiency of a ferrous metallurgy enterprise in conditions of greening production. The methodological approach involves the sequential implementation of several stages and is based on a balanced system of partial indicators reduced to an integral one. The results of the study can be used when making management decisions about the prospects of investment in the activities of a metallurgical enterprise, as well as in the development of methodological foundations in the ecology of metallurgy.

Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / South Africa is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world and even with conservation initiatives in place continues to face biodiversity loss. There is a need to prioritise areas for conservation as resources for conservation purposes are limited in South Africa. From prioritisation methods reviewed it was found that prioritisation indices normally use one or a combination of variables that measure stock; and/or variables that measure threat.

would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Dr Devendra Amre, for his guidance. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the CHU Ste-Justine Research Center and the Ste-Justine Foundation, as well as the Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Montreal, for their generous support. / L'importance des déterminants génétiques de la maladie de Crohn (MC) chez l'enfant est bien connue, mais nos connaissances sur la contribution des facteurs de risque environnementaux demeurent limitées. Parmi les facteurs de risque du déclenchement de la MC chez l'adulte, figure le tabac. Le lien entre le tabagisme actif et le déclenchement de la MC a été maintes fois démontré. Cependant, les études menées jusqu'à présent sur l'influence de la fumée secondaire sur le déclenchement de la MC chez l'enfant ne sont pas consistantes, et ont souvent montré des résultats contradictoires. Le principal objectif de notre étude était donc de déterminer l'influence de l'exposition à la fumée secondaire pendant la grossesse et durant l'enfance sur le déclenchement de la MC chez l'enfant. Méthodes: Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins auprès d'enfants caucasiens. Les cas avaient reçu un diagnostic de MC avant l'âge de 20 ans à la clinique de gastroentérologie pédiatrique du CHU-Sainte-Justine de Montréal (n=132), et les témoins (n=131) ont été sélectionnés parmi les patients du service de gastroentérologie ou d'orthopédie du même hôpital, sans histoire de maladie chronique intestinale. Nous avons apparié les cas et les témoins selon le moment du diagnostic (± 3 mois) et leur lieu de résidence (à l'aide du code postal). L'information sur l'exposition à la fumée secondaire au cours de la grossesse et durant l'enfance, ainsi que les autres facteurs de risque ont été colligés à l'aide d'un questionnaire. L'analyse des déterminants du déclenchement de la MC a été faite par régression logistique pour estimer le ratio de cote (RC) ainsi que les intervalles de confiance correspondant (IC95%). Résultats: L'âge moyen (± ET) des cas était légèrement plus élevé que celui des témoins (12,7 ± 4,0 vs. 11,4 ± 4,7; p=0,01). Le sexe était réparti de manière égale entre les groupes. L’histoire familiale s'est avérée significativement associée à la MC (p=0,01). La régression logistique multivariée n'a montré aucun lien statistiquement significatif entre le tabagisme de la mère pendant la grossesse et la MC, en comparant les mères qui ont fumé pendant la grossesse avec celles qui n’ont fumé ni pendant la / positively associated with the disease. In children, there is interest in understanding whether passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) could confer similar risks. However, current studies have provided inconsistent results. The major objective of our study was thus to comprehensively ascertain whether ETS exposure during pregnancy and childhood was associated with the risk of developing CD in children. Methods: We carried out a case-control study based on Caucasian children diagnosed with CD (n=132) prior to age 20 at a pediatric gastroenterology clinic in Montreal (CHU-Sainte-Justine). Controls (n=131) were children having visited the orthopedic or gastroenterology clinics, who did not have a past/current history of IBD, were diagnosed within ± 3 months of case diagnosis and resided in the same geographic area (based on the first 3 digits of the postal code) as the cases. Information on ETS during and post-pregnancy and other potential risk factors for CD was acquired using a structured questionnaire. Associations between ETS and CD were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. Results: The mean age (±SD) of the cases 12.7 (±4.0) was slightly higher than the controls (11.4±4.7) (p-value=0.01). Gender was equally distributed between the groups. Family history was positively associated with CD (p-value=0.01). Multivariate logistic regression did not reveal any association with CD when mothers who smoked during pregnancy were compared to those who neither smoked during pregnancy nor post-pregnancy (OR=1.55, 95% CI=0.84-2.86). Paternal smoking during pregnancy was also not associated with risk of CD (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.33-2.75). Exposure of ETS to the child during childhood via maternal smoking appeared to increase risk (OR=3.54, 95% CI=0.71-17.57) but the risks were not iv significant. Paternal smoking during childhood also appeared to enhance risk of CD, in particular when the parents also smoked during pregnancy (OR=2.52, 95% CI=1.11-5.72). Conclusions: ETS exposure per se during pregnancy does not seem to confer risks of CD in children. However, ETS exposure during childhood either from maternal or paternal smoking appears to contribute to risk of CD in the child. Further studies are required to validate these associations.

O uso acentuado de fármacos e produtos de cuidado pessoal (FPCP) por grande parcela da população, associado ao aumento do número de habitantes, principalmente, em regiões costeiras, gera uma consequente e contínua entrada destas substâncias no ambiente. Com isso há uma necessidade crescente de se investigar a presença e o comportamento desta classe de contaminantes, principalmente em sedimentos, uma vez que estes são capazes de acumular e apresentar concentrações relativamente perigosas a organismos não-alvos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o risco ambiental do fármaco fluoxetina (FLU) presente em sedimentos marinhos da região de Santos/SP, Brasil, por meio de ensaios ecotoxicológicos integrados à análises químicas para quantificação deste fármaco no ambiente marinho. Para tanto foram utilizados invertebrados marinhos, espécie Mytella charruana para a caracterização de citotoxicidade e atividade de biomarcadores, e as espécies Perna perna e Echinometra lucunter em ensaios de desenvolvimento embriolarval. Todos os orgismos-teste foram expostos à sedimentos marinhos previamente marcados com FLU. Por meio de técnicas de HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, foram identificadas e quantificadas concentrações da ordem de 10,4 ng.g-1 em sedimentos coletados no entorno do emissário submarino de esgoto de Santos (Baía de Santos, São Paulo - Brasil). A FLU apresentou efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento embriolarval de E. lucunter e P. perna e efeitos cito-genotóxicos para a espécie M. charruana, em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes. Segundo o método utilizado para avaliação de risco ambiental, a fluoxetina pode ser considerada como substância potencialmente perigosa para invertebrados aquáticos. / The high consumption of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP) by a significant part of the human population, associated with the increase in the number of inhabitants, mainly in coastal regions, causes a continuous entry of these substances into the environment. Thus, there is a growing need to investigate the presence and behavior of this class of contaminants, especially in sediments, since they can accumulate and create relatively hazardous concentrations to non-target organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental risk of fluoxetine (FLU) present in marine sediments from the region of Santos/SP, Brazil, using ecotoxicological assays with chemical analyses so the amount of this pharmaceutical drug in the marine environment could be quantified. For this purpose, the marine invertebrates Mytella charruana species were used for the characterization of citotoxicity and endpoints using biomarkers, and the species Perna perna and Echinometra lucunter in embryo larval tests. All organisms used in the experiments were exposed to marine sediments previously spiked with known concentrations of FLU. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the environmental levels of FLU were quantified in marine sediments from the vicinities of the Santos submarine sewage outfall (Bay of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil) at 10.4ng.g-1. The fluoxetine has presented effects over the embryo larval development of E. lucunter and P. perna as such genotoxic and citotoxic effects for the M. charruana species at environmentally relevant concentrations. According to the employed ERA method, fluoxetine can be considered as a pontencially dangerous substance for acquatic invertebrates.

O propósito do princípio da precaução é evitar danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana ao permitir a ação preventiva, mesmo na ausência de certeza científica sobre as causas ou conseqüências de determinada atividade. A precaução é uma resposta às novas tecnologias e aos fenômenos que podem provocar impactos irreparáveis e incomensuráveis e que, portanto, precisam ser revistos pela comunidade internacional, Estados e indivíduos. Significa, também, envolver a participação popular nas decisões sobre quais riscos são aceitáveis em determinada sociedade e quais devem ser evitados. A base sociológica sob a qual está baseado o trabalho é a teoria de Ulrich Beck sobre a sociedade de risco global. O princípio da precaução é analisado sob os prismas dogmático e funcional: as principais características do princípio são apresentadas, bem como as críticas ao instituto; também são expostas as funções do princípio da precaução, sua eficácia social e status jurídico. A fim de explicar as dificuldades que circundam o tema dos princípios do direito internacional do meio ambiente, as principais teorias dos princípios são analisadas, concluindo-se que os princípios do DIMA necessitam de uma teoria própria. Na última parte, o trabalho procura demonstrar como o princípio da precaução pode ser operacionalizado através do fortalecimento institucional, sobretudo da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima. O tema das mudanças climáticas é paradigmático, já que exige ação internacional preventiva a fim de evitar os impactos do aquecimento global, mesmo face à inexistência de consenso científico sobre as causas e consequências desse fenômeno. Ao permitir maior participação democrática e abrir espaço para que a percepção pública sobre os riscos possa refletir em decisões jurídico-políticas, o arranjo institucional criado pela Convenção permite, ainda que com algumas falhas, uma discussão maior sobre os desafios que circundam o tema. Considerando os fundamentos da teoria de Beck sobre a modernização reflexiva, a origem política dos riscos e a democratização das discussões sobre eles, o papel da subpolítica na sociedade atual e a irreversibilidade de catástrofes ambientais, conclui-se que o princípio da precaução é indispensável ao direito e à política ao inserir a responsabilização a priori dos possíveis danos e a participação social nas decisões futuras / The purpose of the precautionary principle is to avoid irreversible damage to the environment and human health by allowing preventive action, even in the absence of scientific certainty regarding the causes or consequences of certain activity. Precaution is an answer to new technologies and phenomena that may promote irreparable and incommensurable impacts and, therefore, need to be reviewed beforehand by the international community, states and individuals. Furthermore, it nurtures popular participation in decision-making regarding what risks are acceptable in a given society and what risks should be avoided. The sociological foundation of this work is Ulrich Becks world risk society. The precautionary principle is analysed under the dogmatic and functional viewpoints: the principles main characteristics and critiques are presented, and I also explore the precautionary principles functions, social efficacy, and legal status. In order to explain the difficulties pertaining to the subject of international environmental law, this thesis analyzes the main theories on legal principles, and concludes that a more suitable theory for international environmental law principles is needed. In the last part, this work demonstrates how the precautionary principle can be operationalized through institutional strengthening, especially of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Climate change is a paradigmatic case, since it demands international preventive action in order to avoid the impacts of global warming, even in the absence of scientific consensus regarding its causes and consequences. By allowing greater democratic participation and by creating space for communication so that public perception can be reflected in legal and political decisions, the institutional arrangement created by the Convention allows for, if imperfectly, a wider discussion about the challenges of climate change. Considering the foundations of Becks theory about reflexive modernization, the political origin of risks and the democratization of discussions on risks, the role of subpolitics in modern society and irreversibility of environmental catastrophes, this work concludes that the precautionary principle is indispensable to law and politics by adding a priori responsibility of possible damages and social participation in future decisions.

A presente tese tem como pano de fundo a crescente preocupação com os impactos das alterações no meio ambiente global e objetiva a análise da dimensão humana dessas mudanças, que emergem do cenário de insegurança, riscos e incertezas acentuado com o recente debate internacional sobre mudanças climáticas. A ocorrência cada vez mais frequente de desastres ambientais e a progressiva degradação de recursos ambientais essenciais, comprometendo gravemente a vida e a segurança de indivíduos, grupos e comunidades inteiras em todo o mundo, a ponto de inviabilizar a sobrevivência em seus locais de origem, ensejam novas situações jurídicas que precisam ser reguladas pelo Direito Internacional. Nesse contexto, dois pontos centrais conduzem o presente estudo: a emergência de uma nova categoria de pessoas na ordem internacional e a ausência de proteção jurídica pelos instrumentos internacionais vigentes. As dificuldades em torno do consenso sobre uma definição jurídica e a natureza do regime de proteção, tomando-se como base as normas vigentes de Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos e do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, deixam à mostra as limitações do Direito Internacional Público atual para conferir um tratamento adequado à complexidade do problema em questão. Nesse sentido, uma resposta internacional adequada exige, de um lado, o reconhecimento do status jurídico próprio para a nova categoria; de outro, a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das múltiplas causas que forçam os deslocamentos. Para suprir a lacuna normativa existente propõe-se uma abordagem integrada, identificando elementos importantes nos regimes internacionais que possam contribuir para a construção de um compromisso global inovador e compatível com a nova dinâmica internacional. / This thesis has as its background the growing concern about the impacts of global environmental changes and aims the analysis of the human dimension of these changes, which emerge from the scenario of insecurity, risks and uncertainties highlighted with the recent international debate on climate change. The increasingly frequent occurrence of environmental disasters and a gradual deterioration of essential environmental resources, severely compromising the lives and safety of individuals, groups and entire communities around the world as to render them unfit for survival in their homes, create new legal situations which need to be regulated by International Law. In this context, two central points lead this study: the emergence of a new category of people in the international order and the absence of legal protection by the international instruments in force. The difficulties surrounding the consensus on a legal definition and nature of the regime of protection, taking as basis the standards of International Refugee Law, International Law of Human Rights and International Law on the Environment show the limitations of current Public International Law to give a proper treatment of the complexity of the problem. Accordingly, an appropriate international response requires on the one hand, recognition of a special legal status to the new category, and second, the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the multiple causes that force displacements. To fill the existing normative gap, we propose an integrated approach, identifying important elements in the international regimes that can contribute to building an innovative global compromise, compatible with the new international dynamics.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-21 / This paper aims to propose a new method for assessing environmental risks based on the Ecological Risk Analysis method proposed by Faria (1983). Starting from the main scientific methods used for environmental risk assessment, methods of urban planning and environmental sustainability indicators used in models of environmental risk assessment, the new method is tested in the area around Mingau creek, in the neighborhood Parque Amazônia, in Goiania, Goiás, where it had been applied the method proposed by Faria (1983) and also in the vicinity of Santo Antonio creek, located in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. This method consists in obtaining data from the premise socioeconomic and the physical environment of the study site, determining a rank for each risk factor. Subsequently, these data are checked with the physical medium through an array that uses the aggregate sum of the levels divided by two, rounded statistically when necessary. The results show, generally, the interrelation between the environment factors the physical and socioeconomic environment and reveal in a clear, objective and direct that the environmental risks of the physical environment are interrelated and submitted to each factor inserted in the premise socio-environmental, particularly the direct effects that social factors on the print environment, the deemed to be interdependent. In the method de Faria (1983) each factor is naturally hierarchical individually and that the intersection matrix of the aggregation is by obtaining the intensity of damage indicators, which are the anthropic factors interfering on the natural environment, with indicators sensitivity of damage, that for each natural factor is adopted and an indicator refers to the ability of resistance and resilience of the physical environment. So, are crossed, the risk matrix, the intensity of damage with a sensitivity of damage and gives the level of ecological risk for each natural factor, differently. In this new method more directly, we obtain the level of risk to each factor, whether physical or socioeconomic and then the results are intercepted in a single array of aggregation, which results in the environmental risk of the interrelationship of factors jointly allowing demonstrate a more comprehensive and systemic results of environmental risk assessment. / Este trabalho propõe um novo método para avaliação de riscos ambientais baseado na Análise do Risco Ecológico, proposto por Faria (1983). Partindo-se dos principais métodos científicos utilizados para avaliação de risco ambiental, dos métodos de planejamento urbano e ambiental e dos indicadores de sustentabilidade utilizados nos modelos de avaliação de riscos ambientais, esta proposta foi testada na área do entorno do córrego Mingau, no bairro Parque Amazônia, em Goiânia, Goiás, onde em que já havia sido aplicado o método proposto por Faria (1983) e também no entorno do córrego Santo Antônio, localizado em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. Esse método consiste na obtenção de dados do meio socioeconômico e do meio físico do local de estudo, determinando um nível hierárquico de risco para cada fator. Posteriormente esses dados são cruzados com os do meio físico por meio de uma matriz de agregação. Os resultados expressam, de maneira geral, a inter-relação entre os fatores do meio físico e os do meio socioeconômico e revelam de maneira clara, objetiva e direta que os riscos ambientais do meio físico estão submetidos e inter-relacionados a cada fator inserido no meio socioambiental; principalmente os efeitos diretos que os fatores sociais imprimem sobre os ambientais. No método de Faria (1983) cada fator natural é hierarquizado de maneira individual, sendo que o cruzamento na matriz de agregação se dá por meio da obtenção dos indicadores de intensidade de danos, que são os fatores antrópicos interferindo no meio natural, com os indicadores de sensibilidade de danos. Para cada fator natural é adotado um indicador que se refere à capacidade de resistência e resiliência do meio físico. Assim, são cruzadas, na matriz de risco, intensidade de danos com sensibilidade de danos e obtém-se o nível de risco ecológico para cada fator natural, de forma distinta. Neste novo método de forma mais direta, obtém-se o nível de risco de danos para cada fator, seja físico ou socioeconômico e depois os resultados são interceptados em uma única matriz de agregação, que resulta no risco ambiental da inter-relação dos fatores de uma forma conjunta, permitindo demonstrar de maneira mais abrangente e sistêmica os resultados da avaliação de risco ambiental.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-19T17:56:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana Paula da Concei??o Fernandes de Amorim.pdf: 3124663 bytes, checksum: 3efcd80a29fa4dcabb2739fbe1a6d204 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T17:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana Paula da Concei??o Fernandes de Amorim.pdf: 3124663 bytes, checksum: 3efcd80a29fa4dcabb2739fbe1a6d204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-07 / The results of this study were obtained from interview socioeconomic and biological analyzes of urine and hair of 94 people living in the city and environmental analyzes of soil, water and air to evaluate the presence of mercury in these environmental compartments. These results were the basis for the identification of risk and vulnerability of the population exposure to mercury in the environment, and provided subsidies for the development of risk communication strategies. In addition to the primary data, there was also a secondary data research and literature review. This study was conducted under the Project "Development of Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines for Health Surveillance of Populations Exposed to Mercury". This study demonstrated, along with research, the population of the city of Descoberto, Minas Gerais, It is environmentally exposed to mercury. The results of environmental samples were: Hg in the air with an average level of 39,4 ? 37,5 ng m-3, Hg soil with an average of 0,37 ? 0,71 mg kg-1 and Hg in water with values ranging from 1,1 a 2,8 ng L-1, and the results of biological samples were: Hg average level in the urine of 0,15 ? 0,30 ?g L-1 with the median 0,23 ?g L-1 and mercury levels in the hair of de ? 0,096 ?g g-1 a 1,92 ?g g-1 with a mean of 0,25 ? 0,28 ?g g-1and a median of 0,15 ?g g-1.Therefore in view of the characteristics of the population, as evidenced in the results of socio-economic research, the results of environmental and biological analyzes , prepared to risk communication strategies as one of the management measures of risk exposure and consequent health surveillance. Risk Communication in this folder and DVD model in order to achieve the objective information and reach the largest number of the population. / Este estudo tem como objetivo geral a elabora??o de estrat?gias de comunica??o de risco para popula??es expostas ao merc?rio no Munic?pio de Descoberto, Zona da Mata do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados desse estudo, foram obtidos a partir de entrevista socioecon?mica e an?lises biol?gicas de amostras de urina e cabelo de 94 pessoas, residentes no munic?pio e an?lises ambientais de solo, ?gua e ar para avalia??o da presen?a de merc?rio nesses compartimentos ambientais. Esses resultados serviram de base para a identifica??o do risco e vulnerabilidade da popula??o ? exposi??o ao merc?rio no meio ambiente e, forneceram subs?dios para a elabora??o das estrat?gias de comunica??o de risco. Al?m dos dados prim?rios, houve tamb?m uma pesquisa de dados secund?rios e revis?o bibliogr?fica. Este estudo foi realizado no ?mbito do Projeto ?Elabora??o de Protocolos Cl?nicos e Diretrizes Terap?uticas para a Vigil?ncia em Sa?de das Popula??es Expostas ao Merc?rio?. Este estudo evidenciou, junto com a pesquisa, que a popula??o do munic?pio de Descoberto, Minas Gerais, est? exposta ambientalmente ao merc?rio. Os resultados de amostras ambientais encontrados foram: Hg no ar com n?vel m?dio de 39,4 ? 37,5 ng m-3, Hg no solo com m?dia de 0,37 ? 0,71 mg kg-1 e Hg na ?gua com valores variando entre 1,1 a 2,8 ng L-1, e, os resultados de amostras biol?gicas foram: n?vel m?dio de Hg na urina de 0,15 ? 0,30 ?g L-1, com a mediana em 0,23 ?g L-1 e n?veis de merc?rio no cabelo de ? 0,096 ?g g-1 a 1,92 ?g g-1 com m?dia de 0,25 ? 0,28 ?g g-1 e mediana de 0,15 ?g g-1. Portanto tendo em vista as caracter?sticas da popula??o estudada, evidenciada nos resultados da pesquisa socioecon?mica, os resultados das an?lises ambientais e biol?gicas, elaborou-se estrat?gias de comunica??o de risco como uma das medidas de gerenciamento do risco de exposi??o e consequente vigil?ncia em sa?de. Comunica??o de Risco essa no modelo de folder e DVD, a fim de alcan?ar o objetivo informativo e atingir o maior contingente da popula??o.

<p>Stora volymer förorenade sediment kommer att behöva tas om hand under de kommande åren då bottensediment i svenska farleder, hamn- och kustområden under lång tid har konta–minerats av både tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. I examensarbetet studeras fyra möjligheter för hantering av förorenade muddermassor. De tre traditionella metoderna är <em>tippning till havs</em>, <em>utfyllnad i vik</em> eller <em>deponering på land</em>. <em>Stabilisering/solidifiering</em> (s/s) är ytterligare ett alternativ som innebär att muddermassorna kan nyttiggöras i geokonstruktioner genom att massornas hållfasthet ökas. Metoden går ut på att muddermassorna blandas med bindemedel och de eventuella föroreningarna binds då in i matrisen genom kemisk reaktion och fysikalisk inneslutning.  Syftet med examensarbetet är att, utifrån ett platsspecifikt perspektiv, undersöka hur föroreningsrisker kan jämföras mellan de fyra olika huvud–alternativen för hantering av muddermassor. Jämförelsen är tänkt att utgöra <em>en del</em> av ett beslutsunderlag som ska ligga till grund för valet av hanteringsalternativ.</p><p>Arbetet har fokuserat på miljöriskanalys och främst på hur risker kan <em>kategoriseras, värderas</em> och <em>jämföras</em>. Metoden inkluderar en litteraturstudie, en undersökning av tillstånds–ansökningar för hamnutbyggnad, en fallstudie där användning av LCA-metodik, ”ekotoxicitetspotential” och Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell testats för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ i Oxelösunds hamn. Avslutningsvis genomfördes en serie intervjuer kring temat karaktärisering och jämförelser av risk i en s.k. Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA).</p><p>I studien av tillståndsansökningarna för hamnutbyggnad konstaterades att jämförelser av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade mudder–massor <em>inte görs.</em> Istället är det andra aspekter, t.ex. ekonomi, som avgör vilket alternativ som väljs. Varken ekotoxicitetspotential eller Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell visade sig vara lämpliga metoder för att beskriva och jämföra risker i det aktuella fallet. Av intervjuerna i SOA:n framgår att det råder delade meningar om hur risker ska beskrivas och på vilket sätt de kan jämföras och det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla nya sätt att beskriva och jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika alternativ och olika platser.</p><p>Arbetet har visat att det finns ett behov av att utveckla miljöriskanalysens avslutande steg, riskkaraktärisering och riskvärdering, eftersom det idag inte finns några konkreta metoder för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade muddermassor. För att förbättra beslutsunderlag föreslås därför en tydligare problemformulering och att övergripande platsspecifika scenarion för de olika alternativen tas fram. Viktigt aspekter att tydliggöra är skyddsobjekt, tidsskala, spridning och exponering. Jämförelsen av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker får inte heller bli allt för detaljerad, eftersom den bara är en del av ett större beslutsunderlag.</p> / <p>Large amounts of contaminated sediment has to be taken care of within the next few years since the sediment in Swedish sea lanes, ports and coastal areas have been contaminated by both heavy metals and organic pollutants over a long time period. Four options for handling contaminated dredged material were studied within this master thesis project. The three traditional methods are dumping the dredged material at sea, filling a bay with dredged material or putting the dredged material on a land disposal. Stabilization/solidification (s/s) is another option, where the contaminated dredged sediments are mixed with a binder that gives them greater strength, while immobilizing contaminants through chemical reactions or physical confinement in the structure. The aim of this thesis is to examine how risks of contamination can be compared between the four main options for management of dredged materials, in a site-specific perspective.</p><p>The main tool in the project has been environmental risk assessment with special focus on how risks can be categorized, measured and compared. The study includes a literature review, an examination of permit applications for port development, a case study where the LCA methodology, "potential eco-toxicity" and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model was tested in order to compare the risks of contamination from the various management options in the port of Oxelösund. Finally a Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA), by the theme risk characterization and risk comparison, was made.</p><p>The study of permit applications for port expansion has shown that the site-specific risks of contamination are not considered when choosing between management options of dredged materials. Instead other aspects, such as economy, determine the option chosen. Neither potential of eco-toxicity or the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model proved to be appropriate methods in order to describe and compare the risks associates with this case. The interviews in the SOA show that people disagree on how risks should be described and compared. There is a demand for new methods of describing and comparing risks associated with different management options for dredged materials at different sites.</p><p>This work has shown that well-known methods on how to compare risks of contamination between the different management options for contaminated dredged materials do not exist. There is also a need of developing the latter steps in the environmental risk assessment. To develop a better decision basis, a more explicit definition of the problem is proposed. It is particularly important to make site-specific descriptions of the various systems to be compared. The comparison of the site-specific risks of contamination should not be too detailed, since it is part of a larger decision support.</p> / Stabcon

Stora volymer förorenade sediment kommer att behöva tas om hand under de kommande åren då bottensediment i svenska farleder, hamn- och kustområden under lång tid har konta–minerats av både tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. I examensarbetet studeras fyra möjligheter för hantering av förorenade muddermassor. De tre traditionella metoderna är tippning till havs, utfyllnad i vik eller deponering på land. Stabilisering/solidifiering (s/s) är ytterligare ett alternativ som innebär att muddermassorna kan nyttiggöras i geokonstruktioner genom att massornas hållfasthet ökas. Metoden går ut på att muddermassorna blandas med bindemedel och de eventuella föroreningarna binds då in i matrisen genom kemisk reaktion och fysikalisk inneslutning.  Syftet med examensarbetet är att, utifrån ett platsspecifikt perspektiv, undersöka hur föroreningsrisker kan jämföras mellan de fyra olika huvud–alternativen för hantering av muddermassor. Jämförelsen är tänkt att utgöra en del av ett beslutsunderlag som ska ligga till grund för valet av hanteringsalternativ. Arbetet har fokuserat på miljöriskanalys och främst på hur risker kan kategoriseras, värderas och jämföras. Metoden inkluderar en litteraturstudie, en undersökning av tillstånds–ansökningar för hamnutbyggnad, en fallstudie där användning av LCA-metodik, ”ekotoxicitetspotential” och Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell testats för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ i Oxelösunds hamn. Avslutningsvis genomfördes en serie intervjuer kring temat karaktärisering och jämförelser av risk i en s.k. Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA). I studien av tillståndsansökningarna för hamnutbyggnad konstaterades att jämförelser av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade mudder–massor inte görs. Istället är det andra aspekter, t.ex. ekonomi, som avgör vilket alternativ som väljs. Varken ekotoxicitetspotential eller Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell visade sig vara lämpliga metoder för att beskriva och jämföra risker i det aktuella fallet. Av intervjuerna i SOA:n framgår att det råder delade meningar om hur risker ska beskrivas och på vilket sätt de kan jämföras och det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla nya sätt att beskriva och jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika alternativ och olika platser. Arbetet har visat att det finns ett behov av att utveckla miljöriskanalysens avslutande steg, riskkaraktärisering och riskvärdering, eftersom det idag inte finns några konkreta metoder för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade muddermassor. För att förbättra beslutsunderlag föreslås därför en tydligare problemformulering och att övergripande platsspecifika scenarion för de olika alternativen tas fram. Viktigt aspekter att tydliggöra är skyddsobjekt, tidsskala, spridning och exponering. Jämförelsen av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker får inte heller bli allt för detaljerad, eftersom den bara är en del av ett större beslutsunderlag. / Large amounts of contaminated sediment has to be taken care of within the next few years since the sediment in Swedish sea lanes, ports and coastal areas have been contaminated by both heavy metals and organic pollutants over a long time period. Four options for handling contaminated dredged material were studied within this master thesis project. The three traditional methods are dumping the dredged material at sea, filling a bay with dredged material or putting the dredged material on a land disposal. Stabilization/solidification (s/s) is another option, where the contaminated dredged sediments are mixed with a binder that gives them greater strength, while immobilizing contaminants through chemical reactions or physical confinement in the structure. The aim of this thesis is to examine how risks of contamination can be compared between the four main options for management of dredged materials, in a site-specific perspective. The main tool in the project has been environmental risk assessment with special focus on how risks can be categorized, measured and compared. The study includes a literature review, an examination of permit applications for port development, a case study where the LCA methodology, "potential eco-toxicity" and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model was tested in order to compare the risks of contamination from the various management options in the port of Oxelösund. Finally a Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA), by the theme risk characterization and risk comparison, was made. The study of permit applications for port expansion has shown that the site-specific risks of contamination are not considered when choosing between management options of dredged materials. Instead other aspects, such as economy, determine the option chosen. Neither potential of eco-toxicity or the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model proved to be appropriate methods in order to describe and compare the risks associates with this case. The interviews in the SOA show that people disagree on how risks should be described and compared. There is a demand for new methods of describing and comparing risks associated with different management options for dredged materials at different sites. This work has shown that well-known methods on how to compare risks of contamination between the different management options for contaminated dredged materials do not exist. There is also a need of developing the latter steps in the environmental risk assessment. To develop a better decision basis, a more explicit definition of the problem is proposed. It is particularly important to make site-specific descriptions of the various systems to be compared. The comparison of the site-specific risks of contamination should not be too detailed, since it is part of a larger decision support. / Stabcon