Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'Union Européenne a instauré une réglementation environnementale afin de limiter les émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre sur son territoire. Ceci a contribué à la mise en place d'un marché du carbone européen (EU ETS) où s'échangent des certificats d'émission de CO2 (les EUA et les CER) ainsi que des produits dérivés reliés à ceux-ci. Ce mémoire aura pour objectif d'évaluer et de comparer différents modèles afin de représenter le prix des certificats d'émission et de tarifer les produits dérivés des marchés du carbone. / During the last decade, the European Union has regulated emissions of Greenhouse Gases on its own territory. Consequently, a European Carbon Market (EU ETS) is currently emerging where CO2 emission certificates (EUA and CER) and derivatives are traded on Exchanges. The objectif of this research is to evaluate and compare different models to represent the emission certificates' price and to price derivatives of the carbon markets. / L'analyse statistique des données a été effectuée avec le logiciel R.

Blood glucose management in Type 1 diabetes is crucial in preventing several diabetic complications. Blood glucose management is a complex task requiring diabetics too carefully administer the correct dosages of insulin by taking their blood glucose levels, food consumption, exercise, stress, illnesses and several other factors into account. Improved bolus calculation greatly aids in controlling blood glucose levels within a tight range. This study investigates how the ets-concept (Equivalent Teaspoons Sugar-concept) can be used to develop products to calculate insulin boluses. A cellular phone based software application was developed to calculate insulin boluses using the ets-concept. This product was tested in a clinical trial. A blood glucose characterization procedure was also developed to characterize the blood glucose response of a Type 1 diabetic to carbohydrate ingestion and insulin administration. The characterization procedure was used during the clinical trial to characterize patients in order to customize the bolus calculation products for the specific diabetic user. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

The correct administration of insulin is a constant challenge for type 1 diabetics. The correct insulin regime leads to fewer complications and an easier way of life. The amount of insulin administered must take into account the meals eaten, previous administered insulin, exercise etc. A rapid process for determining insulin regimes that is accessible to type 1 diabetics will greatly reduce diabetic complications later in life. This study researches such a process. Software is developed to use the ets-concept to simulate blood glucose levels. From these simulations blood glucose characterisation can be done to propose insulin regimes. Data gathered in previous studies is used to verify the results of this process. These results are compared to factors that describe the accuracy of a person's blood glucose control. The effects the new regimes will have are used to make recommendations to the end-user. Accurate characterisation leads to insulin regImes that will Improve the control performance of type 1 diabetes. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electronical Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Blood glucose management in Type 1 diabetes is crucial in preventing several diabetic complications. Blood glucose management is a complex task requiring diabetics too carefully administer the correct dosages of insulin by taking their blood glucose levels, food consumption, exercise, stress, illnesses and several other factors into account. Improved bolus calculation greatly aids in controlling blood glucose levels within a tight range. This study investigates how the ets-concept (Equivalent Teaspoons Sugar-concept) can be used to develop products to calculate insulin boluses. A cellular phone based software application was developed to calculate insulin boluses using the ets-concept. This product was tested in a clinical trial. A blood glucose characterization procedure was also developed to characterize the blood glucose response of a Type 1 diabetic to carbohydrate ingestion and insulin administration. The characterization procedure was used during the clinical trial to characterize patients in order to customize the bolus calculation products for the specific diabetic user. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

The correct administration of insulin is a constant challenge for type 1 diabetics. The correct insulin regime leads to fewer complications and an easier way of life. The amount of insulin administered must take into account the meals eaten, previous administered insulin, exercise etc. A rapid process for determining insulin regimes that is accessible to type 1 diabetics will greatly reduce diabetic complications later in life. This study researches such a process. Software is developed to use the ets-concept to simulate blood glucose levels. From these simulations blood glucose characterisation can be done to propose insulin regimes. Data gathered in previous studies is used to verify the results of this process. These results are compared to factors that describe the accuracy of a person's blood glucose control. The effects the new regimes will have are used to make recommendations to the end-user. Accurate characterisation leads to insulin regImes that will Improve the control performance of type 1 diabetes. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electronical Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Climate change has become an increasingly important strategic issue for businesses to deal with. The stake is high particularly for those in energy-intensive industries as governments are implementing legislations that limit the carbon emission coming from these industries. Not only are such companies’ carbon emission confronted by regulatory bodies, but also various stakeholders such as customers and investors. Such pressures increased the business relevance of the issue and have provided various strategic contexts and drives. Businesses have responded in different ways to the changes that are coming with climate change. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the dynamics and characteristics of carbon strategies. The case study companies were three pulp and paper companies located in Sweden, all subjected to the EU ETS regulation. In order to fulfill the purpose we have developed an analytical framework which we applied to the empirical findings. Based on our analysis we concluded that there are several factors that determine and drive the development of carbon strategies: sustainability, energy efficiency, market competition, and owners. The findings also revealed that the most prevalent response type was an optimization strategy, which is enhancing the carbon productivity from operational activities. The findings also confirmed the usefulness and comprehensiveness of the analytical framework employed to the understanding of carbon strategies and development factors.

L’expression d’un gène donné est généralement le résultat de la dualité qui existe entre l’activation et la répression transcriptionnelle de ce gène. Au laboratoire, nous tentons de mieux comprendre la régulation de la transcription génique, et c’est dans ce cadre que nous étudions certaines protéines qui appartiennent à la famille de facteurs de transcription Ets.<p>Ces derniers sont caractérisés par un domaine de liaison à l’ADN hautement conservé, le domaine ETS, qui se lie sur les promoteurs de leurs gènes cibles au niveau de sites comportant le motif central 5’- GGAA/T -3’. <p>Certaines de ces protéines ont été montrées comme étant impliquées dans des processus du développement normal et cancéreux. <p><p>Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié le facteur transcriptionnel Fev dont l’expression est restreinte au noyau du raphé dans le cerveau, à la prostate et à l’intestin grêle. Nous avons participé à la caractérisation fonctionnelle de ce facteur permettant de le définir comme répresseur transcriptionnel. Plus particulièrement, nous avons identifié la partie carboxy-terminale riche en résidus alanine comme étant impliquée dans la répression. Afin de mieux comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire qui régit la répression induite par Fev, nous avons tenté d’identifier les partenaires protéiques impliqués dans ce processus transcriptionnel. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que Fev interagit physiquement avec les co-répresseurs transcriptionnels à activité histone désacétylase HDAC1 et HDAC3. Aussi, nous proposons de définir le rôle biologique de cette interaction. Par la suite, nous avons utilisé le système de criblage de banques par « double hybride en levures ». En utilisant comme appât soit Fev, soit sa partie carboxy-terminale, nous avons isolé plusieurs candidats interacteurs, dont la protéine DP103 qui est impliquée dans la régulation transcriptionnelle induite par d’autres facteurs de transcription de la famille Ets. Après avoir montré par co-immunoprécipitation que Fev interagit avec DP103, nous tentons de mettre en évidence la fonctionnalité de cette interaction. <p><p>Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié Erm, un activateur transcriptionnel de la famille Ets, qui est exprimé dans certains types de tumeurs, telles que les cancers mammaires métastatiques, et qui y régule l’expression de métalloprotéases. Ce facteur joue aussi un rôle régulateur dans les lymphocytes CD4+ T helper de type 1 (Th1) via l’interleukine-12. Néanmoins, les cibles ainsi que le rôle de Erm ne sont pas encore clairement identifiés dans les lymphocytes. Dans cette partie du travail, nous avons initié une étude sur les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation transcriptionnelle de Erm. Nous avons montré que dans la lignée cellulaire Molt4 d’origine lymphoblastique ce facteur de transcription est la cible de la cascade de signalisation impliquant la famille des protéines kinases C (PKC). Grâce à l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs spécifiques des différentes sous-familles des PKC, nous avons montré que la transcription de Erm est régulée par les PKC conventionnelles. Aussi, après avoir isolé un fragment de 0,5 Kpb du promoteur de Erm, en amont de l’exon 1a, nous avons identifié une région régulatrice qui est activée par la voie des PKC. <p><p>Ainsi, les approches que nous avons développées dans ce travail nous ont permis de progresser dans la caractérisation des facteurs de transcription Fev et Erm. / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of this diploma thesis is to compile a demonstration panel as an example of the functions of intelligent electrical installation KNX. One of the advantages of this system bus is the ability to use devices from multiple manufacturers. A total of 20 devices from 12 different manufacturers are used in this work. The work begins with an explanation of the principle on which the KNX system bus works, followed by a description of the equipment used and the electrical connection of the switchboard according to the wiring diagram. Next, how the whole panel was revived is described. The next chapter contains a detailed description of device programming in ETS, ie setting parameters for individual devices and assigning group addresses. The last chapter deals with visualization and remote control. It explains how a communication channel was created to connect the panel to a server from FlowBox. Using the web interface on this server, a visualization was created, which can be used to remotely control the entire panel from anywhere.

This diploma thesis was created as a support for Building automation course, at the Institute of Automation and Computer Science of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Brno University of Technology. The aim of this diploma thesis is to get acquainted with elements of intelligent electrical ABB i-bus® KNX/EIB and create tasks suitable for laboratory teaching. Subsequently, use the communication module DataLab IF/EIB to connect KNX/EIB with Control Web system and create in this environment visualization of the status of these devices. Furthermore, using the communication module CM EIB/KNX to connect KNX/EIB with the programmable controller LOGO! and create additional laboratory task.

! BACKGROUND: Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is elevating blood levels of inflammatory mediators and chemoattractants which seem to play an important role in the development of several diseases (e.g. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). First evidences showed that men and women might differ in their proneness for these diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are effects of ETS during pregnancy on inflammatory cytokines in cord blood and in mother’s blood and if there are any differences between male and female newborns. METHODS: Within the LiNA (Lifestyle and environmental factors and their influence on Newborn Allergy Risk) study, whole blood samples of 460 mother-child pairs were analyzed for the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, INF-gamma, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 using cytrometic bead asseys. The association between ETS exposure and cytokines was calculated using the Mann-Whitney-U-test and adjusted with a multiple regression model for parental atopy, parental education status and cat ownership. The exposure assessment is based on questionnaire data on smoking behaviour of the parents and measurement of indoor benzene concentration. RESULTS: Female newborn, being exposed in utero to 10 cigarettes a day or more, had significantly higher blood concentrations of IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1 whereas there have been no elevations in male newborn being exposed to the same amount of cigarettes. Furthermore a significantly decreased amount of INF-gamma was found in cord blood of male newborns but not in female newborns. General increasing levels of TNF-alpha in cord blood where found for daily smoke exposure without relating it to the exact number of cigarettes. CONCLUSION: The data of this study refer to gender-specific differences in the susceptibility to ETS exposure. The induction of inflammatory signals in cord blood in response to cigarette smoke exposure is stronger in female than in male newborn. / Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil einer umweltepidemiologischen Kohortenstudie (LiNA), in der der Einfluss von Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen auf die Entwicklung von Immunsystem und Allergien bei Neugeborenen unter Einbezug der vorgeburtlichen Zeit untersucht wird. In welchem Maße sich eine Rauchbelastung während der Schwangerschaft auf die Zytokinmuster der Neugeborenen im Nabelschnurblut auswirkt und inwiefern dies mit dem Zytokinmuster der Mutter korreliert, sollte das Ziel dieser Dissertation sein. Dafür wurden Daten von insgesamt 629 Mutter-Kind-Paaren erhoben, Zytokin- und Chemokinbestimmungen, sowie die des Gesamt-IgE aus den Blutproben der 34. SSW und denen der Nabelschnur vorgenommen. Interessanterweise konnten geschlechterspezifische Unterschiede im Zytokinspektrum der Neugeborenen gefunden werden. Bei den weiblichen Neugeborenen zeigte sich eine deutliche Erhöhung proinflammatorischer Marker, wenn deren Mütter dem Rauch von mehr als 10 Zigaretten pro Tag ausgesetzt waren. Dieser Anstieg war weder im Blut der männlichen Neugeborenen noch im Blut der Schwangeren in der 34. SSW zu beobachten. Zusätzlich konnte beobachtet werden, dass auch einzig die männlichen Neugeborenen stark negativ mit ihrer IFN-gamma-Produktion auf die passive Rauchbelastung reagieren. Die mit dieser Arbeit ermittelten Daten, dass das Immunsystem beim Neugeborenen geschlechterspezifisch unterschiedlich auf Tabakrauch zu reagieren scheint, sind erstmals in der Literatur zu finden. Die Erforschung des Immunsystems und dessen Beteiligung an zahlreichen Erkrankungen, besonders den chronisch Inflammatorischen, ist durchaus relevant im medizinischen Alltag. Diese Arbeit trägt einen weiteren Baustein dazu bei und gibt Anstoß für weitere Studien.