李泳萱. / "2008年4月". / "2008 nian 4 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171). / Abstract also in English. / Li Yongxuan. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / 致謝 --- p.v / 論文目錄 --- p.viii / Chapter 第一章 --- 硏究意義和目的：一些現實與理論的背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 理論架構 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究問題 --- p.23 / Chapter 第四章 --- 硏究方法 --- p.27 / Chapter 第五章 --- 硏究田野背景資料 --- p.38 / Chapter 第六章 --- 師生關係與女性氣質論述 --- p.50 / Chapter 第七章 --- 性態論述與性別關係 --- p.83 / Chapter 第八章 --- 學業表現與女性氣質論述 --- p.110 / Chapter 第九章 --- 論文討論及總結 --- p.145 / 參考文獻 --- p.161 / Reference --- p.162

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-284).

The purpose of this study is to explore the lived experiences of women who felt that they had to reject their femininity in favour of masculinity, and who later reclaimed their femininity. The epistemological framework of this study is social constructionism. This study involves in-depth interviews with three women who rejected their femininity and subsequently either reclaimed, or are in the process of reclaiming their femininity. The data was analysed using Hermeneutics. The participants' stories were recounted through the researcher's lens in the form of themes that characterised the rejection and the reclaiming of their femininity. A comparative analysis between the three participants was undertaken. The information gained could assist professionals in understanding the process involved in why some women reject and later reclaim their femininity. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This essay focuses on gender behaviour in The Return of the Soldier by Rebecca West. The claim for this essay argues that West has changed the traditional gender roles in her novel by giving female characters masculine attributes and the male character feminine attributes. The theoretical framework provides a comparison of how West’s gender construction in her novel differs from older literature. The comparison is carried out by providing examples from two novels from the nineteenth century, in which we can see how men and women could be portrayed. The theoretical framework also discusses feminist theories by Toril Moi, masculinity studies by Alex Hobbs, and typical gender stereotypes according to Jeff Hearn. These theories are used to analyse how the characters’ gender behaviour is affected by social factors and how West deviates from the traditional construction of gender roles.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To address the research question of how young women themselves experience the transition into womanhood, by looking at the articulated subjective experiences of young women involved in negotiating the process of 'becoming a woman'. The research question was approached from a post-modern feminist and social constructionist perspective, using qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews were conducted with two groups of young women - five white, middle class students who are involved in the Women's Mental Health Research Project (WMHRP) as interviewers, and five coloured, working-class young women who would be interviewees in the WMHRP. These two groups of participants were recruited from different social backgrounds in order to investigate contextual variations in their identity negotiation processes. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed according to constructivist grounded theory protocol (Charmaz, 2003; Henwood & Pidgeon, 2003). Three main categories were constructed from the data, namely 1) the girl/woman dichotomy, 2) the "woman imperative", and 3) different processes experienced. In chapter one, an introduction is provided which discusses the importance of the research question to feminist and developmental psychologists, and highlights the paucity of research on the topic within these areas. Chapter two examines the empirical literature surrounding the research question, which highlights the marginalization of the transition into womanhood by psychological researchers. Anthropological studies of 'rites of passage' are also briefly discussed. In chapter three the theoretical framework that informed the present study is discussed, namely 1) social constructionism, with its focus on discourse and its rejection of essentialism, and 2) feminism, with its emphasis on gendered identity, difference and power. Concepts central to the present study, namely development, gender, and identity are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four provides an explanation of the methodology and methods that were used in the present study, while chapter five presents the results and a discussion of the results. Finally, chapter six consists of a discussion of the conclusions that can be drawn from the findings, as well as their implications for research and practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie spreek die vraag aan van hoe jong vroue self die oorgang na vrou-wees ervaar. Dit word ondersoek aan die hand van die subjektiewe belewenisse van jong vroue midde-in die proses van vrou-word, soos deur hulself geartikuleer. Die navorsingsvraagstuk is benader vanuit 'n post-moderne feministiese en sosiaalkonstruktiewe perspektief, deur gebruik van kwalitatiewe metodologie. In-diepte onderhoude is met twee groepe jong vroue gevoer - vyf hoofsaaklik blanke studente uit die middelstand wat betrokke is by die "Women's Mental Health Research Project" (WMHRP) as onderhoudvoerders, en vyf kleurling jong vroue uit die werksklas, met wie die onderhoude gevoer is. Hierdie twee groepe deelnemers is uit verskillende sosiale agtergronde gekies ten einde kontekstuele variasies in hulle identiteitsvormingsprosesse te kan ondersoek. Transkripsies van die onderhoude is ontleed aan die hand van konstruksievisties-gefundeerde teorie protokol (Charmaz, 2003; Henwood & Pidgeon, 2003). Drie hoof-kategoriee is uit die data gekonstrueer, naamlik die meisie/vrou dikotomie, die verskillende prosesse beleef, en die "vrou imperatief'. In hoofstuk een, wat die onderwerp inlei, word die belangrikheid van navorsing vir feministiese en ontwikkelingsielkundiges bespreek, en word die skaarste aan navorsing oor die onderwerp uitgelig. Hoofstuk twee bied 'n bespreking van die empiriese Iiteratuur rondom die navorsingsvraagstuk, wat die marginalisasie van die oorgang tot vrou-wees onder navorsers in die sielkunde onderstreep. Antropologiese studies oor inisiasie-rituele word ook vlugtig bespreek. In hoofstuk drie word die teoretiese raamwerk wat die studie inlig bespreek, naamlik 1) sosiaal-konstruksionisme, met fokus op diskoers en die verwerping van essensialisme, en 2) feminisme, met klem op geslagsidentiteit, differensiasie en mag. Konsepte sentraal tot hierdie stud ie, naamlik ontwikkeling, geslag en identiteit word ook in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek. Hoofstuk vier bied 'n verduideliking van die metodologie en metodes wat in hierdie studie aangewend is, terwyl in hoofstuk vyf die navorsingsresultate en 'n bespreking daarvan, aangebied word. Hoofstuk ses as slothoofstuk bestaan uit 'n bespreking van die gevolgtrekkings waartoe aan die hand van die navorsingsbevindinge geraak kan word, sowel as die implikasies daarvan vir navorsing en die praktyk.

Christine Jorgensen is the first known American citizen undergo sexual reassignment surgery. After her medical operations in Denmark in 1952, during which George Jorgensen Jr., a twenty-six year old man from the Bronx, New York, became Christine Jorgensen, an attractive, feminine woman, Jorgensen returned home to face the curiosity and scrutiny of the American public. As the “first celebrity transsexual," Jorgensen sparked public controversy by questioning the gender expectations that structured society in mid-twentieth century America. Jorgensen’s gender presentation closely aligned to the idealized standards of womanhood reinforced by institutional forces during the 1950s. Due to the amount of public scrutiny she faced after her transition, Jorgensen had to conform to these expectations entirely in order to achieve social acceptance. Examining Jorgensen’s gender expression critically exposes the social limits for expression of gender as well as what forces were responsible for placing these limits on women.

Some things you cant touch, see or grab. But they are there. Always and everywhere. Silently invading every part of you, your everyday life and the things in it. The less you speak of it the more you have it. The more you have it the less you want and can address it. Shame is not logic, it is not the brain reacting, hardly our conscience, it's the body. It is truly and fully a physical feeling. For the first time I give myself permission to dig into all of these materials, I indulge in the styles and tastes that I've long felt forbidden for me. I wont be limited in my choices of symbols, coloration or aesthetics in ways that good taste and patriarchal structures have taught me to be. I am letting that guard down and diving in, using it in advantage for my work and my theme. I feast on fake pearls, glitter, shells and plastics. I turn towards what is considered shameful or bad taste and work with it, embrace it and elevate it. Not to show that is the new "right" but to justify for all of the times that I have turned away from it because of shame. To be a person with feelings of shame is to be a person that automatically will try to turn from itself. Shame is intimately entwined with femininity, it is silently inherited from generation to generation. It is experienced only by some bodies and not others. It is not being able to see your own value. It is the loneliest feeling in the world, but really a marker for something much bigger and deeper than one individual. It is materialized everywhere around us. It is not me, but it is not not me.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och belysa hur det förekommer skillnader kring maskulint respektive feminint, i två utvalda reklamfilmer för varumärkena Gillette och Gillette Venus. Reklamfilmerna som valdes ut sändes på svensk kommersiell TV under april 2016. Studien undersöker och besvarar frågeställningarna om hur varumärkena och biologiskt kön visualiseras i reklamfilmerna och hur språkbruket uttrycker sig för att tilltala respektive målgrupp. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från genusteori, varumärkesteori och semiotisk teori. För att undersöka alla betydelsebärande element i reklamfilmerna studeras de utifrån det direkta innehållet och därefter det underliggande inom dem. Det direkta innehållet motsvarar de element som kan ses vid första anblick och därefter vilken underliggande betydelse de kan ha. Dessa motsvarar begreppen denotation och konnotation som varit utgångspunkt i studiens analys. Gillettes reklamfilmer innehåller enligt denna studie stereotyper och normer som skapar fack för hur individer ska förhålla sig till skildringar av förväntad maskulinitet och femininitet. Dessa skildringar uppdagades genom att ställa reklamfilmerna mot varandra i analysen, för att se hur de skiljer sig från varandra. Först beskrivs Gillette Venus reklamfilm för kvinnor och sedan Gillettes reklamfilm för män. Båda utgår från det denotativa innehållet för att sedan analyseras utifrån konnotationer. I sammanställningen av analys och resultat av båda reklamfilmerna diskuteras mytbegreppet i förhållande till denotation och konnotation. Här analyseras de gemensamt utifrån studiens teoretiska ramverk, genus- och varumärkesteori. Studiens resultat i förhållande till valda teorier visar att företaget Gillette upprätthåller och reproducerar genussystemet genom att skildra skeva presentationer av kön. Företagets alla betydelsebärande element skildrar tydliga bilder av hur män och kvinnor ska förhålla sig till varumärkena genom maskulina och feminina drag. Gillette har ett starkt varumärkesbyggande genom att de är tydliga med sitt budskap och lyckas tilltala två skilda målgrupper kvinnor och män. Men utifrån ett genusperspektiv reproduceras stereotyper och normer genom att särskilja biologiskt kön utifrån förväntade preferenser av design. Slutsatsen besvarar studiens frågeställningar genom att delas upp i separata rubriker: Visualisering, Maskulinitet och femininitet, Språkbruk. Vår slutsats i denna studie är att Gillettes och Gillette Venus presentationer av biologiska kön, är stereotypa och blir begränsande för individer som uppmanas att placera sig i maskulina och feminina fack. / The purpose of this study is to examine and shed light on differences surrounding masculinity respective femininity in two selected commercials for the brand Gillette and Gillette Venus. The commercials were broadcasted on Swedish commercial TV during April 2016. The study examines and answers the formulation of questions of how the brands and biological sex are visualized in the commercials and how language use is expressed to appeal to respective target audience. The theoretical framework proceeds from gender theory, brand theory and semiotic theory. To examine all significant elements in the commercials, they are being studied through the direct content and later the subliminal content within. The direct content corresponds the elements which can be seen at first glance and later which subliminal importance it may have. These correspond to the terms denotation and connotation which has been the benchmark of the study’s analysis. Gillette’s ads contain, according to this study, stereotypes and norms which creates categories for how individuals should act until depictions of expected masculinity and femininity. These depictions are uncovered by contrasting the commercials to discover how they diverse differ from each other. Firstly, Gillette Venus commercial for women is described and later Gillette’s commercial for men. Both proceed first from the denotative content and later analyzed based on connotations. In the compilation of analysis and result of both the commercials, myth is discussed in relation to denotation and connotation. This part analyzes the common basis of the study's theoretical framework, gender and brand theory. The study’s result, in relation to selected theories, indicates how the brand Gillette maintains and reproduces gender order through depraved representation of gender. The company's all important structural elements depict transparent images of how men and women should relate to the brands through masculine and feminine traits. Gillette has a strong brand building in that they are clear about their message and manages to appeal to two different target groups of women and men. However, from a gender perspective reproduced stereotypes and norms by distinguishing biological sex based on expected preferences of design. The end result answers the study’s questions by being divided into separate headlines: Visualisering, Maskulinitet och femininitet, Språkbruk. Our conclusion is that Gillette and Gillette Venus’ presentations of biological sex is stereotypical and becomes limiting to people who are encouraged to allocate themselves to a masculine and feminine category.

This thesis analyses key documents from the United Nations Security Council (the Council) meetings during the period of 1999 to 2001. This thesis maps out the shift in the discourses that occurred within the Council, when adopting United Nations Security Council’s resolution (UNSCR) 1325. Moreover, this thesis argues that the nodal point ‘Civilians’ has become gendered by being replaced by the concept of ‘Women’. This thesis argues that UNSC is misrepresenting female agency within the discourses, which has contributed to a gendering of the concept of civilians. Sexual violence, defined as a wartime weapon, has also been part of the construction of stereotypical gender binaries, which has constituted a representation of women as either victims or saviors within the discourses. It becomes evident that the notion of female agency as for example independent, empowered or strong has been neglected. The discourse theory provided by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe is applied in order to map out the existing discourses within the Security Council meetings. The aim of this study is to acknowledge the importance of that women have been and still are being excluded from the ontology of war. Furthermore, when the role of women in war is described, it is in relation to constructed stereotypical gender binaries.

In this study I have examined how Swedish artists are portrayed in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. I have been using a critical discourse analysis to analyze twelve articles, whereof six interviews with female performing artists and six with male performing artists. The main findings show that the journalist mostly describes the artists in ways that can be seen as normative for the female and male gender. The female artists are described  as strong and caring about relationships, while the majority of the male artists are described as brave and tough. Both the female and male performing artists are described as outreach and people who are not affraid to express themselves.