Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 145 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-145).

Thesis (Ph. D.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 131-137.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 185 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91).

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108).

Thesis (M.S.E.C.E. )--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-88).

Nous proposons une méthodologie de conception pour les systèmes de commande tolérants aux fautes en partant d’un modèle de base exhaustif pour le système complexe à superviser. En pratique, la modélisation exhaustive est réalisée grâce à un automate hybride enrichi par des paramètres quantifiant les défaillances possibles. Ceci permet de modéliser les défaillances partielles. Dans la phase hors ligne, ce système complexe est transformé en un système discret abstrait et exploitable selon des techniques dédiées. Un superviseur est alors construit selon les objectifs de fonctionnement.Lors du fonctionnement du système, l’occurrence d’une défaillance se traduit par l’invalidation de plusieurs comportements dans le modèle abstrait et l’introduction d’incertitudes. Par la suite, les modules de diagnostic et d’identification (qui ne rentrent pas dans l’objet de notre thèse) réduisent de façon progressive le modèle hybride au cours du temps. Afin de pouvoir mettre à jour le modèle discret abstrait, on a développé des algorithmes de calcul d’atteignabilité, de vérification et de génération de régions stabilisées.Pour pouvoir superviser un tel système, l’utilisation de méthodologies d’abstraction est nécessaire afin de transformer le modèle bas niveau exhaustif en un modèle discret approprié. Nous réalisons cette abstraction en proposant des algorithmes qui tiennent compte du contexte d’utilisation (objectifs, contraintes…). Lorsqu’une défaillance est détectée, la reconfiguration est déclenchée en essayant, au fur et à mesure de l’enrichissement du modèle abstrait, de réduire le fonctionnement du système défaillant dans un des schémas prédéfinis / We propose a methodology for the design of fault tolerant control systems for the supervision of complex systems. First, the system is exhaustively described through a hybrid automaton which is enriched with parameters that quantifies the possible complete or partial faults. In the offline stage, the complex system is abstracted into a useful discrete event system with dedicated approaches. After, a supervisor is designed according to the standard objectives.In the online stage, fault detection can be interpreted by prohibiting some behaviours and introducing uncertainties. Thereafter, the diagnosis and identification modules (that are not treated in this work) reduce progressively the hybrid system. In order to update the abstract model, we developed some algorithms for reachability calculus, verification and generation of stabilized regions.In order to supervise the faulty system, the use of abstraction methodologies is necessary in order to transform the low level exhaustive model into an abstract and appropriate model. This abstraction is realized through algorithms that takes into account the abstraction context (objectives, constraints…). When a fault is detected, the reconfiguration is triggered by trying, as the abstract model is enriched, to reduce the behaviour of the faulty system into a preconceived model

Les systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce (MPSoC) mis en oeuvre dans les architecturesmulti-tuiles fournissent des solutions prometteuses pour exécuter des applicationssophistiquées et modernes. Une tuile contient au moins un processeur, unemémoire principale privée et des périphériques nécessaires associés à un dispositifchargé de la communication inter-tuile. Cependant, la fiabilité de ces systèmesest toujours un problème. Une réponse possible à ce problème est la migrationde tâches. Le transfert de l’exécution d’une tâche d’une tuile à l’autre permet degarder une fiabilité acceptable de ces systèmes. Nous proposons dans ce travail unetechnique de migration de tâches basée sur des agents. Cette technique vise lesapplications de flot de données en cours d’exécution sur des architectures multituiles.Une couche logicielle “middleware” est conçue pour supporter les agentsde migration. Cette couche rend la solution transparente pour les programmeursd’applications et facilite sa portabilité sur architectures multi-tuiles différentes. Afinque cette solution soit évolutive, une chaîne d’outils de génération automatique estconçue pour générer les agents de migration. Grâce à ces outils, ces informationssont extraites automatiquement des graphes de tâches et du placement optimisésur les tuiles du système. L’algorithme de migration est aussi détaillé, en montrantles phases successives et les transferts d’information nécessaires. La chaîne d’outilsest capable de générer du code pour les architectures ARM et x86. Cette techniquede migration de tâche peut être déployée sur les systèmes d’exploitation quine supportent ni chargement dynamique ni unité de gestion mémoire MMU. Lesrésultats expérimentaux sur une plateforme x86 matérielle et une plateforme ARMde simulation montrent peu de surcoût en terme de mémoire et de performance, cequi rend cette solution efficace. / Fully distributed memory multi-processors (MPSoC) implemented in multi-tiled architectures are promising solutions to support modern sophisticated applications, however, reliability of such systems is always an issue. As a result, a system-level solution like task migration keeps its importance. Transferring the execution of a task from one tile to another helps keep acceptable reliability of such systems. A tile contains at least one processor, private main memory and associated peripherals with a communication device responsible for inter-tile communications. We propose in this work an agent based task migration technique that targets data-flow applications running on multi-tiled architectures. This technique uses a middleware layer that makes it transparent to application programmers and eases its portability over different multi-tiled architectures. In order for this solution to be scalable to systems with more tiles, an automatic generation tool-chain is designed to generate migration agents and provide them with necessary information enabling them to execute migration processes properly. Such information is extracted automatically from application(s) task graphs and mapping on the system tiles. We show how agents are placed with applications and how such necessary information is generated and linked with them. The tool-chain is capable of generating code for ARM and x86 architectures. This task migration technique can be deployed on small operating systems that support neither MMU nor dynamic loading for task code. We show that this technique is operational on x86 based real hardware platform as well as on an ARM based simulation platform. Experimental results show low overhead both in memory and performance. Performance overhead due to migration of a task in a typical small application where it has one predecessor and one successor is 18.25%.

A l'ère de l’informatique omniprésente et à la demande, où les applications et les services sont déployés sur des infrastructures bien gérées et approvisionnées par des grands groupes de fournisseurs d’informatique en nuage (Cloud Computing), tels Amazon,Google,Microsoft,Oracle, etc, la performance et la fiabilité de ces systèmes sont devenues des objectifs primordiaux. Cette informatique a rendu particulièrement nécessaire la prise en compte des facteurs de la Qualité de Service (QoS), telles que la disponibilité, la fiabilité, la vivacité, la sureté et la sécurité,dans la définition complète d’un système. En effet, les systèmes informatiques doivent être résistants aussi bien aux défaillances qu’aux attaques et ce, afin d'éviter qu'ils ne deviennent inaccessibles, entrainent des couts de maintenance importants et la perte de parts de marché. L'augmentation de la taille et la complexité des systèmes en nuage rend de plus en plus commun les défauts, augmentant la fréquence des pannes, et n’offrant donc plus la Garantie de Service visée. Les fournisseurs d’informatique en nuage font ainsi face épisodiquement à des fautes arbitraires, dites Byzantines, durant lesquelles les systèmes ont des comportements imprévisibles.Ce constat a amené les chercheurs à s’intéresser de plus en plus à la tolérance aux fautes byzantines (BFT) et à proposer de nombreux prototypes de protocoles et logiciels. Ces solutions de BFT visent non seulement à fournir des services cohérents et continus malgré des défaillances arbitraires, mais cherchent aussi à réduire le coût et l’impact sur les performances des systèmes sous-jacents. Néanmoins les prototypes BFT ont été évalués le plus souvent dans des contextes ad hoc, soit dans des conditions idéales, soit en limitant les scénarios de fautes. C’est pourquoi ces protocoles de BFT n’ont pas réussi à convaincre les professionnels des systèmes distribués de les adopter. Cette thèse entend répondre à ce problème en proposant un environnement complet de banc d’essai dont le but est de faciliter la création de scénarios d'exécution utilisables pour aussi bien analyser que comparer l'efficacité et la robustesse des propositions BFT existantes. Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes :Nous introduisons une architecture générique pour analyser des protocoles distribués. Cette architecture comprend des composants réutilisables permettant la mise en œuvre d’outils de mesure des performances et d’analyse de la fiabilité des protocoles distribués. Cette architecture permet de définir la charge de travail, de défaillance, et l’injection de ces dernières. Elle fournit aussi des statistiques de performance, de fiabilité du système de bas niveau et du réseau. En outre, cette thèse présente les bénéfices d’une architecture générale.Nous présentons BFT-Bench, le premier système de banc d’essai de la BFT, pour l'analyse et la comparaison d’un panel de protocoles BFT utilisés dans des situations identiques. BFT-Bench permet aux utilisateurs d'évaluer des implémentations différentes pour lesquels ils définissent des comportements défaillants avec différentes charges de travail.Il permet de déployer automatiquement les protocoles BFT étudiés dans un environnement distribué et offre la possibilité de suivre et de rendre compte des aspects performance et fiabilité. Parmi nos résultats, nous présentons une comparaison de certains protocoles BFT actuels, réalisée avec BFT-Bench, en définissant différentes charges de travail et différents scénarii de fautes. Cette réelle application de BFT-Bench en démontre l’efficacité.Le logiciel BFT-Bench a été conçu en ce sens pour aider les utilisateurs à comparer efficacement différentes implémentations de BFT et apporter des solutions effectives aux lacunes identifiées des prototypes BFT. De plus, cette thèse défend l’idée que les techniques BFT sont nécessaires pour assurer un fonctionnement continu et correct des systèmes distribués confrontés à des situations critiques. / In the modern era of on-demand ubiquitous computing, where applications and services are deployed in well-provisioned, well-managed infrastructures, administered by large groups of cloud providers such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Oracle, etc., performance and dependability of the systems have become primary objectives.Cloud computing has evolved from questioning the Quality-of-Service (QoS) making factors such as availability, reliability, liveness, safety and security, extremely necessary in the complete definition of a system. Indeed, computing systems must be resilient in the presence of failures and attacks to prevent their inaccessibility which can lead to expensive maintenance costs and loss of business. With the growing components in cloud systems, faults occur more commonly resulting in frequent cloud outages and failing to guarantee the QoS. Cloud providers have seen episodic incidents of arbitrary (i.e., Byzantine) faults where systems demonstrate unpredictable conducts, which includes incorrect response of a client's request, sending corrupt messages, intentional delaying of messages, disobeying the ordering of the requests, etc.This has led researchers to extensively study Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) and propose numerous protocols and software prototypes. These BFT solutions not only provide consistent and available services despite arbitrary failures, they also intend to reduce the cost and performance overhead incurred by the underlying systems. However, BFT prototypes have been evaluated in ad-hoc settings, considering either ideal conditions or very limited faulty scenarios. This fails to convince the practitioners for the adoption of BFT protocols in a distributed system. Some argue on the applicability of expensive and complex BFT to tolerate arbitrary faults while others are skeptical on the adeptness of BFT techniques. This thesis precisely addresses this problem and presents a comprehensive benchmarking environment which eases the setup of execution scenarios to analyze and compare the effectiveness and robustness of these existing BFT proposals.Specifically, contributions of this dissertation are as follows.First, we introduce a generic architecture for benchmarking distributed protocols. This architecture, comprises reusable components for building a benchmark for performance and dependability analysis of distributed protocols. The architecture allows defining workload and faultload, and their injection. It also produces performance, dependability, and low-level system and network statistics. Furthermore, the thesis presents the benefits of a general architecture.Second, we present BFT-Bench, the first BFT benchmark, for analyzing and comparing representative BFT protocols under identical scenarios. BFT-Bench allows end-users evaluate different BFT implementations under user-defined faulty behaviors and varying workloads. It allows automatic deploying these BFT protocols in a distributed setting with ability to perform monitoring and reporting of performance and dependability aspects. In our results, we empirically compare some existing state-of-the-art BFT protocols, in various workloads and fault scenarios with BFT-Bench, demonstrating its effectiveness in practice.Overall, this thesis aims to make BFT benchmarking easy to adopt by developers and end-users of BFT protocols.BFT-Bench framework intends to help users to perform efficient comparisons of competing BFT implementations, and incorporating effective solutions to the detected loopholes in the BFT prototypes. Furthermore, this dissertation strengthens the belief in the need of BFT techniques for ensuring correct and continued progress of distributed systems during critical fault occurrence.

Esse trabalho consiste no estudo e desenvolvimento de técnicas de proteção a falhas transientes, também chamadas single event upset (SEU), em circuitos programáveis customizáveis por células SRAM. Os projetistas de circuitos eletrônicos estão cada vez mais predispostos a utilizar circuitos programáveis, conhecidos como Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), para aplicações espaciais devido a sua alta flexibilidade lógica, alto desempenho, baixo custo no desenvolvimento, rapidez na prototipação e principalmente pela reconfigurabilidade. Em particular, FPGAs customizados por SRAM são muito importantes para missões espaciais pois podem ser rapidamente reprogramados à distância quantas vezes for necessário. A técnica de proteção baseada em redundância tripla, conhecida como TMR, é comumente utilizada em circuitos integrados de aplicações específicas e pode também ser aplicada em circuitos programáveis como FPGAs. A técnica TMR foi testada no FPGA Virtex® da Xilinx em aplicações como contadores e micro-controladores. Falhas foram injetadas em todos as partes sensíveis da arquitetura e seus efeitos foram detalhadamente analisados. Os resultados de injeção de falhas e dos experimentos sob radiação em laboratório comprovaram a eficácia do TMR em proteger circuitos sintetizados em FPGAs customizados por SRAM. Todavia, essa técnica possui algumas limitações como aumento em área, uso de três vezes mais pinos de entrada e saída (E/S) e conseqüentemente, aumento na dissipação de potência. Com o objetivo de reduzir custos no TMR e melhorar a confiabilidade, uma técnica inovadora de tolerância a falhas para FPGAs customizados por SRAM foi desenvolvida para ser implementada em alto nível, sem modificações na arquitetura do componente. Essa técnica combina redundância espacial e temporal para reduzir custos e assegurar confiabilidade. Ela é baseada em duplicação com um circuito comparador e um bloco de detecção concorrente de falhas. Esta nova técnica proposta neste trabalho foi especificamente projetada para tratar o efeito de falhas transientes em blocos combinacionais e seqüenciais na arquitetura reconfigurável, reduzir o uso de pinos de E/S, área e dissipação de potência. A metodologia foi validada por injeção de falhas emuladas em uma placa de prototipação. O trabalho mostra uma comparação nos resultados de cobertura de falhas, área e desempenho entre as técnicas apresentadas. / This thesis presents the study and development of fault-tolerant techniques for programmable architectures, the well-known Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), customizable by SRAM. FPGAs are becoming more valuable for space applications because of the high density, high performance, reduced development cost and re-programmability. In particular, SRAM-based FPGAs are very valuable for remote missions because of the possibility of being reprogrammed by the user as many times as necessary in a very short period. SRAM-based FPGA and micro-controllers represent a wide range of components in space applications, and as a result will be the focus of this work, more specifically the Virtex® family from Xilinx and the architecture of the 8051 micro-controller from Intel. The Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) with voters is a common high-level technique to protect ASICs against single event upset (SEU) and it can also be applied to FPGAs. The TMR technique was first tested in the Virtex® FPGA architecture by using a small design based on counters. Faults were injected in all sensitive parts of the FPGA and a detailed analysis of the effect of a fault in a TMR design synthesized in the Virtex® platform was performed. Results from fault injection and from a radiation ground test facility showed the efficiency of the TMR for the related case study circuit. Although TMR has showed a high reliability, this technique presents some limitations, such as area overhead, three times more input and output pins and, consequently, a significant increase in power dissipation. Aiming to reduce TMR costs and improve reliability, an innovative high-level technique for designing fault-tolerant systems in SRAM-based FPGAs was developed, without modification in the FPGA architecture. This technique combines time and hardware redundancy to reduce overhead and to ensure reliability. It is based on duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection. The new technique proposed in this work was specifically developed for FPGAs to cope with transient faults in the user combinational and sequential logic, while also reducing pin count, area and power dissipation. The methodology was validated by fault injection experiments in an emulation board. The thesis presents comparison results in fault coverage, area and performance between the discussed techniques.