In an increasingly more globalized world the international competition is fierce. Today, working across borders is a new normality. It calls for greater demand to send employees abroad on international assignments. Therefore, employers need to address implications that come along with this increasing demand. One of the main implications is the issue to retain employers after return from international assignments since many of them tend to resign. Research about this issue has been conducted. However, this research has primarily taken an employer standpoint and thereby employees have been overlooked. This thesis presents both (1) an employee point of view of the repatriation process as well as (2) a more updated and comprehensive take on the entire repatriation process as a three step process beginning already prior departure. The paper concludes that high turnover rate after return remains a major problem among expats. Lastly,a final model is suggested to facilitate the transition and decrease this high turnover rate. By applying this approach on the repatriation process, companies could hopefully benefit in terms of decreased turnover cost as well as more satisfied employees.

The present inquiry sets out to explore the self as an expatriate eacher working in international schools, through the lens of ositioning. To better understand complex phenomena such as the self and its episodic encounters in the social arena, this study uses positioning theory as an analytical framework. The self is followed as it moves from its private sphere to the social milieu where it takes on its multiplicity, as a social being. The dynamics of positioning is illustrated by the mutually determined triad. Hence, the self is looked at in one of its main social engagements: the recruitment where the social episode is mutually framed by the storylines of the participants, the social force and the position taken on. Illustrations are given to exemplify and extend the use of positioning theory in an international school context. The implications brought up by the results of the present inquiry are applicable not only to the expatriate teacher but also to the wider expatriate community.

The international aid sector is a multi-billion dollar industry that has continued to grow in size, influence and complexity since the 1970s. The stakeholders are globalised and diverse, from elite UN politicians in New York and Geneva to malnourished infants in Somalia. This study attempts to focus on the professional development of one category of player in this multifaceted sector, that is the expatriate field leader employed international non-government organisations (INGO) and responsible for the implementation of projects in a cross-cultural environment. The study found that relationships, results, and grit were three foundational traits of exemplary expatriate filed leaders in the international aid sector. This collective case study takes a grounded theory approach to explore the professional journeys of 12 exemplary expatriate field practitioners in the international aid sector who work in Central Asia, Middle East, and North Africa with ten different INGOs and have an average of 12.5 years of field experience. The participants were nominated for the study by their supervisors or peers as being exemplary field leaders. The study purposes to gain insight into the professional journey of exemplary field leaders by examining their work-life experience from age 18 until present. Biographic narrative interviews were conducted and supplemented with professional development timelines to create the initial data set. The study provides insight into the processes of professional identity formation of expatriate aid workers and identifies seven events that shape their professional self-identity. These experiences consist of a variety of reflected appraisals and intrinsic rewards that validated or changed how the research participants saw themselves. Participants credited good relationships and seeing the results of their work as what keeps them going in spite of difficulties. On the other hand, the most difficult work experiences of the aid workers were not carjacking, riots, dust, heat, bugs, strange food, or low funding but relational conflicts and the grief associated with relational disappointments. Interpersonal relationships were core to both the best experiences and the most difficult experiences of the research participants. Gritty appears to be a better construct to describe exemplary field leaders than resilient. Grit is a trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The research participants demonstrated grit in many situations, not least of which was in their commitment to learn the local language in-situ of crisis-affected people. The research participants believed that learning local languages was a key to establish and maintain meaningful relationships and cooperation with local people. The study also includes a discussion of an apparent incongruity in the international aid sector. On one hand the sector promotes the necessity of humanitarian professionals to establish and maintain collaborative relationships with crisis-affected people, but survey evidence suggests most workers in the humanitarian sector put a low priority on learning the languages of crisis-affected people while others do not have sufficient opportunity to learn the local languages because of the well-entrenched tradition of short-term employment contracts of 1-12 months and the practice of churning (rotating experienced staff from project to project). It appears that the current system of doing business in the humanitarian sector may actually obstruct professional competence and contribute to failed outcomes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Silvia Rosal de Rosal.pdf: 821872 bytes, checksum: 1e5289facf41ea963e93a4175c165b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The economy globalization led to increased executives expatriation. For organizations, the international transfer is limited to actions that ensure increased competitiveness and, consequently, income. For the executives, this experience transcends the professional field because it involves relational aspects in his life. The number of expatriated married executives is higher than singles. Organizations believe that family is an important factor in intercultural adaptation. In this context, the objective of this research is to understand the experiences of the process of expatriation of male, Brazilian and single executives. The researcher, therefore, resorted to the method of qualitative research with a narrative approach. The results showed that both personal and professional lives are embedded in the expatriation process. Expatriation is said to be easier for singles. However, this experience is punctuated by the ambiguity of feelings arising from events that include gains, as personal development and career improvement, while entail losses, such as the exclusion from relational network, which is strongly reported by the participants. Friendships play a significant role in the lives of singles. Specificities were identified in individual and family life cycles, as well as gender issues. The experience of expatriation covers the executive's personal, family, professional and social life aspects, and points to the need to broaden the organizations perspectives on the issue, to absorb such experience in its many facets / A globalização da economia implicou aumento da expatriação de executivos. Para as organizações, a transferência internacional está circunscrita às ações que asseguram o aumento da competitividade e, consequentemente, dos resultados financeiros. Para o executivo, essa experiência transcende o campo profissional, pois envolve aspectos relacionais em sua vida. O número de executivos casados expatriados é superior ao de solteiros. As organizações acreditam ser a família importante fator na adaptação intercultural. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é compreender a experiência decorrente do processo de expatriação de executivos homens, brasileiros e solteiros. Para tanto, recorre-se ao método de pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem narrativa. Os resultados apontam que vida pessoal e vida profissional estão imbricadas no processo de expatriação. A expatriação é referida como mais fácil aos solteiros. Contudo, tal experiência é pontuada pela ambiguidade de sentimentos decorrentes de acontecimentos que reúnem ganhos, como amadurecimento pessoal e crescimento para a carreira, ao mesmo tempo em que acarreta perdas, como o afastamento da rede relacional, vivamente relatado pelos participantes. Na vida dos solteiros, as amizades desempenham significativo papel. Foram identificadas especificidades nos ciclos vitais individuais e familiares, assim como questões de gênero. A experiência decorrente da expatriação envolve os diversos âmbitos da vida do executivo pessoal, familiar, profissional e social e remete à necessidade de ampliar o olhar das organizações sobre a questão, de forma a abranger tal experiência em suas inúmeras facetas

The rationale behind this study concerns the issues school administrators and teachers of expatriate students face over the progress and placement of the growing number of these students in mathematics classrooms in various countries brought about by the demographical changes occurring in this globalization era. This study aimed to present a method of examining lower secondary school mathematics textbooks with the purpose of evaluating students' expected past learning and comparing students' expected mathematics learning across the different curricula. It is anticipated that such an investigation will be of value to those responsible for the correct level of placement of these students.Six sets of textbooks from four countries on the Asia-Pacific rim, namely Australia, Brunei, China and Singapore, were selected for this study. The textbook content of each country was analyzed in terms of strand weighting and content details, and then coupled with information gained from interviews with teachers. This led to the findings which addressed the various issues raised.The findings facilitated a comparison of the learning paths offered by the various textbooks, fleshed out the differences and similarities of the various curricula and made available detailed comparisons of the textbooks' content in terms of topics covered. The analytical procedure of the examination of text content as presented in this study is itself a diagnostic technique for assessment of the students' past learning, which addressed the main objective of the study.The findings will be of interest to all who are interested in the mathematics taught in the countries involved. / Outcomes will be particularly useful to curriculum planners and textbook writers as well as the administrators and teachers of International Schools and other schools enrolling expatriate students from these countries. The study offers a 'simplistic' way of evaluating textbooks to assess students' learning progress, and highlights the traits of the countries' curricula to provide a general idea of the mathematics ability expected from the expatriate students residing in these countries.

China is a highly attractive destination for foreign direct investment, especially to Australia with which it has a strong complementary commercial relationship. Although the need for cross-cultural leadership effectiveness presents a major challenge to Australian businesses operating in China, most extant studies emphasize cultural dimensions and cultural influences on expatriate leadership effectiveness. In contrast, this study investigates the importance and implementation of transformational leadership (TL), emotional intelligence (EQ) and cultural intelligence (CQ) as key components of cross-cultural leadership capabilities within the context of Australian-Chinese cultural differences. Specifically, it answers one overarching question: What key factors contribute significantly to cross-cultural leadership effectiveness in Australian businesses operating in China? Following an interpretivist research philosophy, this inductive study employed qualitative individual and focus group interviews with a final sample of 32 expatriate managers and 19 local Chinese managers working in 30 Australian organizations. The individual participants were top- and middle-level executives of Australian businesses operating in China in different industry sectors, including minerals and energy, manufacturing, consulting, building and construction, banking, legal services and education. Participants based their responses on their own experiences and observations. These perspectives were supplemented with equally important input from the focus group interviewees, who were Chinese local managers that work closely with the expatriates. Based upon the findings of the study, the researcher developed a holistic pragmatic heuristic model of cross-cultural leadership effectiveness for Australian businesses operating in China, which emphasizes the developmental process underlying the emergence of effective expatriate leadership. This model defined and categorized three sets of cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural characteristics of effective cross-cultural leaders: personal (intrapersonal) competencies, social (interpersonal) competencies and cross-cultural competencies. Because the model is pragmatic as well as heuristic, its framework provides practitioners (e.g. Western and especially Australian expatriate leaders) with an informed understanding of the complexity of cross-cultural leadership issues in China, the importance of having theoretical knowledge on this topic, and the need to be flexible and pragmatic in applying this knowledge in daily practice. Thus, the model offers Australian firms currently investing or intending to invest in China a specific strategy to assist expatriate selection and leadership development in that the competencies it contains can be used to recruit and develop suitable candidates and training criteria. Likewise, the model provides business coaches or business consultants serving Western organizations in China a comprehensive fundamental framework for developing competent global leaders. Hence, future research should concentrate on developing and validating cross-cultural leadership effectiveness in China model using diverse approaches.

For the past decade it has been pointed out that employee perspectives on and reactions to HRM should be reinstated within the relationship between HRM practices and performance, since employees are deemed critical to organizational outcomes. Furthermore, research has shown the limited effect of financial compensation practices on employee commitment and retention. The scarce theoretically grounded studies which have examined expatriate compensation have been guided by the view that financial compensation is a pivotal control and incentive mechanism, a flexible means to achieve corporate outcomes. This dissertation considers expatriate compensation from an individual perspective. It comprises four articles, of which three are based on empirical data. The first theoretical article brings to the fore the necessity of considering expatriate compensation as embedded into the employment relationship, which is itself entwined with the international environment of the expatriation. In the second article the relationship between expatriates' state of psychological contract related to their compensation package and affective commitment is investigated using quantitative empirical data. The third article examines more closely this previous relationship by considering the mediating role of perceived employer obligations. The fourth articles uses qualitative interview data to investigate, from a total reward perspective, what factors influence career decisions of global careerists. The dissertation shows that organizations would do well to encompass rewards most valued by expatriates into their compensation packages. Secondly, it shows that expatriates systematically assess their total reward package, interpret and give meaning to compensation signals in terms of fulfillment of perceived employer obligations. Simultaneously they re-adapt or adjust their attitudes at any moment through their employment relationship. Thus to retain expatriates organizations might do well to pay more attention to what expatriates value most in their employment relationship rather than simply paying them more.

<p>Att verka på en global marknad innebär kulturella skillnader, tidsskillnader och annorlunda arbetsmetoder som ställer speciella krav på medarbetare och deras kompetens. Att sända anställda på utlandsuppdrag eller så kallad expatriering innebär för företagen att omlokalisera sådan kompetens utomlands. Flytta och arbeta utomlands innebär förutom många möjligheter också många problem för både företaget och den anställde med familj. Ett växande problem som identifierats av flera författare är att omlokaliseringen av par med varsin karriär blir allt svårare eftersom expatriering ofta innebär att den medföljande partnern tvingas ge upp/ta paus i sin karriär. Det finns även tidigare forskning som visar att par med varsin karriär är extra vanligt just i de nordiska länderna. Våra resultat bygger därför på en kvalitativ studie som undersöker hur några stora svenska företags strategier ser ut vid expatriering av par med varsin karriär.</p><p>För att nå dessa resultat har vi genomfört fem stycken fysiska djupintervjuer och en telefonintervju som sedan har analyserats mot tidigare litteratur på området. Den litteratur vi använt härstammar främst från områdena International Human Resource Management och Expatriate Management. Företagen som ingår i studien är alla verksamma inom olika branscher som: Bank, Bygg, Försvar, Vitvaror, Telekom och Fordon.</p><p>Studiens resultat visar bland annat på att företagen är duktiga på att inkludera den medföljande partnern under rekryteringsfasen för att på så sätt minska risken att han/hon inte anpassas till den nya kulturen. Karriärsupport och karriärassistans är några av de saker som företagen gör för att underlätta för den medföljande att få arbete. Dock verkar få utnyttja dessa vilket vi tror beror på att partnern inte vill eller inte kan arbeta. Problem med att få arbetstillstånd och/eller att den medföljande ser chansen att vara hemma med yngre barn kan vara två av anledningarna. Dyster konjunktur och de höga kostnaderna som förknippas med expatriering ökar trycket på företagen att spara in på förmåner eller att sända färre expatrierade i framtiden vilket troligtvis inte ökar antalet expatrierade par med varsin karriär. Sist men inte minst har vi kunnat se att sättet som företagen rekryterar anställda till utlandsuppdrag bidrar till att par med varsin karriär sällan uppmärksammas hos företagen och följaktligen tas liten hänsyn till dessa. Detta tillvägagångssätt tror vi skapar ett stort mörkertal av individer som skulle vara en stor tillgång för företag under en utlandsstationering, men som omedvetet exkluderas från dessa uppdrag på grund av att för lite hänsyn visas hans/hennes partner som också gör karriär.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Purpose</strong></p><p>The purpose of this paper is to find out which personal-related factors are influencing on the task performance and the contextual performance of expatriate managers.</p><p><strong>Design/Methodology/Approach</strong></p><p>This research adopts a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with key-information from the managers taking international assignments.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>The findings indicate that there is a series of significant associations between personal-related factors (personality traits, competences/skills, self-willingness and previous experience) and the performance of expatriates’ assignments.</p><p><strong>Research limitations/implications</strong></p><p>One suggestion for further research is to explore deeper and more comprehensive on other less important factors or the important factors which we are overlooking; it also could be more comprehensive on the factors that relate to the performance of expatriates.</p><p><strong>Practical implications</strong></p><p>We present a table of the relationship between personality traits, competences/skills, self-willingness, previous experience and the job performance of expatriates’ assignments. Thus, HR departments can follow this guidance when selecting expatriates to manage overseas assignments. Furthermore, individuals can take this model as a reference when making decisions for their career lives.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Expatriate assignments, personality traits, self-willingness, competences/skills, previous experience, job performance, task performance, contexture performance</p><p><strong>Paper type</strong></p><p>Master Thesis</p>

<p>Adjustment to a new culture is a slow and step-wise process, which can be facilitated by cross-cultural training. First, a comprehensive review of current theories about cross-cultural adjustment and different training techniques is presented. Then, the study looks at the preparation and training of expatriates at Ericsson in relation to these theories. In-depth interviews with two Area Managers at Ericsson have been carried out in order to establish how the company’s training program is structured. We found that Ericsson follows a sequential model with both pre-departure and post-arrival training, mainly didactic in nature. The pre-departure training is very culturegeneral, whereas the post-arrival training is more specific for the host culture. The post-arrival training is, however, not offered in all host countries. Language training is also offered, and expatriates are encouraged to visit the host country prior to the departure. Many components in Ericsson’s training program are supported by theory,but several other techniques described in the theory are not in use. A suggestion is made to further formalize the post-arrival training and make the overall training more culture-specific.</p>