[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os modos não verbais de comunicação presentes na dinâmica clínica, pelas perspectivas da psicanálise relacional e da etologia. Inicialmente apresentaremos possíveis interlocuções entre a psicanálise e a etologia, através de conceitos que se mostram intercambiáveis e frutíferos para ambas as ciências. Em seguida, resgataremos o viés biológico trazido por Freud em suas primeiras construções teóricas a partir das investigações sobre a neurose. Elas desembocam nos dilemas trazidos pelo conceito de pulsão e no papel da representação na metapsicologia freudiana. Em um terceiro momento, nos aprofundaremos sobre a psicanálise relacional e a teoria do apego, de onde extraímos importantes considerações sobre os aspectos primitivos da constituição psíquica e da comunicação não verbal. A dimensão sensorial da experiência e os processos intersubjetivos serão abordados como fatores essenciais no desenvolvimento do indivíduo. Por fim, dedicaremos especial atenção ao manejo da esfera não verbal no contexto clínico. Através de uma leitura eto-psicanalítica dos sofrimentos emocionais primitivos, destacaremos os fenômenos sensoriais que se apresentam em determinados quadros psicopatológicos. Discutiremos as adaptações filogenéticas adquiridas ao longo do processo evolutivo, que trazem um novo olhar sobre os processos de comunicação mediados pelo corpo e auxiliam o analista na compreensão das marcas sensoriais deixadas pelo trauma precoce. Defenderemos a hipótese de que há em todo sujeito um núcleo inacessível à fala, que aparece como material clínico principalmente na análise de pacientes graves, onde o comprometimento psíquico encontra-se em níveis mais profundos da personalidade. / [en] This paper aims to investigate non-verbal communication displayed in clinical settings from the perspectives of relational psychoanalysis and ethology. After revisiting Freud’s biological perspective on neurosis from his first theoretical constructions, we will initially set a dialogue between psychoanalysis and ethology through concepts that prove to be interchangeable and fruitful to both sciences. This discussion brings us to the dilemmas inherent to the concept of drive and the role of representation in Freudian metapsychology. Hereafter we will go deeper into relational psychoanalysis and attachment theory from which we derive important considerations about primitive aspects of the psychic constitution and non-verbal communication. The sensory dimension of the experience and the intersubjective processes will be addressed as essential factors in the individual s development. Finally, we will offer special attention to the management of nonverbal communication in clinical settings. We will then highlight through an eto-psychoanalytic approach of primitive emotional suffering the sensory phenomena displayed in certain psychopathological situations. We will discuss the phylogenetic adaptations acquired throughout the evolutionary process and how they introduce a new understanding to communication processes mediated by the body that may assist the analyst in understanding the sensory marks left by early trauma. We will defend the hypothesis that in every subject there is a nucleus inaccessible through speech which manifests itself clinically and how this nucleus is especially present in the analysis of critically ill patients whose psychic impairment is found at deeper levels of the personality.

Managing Monarch butterfly overwintering groves: making room among the eucalyptus Proper management and conservation of the coastal California overwintering sites used by western Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) is critical for continued use of these sites by monarchs. Many management efforts are currently concentrating on eucalyptus-only sites because of the prevailing notion that monarchs prefer eucalyptus over native tree species. Yet, whether a preference exists or not has never been tested. Herein, we test the “eucalyptus preference” hypothesis with data from five overwintering sites comprised of blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and at least one other native tree species from fall 2009 to spring 2012. We found that when monarchs clustered disproportionately on a tree species relative to its availability, they clustered significantly more than expected on native trees and significantly less than expected on eucalyptus. Also, in years when the overwintering population was highest, monarchs clustered disproportionately on native conifers, and they often switched from clustering on eucalyptus in the early winter to native conifers in the middle or late winter. Our results suggest that overwintering groves should be managed to include a mixture of tree species. We cannot recommend simply planting more eucalyptus. At overwintering sites in central coastal California, native conifers such as Monterey cypress (Hesperocyparis macrocarpa) and pitch canker-resistant Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) should be planted as replacements for blue gum eucalyptus in areas where trees are likely to fall, and around the perimeter of groves. Testing the Monarch butterfly eucalyptus preference hypothesis at California overwintering sites Western Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) overwinter in groves of native and non-native trees along the California coast. Eucalyptus is abundant in coastal counties, and overwintering monarchs utilize this type of tree more than any other. This has led to the belief that monarchs prefer eucalyptus. Yet whether a preference exists has never been tested. We tested the “eucalyptus preference” hypothesis at five California overwintering sites with canopies comprised of eucalyptus and at least one native conifer species. We found that at no time over the course of three years did monarchs cluster on trees in proportion to their availability in the canopy. Overall, they did not cluster on one tree species significantly more frequently than another, indicating that monarchs do not prefer eucalyptus—or any tree species—all of the time. However, more often than not monarchs clustered significantly more than expected on native trees, particularly at midseason when the weather was most inclement. They also clustered disproportionately on native conifers when the overwintering population size was highest. At most sites monarchs exhibited tree switching, shifting from eucalyptus to native conifers in the middle or late winter. Based on these results, we reject the “eucalyptus preference” hypothesis. In its place, we propose the “conditional preference hypothesis”, wherein monarchs are predicted to prefer cluster trees according to microclimate conditions and prefer alternate trees within a site as climatic conditions change. Rejection of the eucalyptus preference hypothesis suggests that sites comprised exclusively of eucalyptus may not offer monarchs a suitable range of microhabitats, and further suggests we should rethink “eucalyptus-centric” management. Monarch butterflies overwintering in coastal California: low site fidelity and high intersite movement Western monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) overwinter in large aggregations at hundreds of sites along the California coast. Management plans and census methods are both founded on the assumption that individual monarchs arrive at an overwintering site in the fall and stay at that site for the winter. Though populations potentially coalesce en masse from autumnal sites onto climax overwintering sites, very little individual movement between sites is inferred. Monarch movement is therefore thought to be primarily into sites (as opposed to out of or among them). We refer to this assumption and inference as the accrual hypothesis. In light of previous studies that provide evidence for movement among sites, we propose that overwintering monarchs may belong to a superpopulation. The existence of a superpopulation comprised of individuals moving in and out of sites would force us to rethink our ideas of landscape-level resource use by monarchs, our site-centric (rather than landscape-level) management strategies, and our abundance estimation techniques, which employ closed population models. We tested the closed population model, the accrual hypothesis, and the superpopulation model at three California overwintering sites using a mark-resight study design. We found that a large proportion of the monarchs at a site moved among (into and out of) monitored sites, both while the population size increased in October and November, and while the population appeared to exhibit an equilibrium winter maximum. The pattern of abundance of both tagged and untagged monarchs at monitored sites leads us to reject the closed population model and the accrual hypothesis. We found that monarchs at all three study sites are part of a larger superpopulation, though the sites do not contribute to the superpopulation equally. We determined that mark-resight is a viable alternative to existing population estimation techniques, though mark-resight methods would need to be explored further before being applied routinely. Our results suggest we need to move away from site-based management and manage instead for landscape-level overwintering (superpopulation) dynamics.

Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) are frequently characterized as keystone species for their role in altering soil characteristics, changing habitat structure through seed consumption and dispersal, and being important primary consumers in their ecosystem. They are arid adapted and known to forage in areas with sparse vegetation. Studies suggests densely vegetated habitat to be unsuitable for kangaroo rats because plants are an impediment to their locomotion and predator avoidance behaviors. This study focuses on an invasive grass, South African Veldt (Ehrharta calycina), that converts landscapes with sparse vegetation into dense grassland habitats, and the Lompoc kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni arenae) that occupies some of those modified landscapes. I explored the proximate effects of Veldt grass by assessing the locomotion of D.h. arenae in three Veldt grass densities. I hypothesized that Veldt grass influences kangaroo rat locomotion, but that performance could also be influenced by experience with the grass. Kangaroo rats with long-term experience with Veldt grass (i.e., those occupying a habitat containing Veldt grass) and short-term experience (two-night habituation in an artificial Veldt grass patch) were tested by pursing the animals through runways of different grass densities and measuring the amount of time spent crossing the runway, amount of time spent stopped, average velocity, and amount of motivation required to initiate and sustain movement. I also monitored habitat use during the two-night habituation period in order to assess habitat utilization among three Veldt grass density habitat patches. I hypothesized that Veldt grass may influence normal habitat utilization patterns in D.h. arenae: specifically, the avoidance of the densest habitats and preference or disproportionate utilization of the most open habitat. I found, when the animals were left alone to forage and explore, they spent significantly more time in habitat patches containing Veldt grass than in a control patch containing zero percent cover. However, in locomotion trials, Veldt grass had a negative effect on locomotory performance. These effects seem to scale with grass density, and were ameliorated to some degree by familiarization: animals from a Veldt grass habitat of origin performed better in novel Veldt grass templates than animals from a non-Veldt habitat of origin; however, both groups performed equally well after two nights’ habituation to the templates. These results suggest that learning occurred in two nights and that it increased the kangaroo rats’ ability to locomote through the grass when pursued. I note that performance studies often do not take into account the amount of motivation employed to initiate and sustain running of the test animals, and suggest that this be considered in future studies. Furthermore, the learning capacity of a kangaroo rat, as well as a community level perspective that considers neutral or even positive trophic interactions among natives and invasives, must be considered in conservation and management decisions in the future.

Global climate change is already contributing to the extirpation of numerous species worldwide, and sensitive species will continue to face challenges associated with rising temperatures throughout this century and beyond. It is especially important to evaluate the thermal ecology of endangered ectotherm species now so that mitigation measures can be taken as early as possible. A recent study of the thermal ecology of the federally endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia sila) suggested that they face major activity restrictions due to thermal constraints in their desert habitat, but that large shade-providing shrubs act as thermal buffers to allow them to maintain surface activity without overheating. We replicated this study but added a population of G. sila with no access to large shrubs to facilitate comparison of the thermal ecology of G. sila in shrubless and shrubbed populations. We found that G. sila without access to shrubs spent more time sheltering inside rodent burrows than lizards with access to shrubs, especially during the hot summer months. Lizards from a shrubbed population had higher midday body temperatures and therefore poorer thermoregulatory accuracy than G. sila from a shrubless population, suggesting that greater surface activity may represent a thermoregulatory tradeoff for G. sila. Lizards at both sites are currently constrained from using open, sunny microhabitats for much of the day during their short active seasons, and our projections suggest that climate change will exacerbate these restrictions and force G. sila to use rodent burrows for shelter even more than they do now, especially at sites without access to shrubs. The continued management of shrubs and of burrowing rodents at G. sila sites is therefore essential to the survival of this endangered species.

Raptor nests on human-built structures represent a significant source of conflict as they can result in bird mortality, fires, structure damage, service distribution, or power outages when falling nest materials or animals connect with energized conductors. Power companies, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), wish to mitigate these conflicts to avoid service disruptions. In this dissertation, I present my work towards understanding and mitigating the interactions between Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) and human-made structures. To achieve this, I explored multiple elements of conflict identification, monitoring, and basic ecology of the target species to better inform conflict mitigation. In Chapter I, I modelled the influence of suitable habitat and transmission infrastructure distribution on the potential risk of nest-infrastructure conflict within the TVA power service area. My integrative model would be most useful to utilities when adjacent (i.e., within 10 km) areas to ‘risky’ zones are also considered when looking at mitigation efforts and pre-development planning. Going forward, similar models for other species and for distribution structures may benefit utilities such as TVA. In Chapter II, I aimed to identify the most suitable nest monitoring technique for Ospreys, as nest information is required to make informed decisions for conflict mitigation (e.g., nest removal). I found that unoccupied aircraft systems, or drones, are less disturbing and more time-efficient than other methods tested. In the last two chapters, I focused on obtaining detailed information on the basic ecology of Ospreys in the southeastern United States, which represent an understudied population. My findings in Chapter III contribute to general migration ecology theory, identify key stopover areas for Ospreys in Florida, provide valuable comparisons for further investigations, highlight areas for future research, and identify possible metrics relevant to conservation and management action. Lastly, I quantified the genetic diversity and structure of southeastern Ospreys to generate hypotheses for future testing and provide valuable comparisons for further investigations. While gene flow appears to be high and sampled regions show little genetic differentiation, more research is required to elucidate patterns of cryptic population structure and provide concrete implications for management decisions (e.g., source population for translocation programs).

No description available.

The introduction of nonnative salmonids into Southern Appalachia may pose a threat to resident salamander populations. In recent years, the stocking and encroachment of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into headwaters where the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) naturally coexist has raised concerns. In aquatic prey, predator-avoidance responses are primarily influenced through the detection of chemical cues released from predators. The objective of this study was to determine how co-occurrence with a predator influences black-bellied salamander predator recognition behavior. To evaluate this, salamander activity metrics (general activity, number of movements, and latency to move) were recorded before and after exposure to either native trout predator cue (brook), introduced trout predator cue (rainbow), or conditioned tap water (control). Larvae were collected from different streams based on their trout predator assemblage with larvae coming from brook, rainbow, rainbow/brook, and no trout stream reaches. Our results show that larvae that co-occur with trout reduced their activity when exposed to brook trout predator cue, but their response to rainbow trout predator cue depended on their previous co-occurrence. Larvae from areas with only brook trout exhibited a weak predator-avoidance when exposed to rainbow trout predator cue. A follow-up test to determine the influence of alarm cue on predator response in these larvae indicated that the alarm cue enhanced the response to the rainbow trout predator.

<p>The role of realism in the depiction of animals in Greaco-Roman fable is investigated. The crow and the raven have been chosen as the prism through which the investigation is carried out. Fable will be shown to be a genre founded on a contextually realistic depiction of animals, and this may especially be seen in the corvid fables. Realism must, however, be understood contextually, as what constitutes a realistic depiction of crows and ravens in Graeco-Roman times is quite different than what one would encounter at present. As a result of which the crow and raven are marked by attributes ranging from cleverness, parenting ability, resistance to weather, vocal mimicry, longevity, and augural significance, amongst a host of other characteristics which sometimes coincide with modern views but often do not. Thus Graeco-Roman fables dealing with crows and ravens can be broadly divided into two categories: fables dealing in various ways with their intelligence, and fables dealing with their augural significance.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) rely on vision to recognize behaviorally meaningful aspects of their environment. The optic tectum has been shown to mediate the frog's ability to recognize and respond to moving prey and looming objects. Nonetheless, atectal frogs are still able to appropriately respond to non-moving aspects of their environment. There appears to be independent visual systems operating in the frog: one system for recognizing moving objects; and another system for recognizing stationary objects. Little is known about the neural mechanisms mediating the recognition of stationary objects in frogs. Our laboratory showed that a retino-recipient area in the anterior lateral thalamus--the NB/CG zone--is involved in processing visual information concerning stationary aspects of the environment. This thesis aims to characterize the frog's responses to a range of stationary stimuli, and to elucidate the thalamic visual system that mediates those responses. I tested leopard frogs' responses to different stationary stimuli and found they respond in stereotypical ways. I discovered that leopard frogs are attracted to dark, stationary, opaque objects; and tested the extent of this attraction under different conditions. I found that frogs' preference to move toward a dark area versus a light source depends on the intensity of the light source relative to the intensity of ambient light. Unilateral lesions applied to the NB/CG zone of the anterior lateral thalamus resulted in temporary deficits in frogs' responses to stationary stimuli presented in the contralateral visual field. Deficits were observed in response to: dark objects, entrances to dark areas, light sources, and gaps between stationary barriers. However, responses to moving prey and looming stimuli were unaffected. Interestingly, these deficits tended to recover after about 6 days in most cases. Recovery time ranged from 2 - 28 days. The NB/CG zone is anatomically and functionally connected to a structure in the posterior thalamus called the "PMDT." The PMDT has no other connections in the brain. Thus, I have discovered a "satellite" of the NB/CG zone. Preliminary evidence suggests that the PMDT is another component of the visual system mediating stationary object recognition in the frog. / Biology

This research aims to develop and evaluate a design framework for creating digital devices that support the exploration of animal behaviors in the wild. In order to carry out this work, it both studies ethology’s foundational ideas through literature and also examines the contemporary principles at a rainforest field station through on-site ethnographies, workshops, design projects, and interactive performances. Based upon these personal and practical investigations, this research then synthesizes a framework to support digital-ethological practice. Finally, this framework is utilized to design additional ethological expeditions and activities in order to assess the framework itself. The resulting framework encourages digital technology that supports four key concepts. Technological Agency pushes for devices that promote understanding of their own internal functions. The tenet of Contextual Crafting leads designers and ethologists to create devices in close proximity to their intended use. Behavioral Immersion promotes visceral interactions between the digital and organismal agents involved. Finally, Open-Endedness challenges researchers to create adaptable tools which strive to generate questions rather than answering them. Overall, this research, referred to as Digital Naturalism, explores a developing design space for computers in the wild.