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Application of Padlock Probe Based Nucleic Acid Analysis In SituHenriksson, Sara January 2010 (has links)
The great variation displayed by nucleic acid molecules in human cells, and the continuous discovery of their impact on life, consequently require continuous refinements of molecular analysis techniques. Padlock probes and rolling circle amplification offer single nucleotide discrimination in situ, a high signal-to-noise ratio and localized detection within cells and tissues. In this thesis, in situ detection of nucleic acids with padlock probes and rolling circle amplification was applied for detection of DNA in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay to detect nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. This assay is used to measure DNA damage and repair. The behaviour of mitochondrial DNA in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay has earlier been controversial, but it was shown herein that mitochondrial DNA diffuses away early in the assay. In contrast, Alu repeats remain associated with the nuclear matrix throughout the procedure. A new twelve gel approach was also developed with increased throughput of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay. DNA repair of three genes OGG1, XPD and HPRT and of Alu repeats after H2O2 induced damage was further monitored. All three genes and Alu repeats were repaired faster than total DNA. Finally, padlock probes and rolling circle amplification were applied for detection of the single stranded RNA virus Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The virus was detected by first reverse transcribing RNA into cDNA.. The virus RNA together with its complementary RNA and the nucleocapsid protein were detected in cultured cells. The work presented here enables studies of gene specific damage and repair as well as viral infections in situ. Detection by ligation offers high specificity and makes it possible to discriminate even between closely related molecules. Therefore, these techniques will be useful for a wide range of applications within research and diagnostics.
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Vergleichende epidemiologische Untersuchungen zur bakteriellen Genese von Fieber unklarer Ursache in Ghana / Bacteremia and antimicrobial drug resistance over time, GhanaGroß, Lisa 04 June 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Associations between Canadian Holstein Dairy Cattle Health and Production TraitsWeller, Denise 03 January 2013 (has links)
A multiple trait, random regression, test day (TD) model was used to determine the heritability and genetic correlations of milk, fat, protein, and SCS with metritis, cystic ovary disease, mastitis, lameness, ketosis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum for four periods in lactations 1, 2, and 3-5 using two disease definitions. Definition 1 assumed that the first disease occurrence affects all TD thereafter equally and definition 2 assumed that disease affects only the next TD. Results were similar between definitions. The models were modified to allow the estimation of differences in disease occurrence by level of production, and to estimate production differences between diseased and non-diseased cows. Few significant associations were found between production levels and disease occurrence, the largest was between MAST and SCS. Diseased animals had lower levels of production than healthy animals for all diseases except COD. Animals with MAST had increased SCS. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC). Dairy Cattle Genetics Research and Development (DairyGen) Council.
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Caractérisation du produit du gène sty4221, unique à Salmonella enterica sérovar TyphiCharles, Marthe K. 08 1900 (has links)
Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhi (Typhi) est une bactérie pathogène spécifique à l’homme. Typhi est l’agent étiologique de la fièvre typhoïde chez l’humain, causant plus de 16 millions de nouveaux cas par année et plus de 600 000 morts. Il a été démontré que pour causer une infection systémique, Salmonella doit nécessairement survivre dans les macrophages de l'hôte. Paradoxalement, S. enterica sérovar Typhimurium, très apparenté à Typhi (près de 90 % d’homologie), n’a pas la capacité de se disséminer dans l’organisme humain et peut infecter plusieurs espèces animales. Nous avons antérieurement identifié 36 gènes uniques à Typhi (absents chez Typhimurium) situés sur 15 régions différentes et exprimés sélectivement lors de l’infection de macrophages humains. Ainsi, l’une de ces régions a suscité notre attention, soit la région sty4217-4222 et plus particulièrement le produit du gène sty4221, une aminotransférase hypothétique. Ce dernier gène est d’intérêt dû à l’homologie qu’il détient avec une hémolysine connue (Hly) produite par Treponema denticola, possédant elle-même une activité d’aminotransférase. Chez T. denticola, Hly dégrade la cystéine et produit du H2S qui est toxique pour l’hôte. Notre hypothèse est que la spécificité d’hôte et la capacité de produire une infection systémique de Typhi sont dues à l’expression de gènes qui ne se retrouvent pas chez d’autres salmonelles. Le but de cette étude était donc de caractériser le gène sty4221 quant à son activité hémolytique, cytotoxique et tenter de déterminer son rôle dans la virulence de cette bactérie. Le gène sty4221 a été cloné sous le contrôle d’un promoteur inductible à l’arabinose et exprimé par E. coli. L’activité hémolytique du clone a été déterminée par simple observation sur gélose sang. Ce clone a également permis d’observer l’effet cytotoxique du surnageant de culture sur différentes lignées cellulaires, par quantification de la relâche de LDH. Le gène sty4221 a été muté chez la souche sauvage de Typhi, ISP1820, l’implication pathogénique du gène a ainsi pu être étudiée. Des tests de phagocytose, d’invasion et de survie dans des macrophages humains ont été effectués, ainsi que des tests d’adhésion et d’invasion sur des cellules HeLa. Par ailleurs, une première tentative de purification de la protéine a été entreprise. En somme, nous savons maintenant que STY4221 a des propriétés hémolytiques, augmentées par la présence de cystéine. De plus, STY4221 a un effet cytotoxique sur les macrophages THP-I, mais aucun effet sur les HeLa. Or, sty4221 ne semble pas impliqué dans les étapes d’adhésion, d’invasion, de phagocytose ou de survie. La caractérisation de sty4221 permettra sans doute d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les toxines trouvées uniquement chez Typhi. / Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) is a human restricted pathogen causing typhoid fever, a systemic infection. Annually, at least 16 million new cases with 600, 000 associated deaths are reported. It has been demonstrated that Salmonella has to survive in the macrophages of its host, in order to produce a systemic disease. This ability to cause a disseminated infection in human is unique to Typhi. Our laboratory had isolated 36 genes that were unique to Typhi (absent from Typhimurium’s genome), and that were expressed during human macrophages infection. One of these genes, sty4221, a putative aminotransferase, was of high interest since it shares sequence similarities with a known hemolysin (Hly), which also possesses an aminotransferase activity. That hemolysin is produced by Treponema denticola, it catabolizes cysteine and produces H2S, a toxic metabolite for the host. Our hypothesis is that host specificity and the ability to cause a systemic infection might be explained by the expression of genes that are not found in other salmonellas. The goal of this study was to characterize the gene sty4221, in terms of hemolytic and cytotoxic activity and to determine its role in virulence. The sty4221gene has been cloned in a vector under an arabinose inducible promoter and transformed in a strain of E. coli. The hemolytic activity has been investigated on blood-agar medium. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the STY4221 protein on human cultured cells, direct observation by photonic microscopy was done. The cytotoxicity activity on human cultured cells has been quantitatively measured with a lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Moreover, the sty4221 gene has been deleted in order to study its implication in the infection and the survival within human macrophages and for adhesion/invasion on epithelial. Protein purification was also attempted. We now know that protein STY4221 has a hemolytic activity that is enhanced by cysteine. Also, we proved that the expression of sty4221 has a cytotoxic effect on THP-I macrophages, but not on epithelial HeLa cells. Meanwhile, sty4221 does not seem to be important during adhesion, invasion, infection nor survival. The characterization of protein STY4221 might extend the list of known exotoxin of Typhi.
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Safety and Efficacy of Itraconazole Compared to Amphotericin B as Empirical Antifungal Therapy for Neutropenic Fever in Patients with Haematological MalignancySchuler, Ulrich, Bammer, Susanne, Aulitzky, Walter E., Binder, Claudia, Böhme, Angelika, Egerer, Gerlinde, Sandherr, Michael, Schwerdtfeger, Rainer, Silling, Gerda, Wandt, Hannes, Glasmacher, Axel, Ehninger, Gerhard 24 February 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Safety, tolerability and efficacy of itraconazole and amphotericin B (AMB) were compared for empirical antifungal treatment of febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Patients and Methods: In an open, randomised study, 162 patients with at least 72 h of antimicrobial treatment received either intravenous followed by oral itraconazole suspension or intravenous AMB for a maximum of 28 days. Permanent discontinuation of study medication due to any adverse event was the primary safety parameter. Efficacy parameters included response and success rate for both treatment groups. Results: Significantly fewer itraconazole patients discontinued treatment due to any adverse event (22.2 vs. 56.8% AMB; p < 0.0001). The main reason for discontinuation was a rise in serum creatinine (1.2% itraconazole vs. 23.5% AMB). Renal toxicity was significantly higher and more drug-related adverse events occurred in the AMB group. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed favourable efficacy for itraconazole: response and success rate were both significantly higher than for AMB (61.7 vs. 42% and 70.4 vs. 49.3%, both p < 0.0001). Treatment failure was markedly reduced in itraconazole patients (25.9 vs. 43.2%), largely due to the better tolerability. Conclusions: Itraconazole was tolerated significantly better than conventional AMB and also showed advantages regarding efficacy. This study confirms the role of itraconazole as a useful and safe agent in empirical antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic cancer patients. / Hintergrund: Es wurden die Sicherheit, Verträglichkeit und Wirksamkeit von Itraconazol und Amphotericin B (AMB) in der antimykotischen Therapie der persistierend febrilen Neutropenie verglichen. Patienten und Methoden: In einer offenen, randomisierten Studie erhielten 162 Patienten mit mindestens 72-stündiger antibiotischer Therapie entweder Itraconazol (erst intravenös, dann oral) oder AMB (intravenös) für maximal 28 Tage. Primärer Sicherheitsparameter war die dauerhafte Unterbrechung der Studienmedikation aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen. Die Wirksamkeitsparameter umfassten die Ansprech- und Erfolgsrate für beide Behandlungsgruppen. Ergebnisse: Signifikant weniger Itraconazol-Patienten brachen die Behandlung wegen Nebenwirkungen ab (22,2 vs. 56,8% AMB; p < 0,0001). Hauptursache für Studienabbrüche war der Anstieg des Serum-Kreatinin-Spiegels (1,2% Itraconazol vs. 23,5% AMB). Nephrotoxische und weitere Nebenwirkungen traten im AMB-Studienarm signifikant häufiger auf. Intention-to-Treat (ITT)-Analysen zeigten eine bessere Wirksamkeit von Itraconazol: Ansprech- und Erfolgsrate waren signifikant höher als unter AMB (61,7 vs. 42% und 70,4 vs. 49,3%, beide p < 0,0001). Behandlungsversagen trat bei Itraconazol-Patienten merklich weniger auf (25,9 vs. 43,2%). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Verträglichkeit von Itraconazol war signifikant höher als beim herkömmlichen AMB. Itraconazol zeigte ebenfalls Vorteile in der Wirksamkeit. Diese Studie bestätigt die Rolle von Itraconazol als sinnvolles und sicheres Medikament in der empirischen antimykotischen Therapie von fiebrigen neutropenischen Tumorpatienten. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Beitrag zum Bösartigen Katarrhalfieber bei Wiederkäuern in zoologischen Gärten / A contribution to malignant catarrhal fever in ruminants in zoological gardensMatzat, Talena 03 February 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Bösartiges Katarrhalfieber ist eine unheilbare Virusinfektion bei Paarhufern, die wiederholt in zoologischen Gärten auftrat, ohne dass die erkrankten Fehlwirte Kontakt zu Reservoirwirten hatten. Die BKF-auslösenden Gammaherpesviren sind eng miteinander verwandt und werden von verschiedenen klinisch gesunden Reservoirwirten latent beherbergt und ausgeschieden.
Einige dieser Reservoirwirte sind seit längerem bekannt, andere wurden erst kürzlich identifiziert und es wird vermutet, dass es noch weitere unerkannte Reservoirwirte für BKF-Viren gibt. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die Viren normalerweise eng an ihre Reservoirwirte gebunden sind. Es traten in letzter Zeit jedoch immer wieder Fälle auf, in denen auch Fehlwirte zwar infiziert waren, aber nicht erkrankten oder das Virus sogar ausschieden.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verhalten der BKF-Viren bei Fehl- und Reservoirwirten und den ungeklärten BKF-Fällen in zoologischen Gärten wurde in der hier vorliegenden Studie näher untersucht. Es sollte herausgefunden werden, ob Wildwiederkäuer, die bisher nicht als Reservoirwirte für BKF-Viren galten, diese Viren ausscheiden und so möglicherweise für die oben erwähnten BKF-Fälle verantwortlich waren. / Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an incurable infectious disease in even-toed ungulates, which occurred repeatedly in zoological gardens in Europe without any contact between known hosts and animals with clinical MCF. The causative agents are closely related viruses of the family gamma-herpesviridae, which are latently carried and shed by different clinically healthy ruminant species.
Some of the hosts for MCF viruses have been known for many years, while others have been identified only recently. Yet, there are probably still more host species to be discovered. It has to be pointed out that generally MCF viruses are strictly associated with their hosts. However, it has been reported that known susceptible species were infected with MCF viruses without showing any signs of MCF, some of which even excreted the virus.
This present study investigates the relationship between the behaviour of MCF viruses in hosts and susceptible species and the nebulous cases of MCF in zoological gardens. The goal was to determine whether wild ruminants, which are normally not known as hosts for MCF, shed these viruses and are possibly responsible for MCF cases mentioned above.
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Borrelia channel-forming proteins structure and function /Bunikis, Ignas, January 2010 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Prostaglandin E₂ in brain-mediated illness responses /Elander, Louise, January 2010 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2010. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Dynamique des réponses immunitaires humaines dans un modèle 3D de foie : un autre regard sur la pathogénèse hépatique du virus de la fièvre jaune / Human immune response dynamics in 3D liver model : new insights into the yellow fever liver pathogenesisMassé-Deragon, Nicolas 14 December 2016 (has links)
La fièvre jaune est une pathologie virale humaine causée par un flavivirus, le virus de la fièvre jaune et transmise par des vecteurs arthropodes. Les formes sévères, parfois mortelles, sont caractérisées par une atteinte systémique aigüe qui affecte le foie. Bien que la vaccination existe depuis près de 80 ans, des recensements réguliers d'épidémies sont encore faits. Les vaccins à base d'une souche vivante atténuée YF 17D présentent d'excellents taux de séroconversion et sont notamment caractérisés par une forte diminution de l'hépatotropisme. Néanmoins les mécanismes associés à la pathogénèse hépatique sont encore mal compris et pourraient être une aide aux développements vaccinaux contre d'autres flavivirus ou virus hépatiques. L'étude développée ici s'est inscrite dans la problématique de la représentativité des modèles cellulaires hépatiques utilisés. Afin de répondre aux pertes métaboliques et immunitaires reportées dans plusieurs modèles, nous nous sommes orientés vers des modèles organotypiques associant plusieurs populations cellulaires hépatiques et un microenvironnement caractéristique. Les modulations induites par les souches vaccinales ou sauvages du virus de la fièvre jaune ont été évaluées par une approche transcriptomique globale utilisant la technologie RNASeq et des méthodes d'analyse définies. Nos résultats montrent une plus forte permissivité des modèles cellulaires à la souche atténuée YF 17D par rapport à la souche sauvage YF Asibi. Cette observation est associée pour la souche atténuée à l'établissement précoce d'une réponse antivirale complète impliquant une détection rapide des formes réplicatives du virus, la mise en place des réponses aux IFNs de type I et de type III, la clairance virale et un contrôle des métabolismes cellulaires et hépatiques. De son côté la souche sauvage présente un délai important dans l'établissement de ces réponses amenant à de potentiels mécanismes alternatifs de la clairance virale et de dérégulations métaboliques. Ces données mettent en exergue les interactions étroites qui existent entre les systèmes immunitaires et métaboliques au niveau du foie. Nous suggérons que la forte réponse antivirale induite par la souche atténuée pourrait contribuer à la rupture de la tolérance hépatique et à l'efficacité in vivo de la souche vaccinale. En outre, la cinétique des réponses immunitaires, en combinaison avec la charge virale, peuvent déterminer l'équilibre entre la récupération et l'immunopathologie après l'infection par le virus sauvage / Yellow fever is a human disease caused by a flavivirus, the yellow fever virus, transmitted by arthropod vectors. Severe forms, sometimes fatal, are characterized by acute systemic disease that affects the liver. Despite an effective vaccine being available for nearly 80 years, epizootic circulation occurs and results in periodic outbreaks in endemic regions and among travelers. Vaccines based on a live attenuated strain YF 17D exhibit excellent seroconversion rate and are characterized by a strong decrease in hepatotropism. However the mechanisms involved in liver pathogenesis are poorly understood and could be helpful for future vaccine development against other flaviviruses or hepatitis viruses.There is a need to develop liver cellular model better reflecting the in vivo liver microenvironment. In this work, we used new 3D models combining several liver cell populations to evaluate immune and metabolic responses induced by yellow fever viruses. Modulations induced by both vaccine and wild-type strains were evaluated by a global transcriptomic approach using RNA-Seq technology and well-defined analysis methods. Our results show a greater permissivity of cellular models to YF 17D strain compared to the wild type YF Asibi. In addition, YF 17D infection leads to an early establishment of a complete antiviral response involving rapid detection of replicating forms of the virus, development of a strong type I and type III IFN responses, initiation of viral clearance and modulation of cellular and liver metabolism. Wild-type strain presents a significant delay in the establishment of these responses leading to potential alternative mechanisms for viral clearance and metabolic dysregulation. These data highlight the close interactions between the immune and metabolic systems in the liver.We suggest that the strong antiviral response induced by attenuated strain could contribute to the breakdown of liver tolerance and in vivo efficacy of the vaccine strain. In addition, the kinetics of immune responses, in combination with viral load, can determine the balance between the recovery and immunopathology after infection with wild type virus
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Caregivers' home-based management of fever in UgandaBbosa, Richard Serunkuma 11 1900 (has links)
Malaria is endemic in Uganda. The study attempted to determine how Ugandan caregivers managed home-based care of fever. Structured interviews were conducted with sixty caregivers of children under five. In 15 (25.0%) out of the 60 interviewed households, at least one child had reportedly died from malaria.
Caregivers’ decisions were influenced by health education, family members, community leaders and other caregivers. Most caregivers knew about malaria, but lacked knowledge about its danger signs, and about the services of village drug distributors. Most caregivers initiated treatment for fever at home before taking the children to health units. Mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and other malaria preventive measures were rarely used due to lack of funds.
The recommendations include that anti-malaria drugs should always be available and accessible, the services of village drug distributors should be improved, health education should be enhanced, malaria preventive measures should be implemented and sustained. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
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