Há distintos métodos matemáticos para o cálculo do capital mínimo de uma instituição financeira. A literatura relacionada ao tema os segrega essencialmente em duas formas. A primeira utiliza a volatilidade do valor dos ativos na determinação das potenciais perdas inesperadas e, conseqüentemente, do capital mínimo. Esse método está presente no pilar 1 do Novo Acordo de Capital da Basiléia. A segunda utiliza como base a volatilidade de resultados para determinar o montante de variação máxima negativa dessa variável para o cálculo do capital mínimo, a um determinado nível de probabilidade e em um horizonte de tempo. Esse montante de potencial variação máxima requer uma conversão para capital utilizando uma taxa livre de risco. Em outras palavras, o método com base na volatilidade de resultados procura determinar um capital mínimo que, investido a uma taxa livre de risco, seja capaz de cobrir a variação máxima de resultado esperada para a instituição financeira. Esse trabalho testa empiricamente as duas abordagens para os 50 maiores bancos presentes no mercado brasileiro. O objetivo é verificar afirmações presentes na literatura e relacionadas às diferenças entre as abordagens. / There are different methods for determining the minimum capital of a financial institution. The academic literature related to this subject essentially groups them into two approaches. The first uses asset volatility to obtain potential unexpected losses and, therefore, the minimum capital. This approach is present on the first pillar of the New Basel Capital Accord. The second approach uses earnings volatility to obtain the maximum negative change of this variable to calculate the minimum capital, given a confidence level and a time horizon. This potential maximum change must be translated into capital by using a risk-free rate. In other words, the earnings volatility approach aims to obtain a minimum capital which, invested in a risk-free rate, can generate a return to cover the potential maximum negative change in earnings. This research empirically tests the two approaches on the 50 biggest banks present in the Brazilian financial system. The objective is to verify statements present on the academic literature and related to the differences between the approaches.

Diariamente surgem novas aplicações de sistemas baseados na internet, influenciando a forma como vivemos, trabalhamos e interagimos na sociedade. No entanto, a maioria dos sistemas é elaborada com base no senso comum e intuição, raramente utilizando conceitos de avaliação da qualidade da informação provida pelos websites. Numa tentativa de aprofundar mais este tipo de metodologia, este estudo faz uma adaptação ao modelo de avaliação de qualidade da informação de websites, proposto por Kim, Kishore e Sanders (2005), para avaliar de sistemas de internet banking. Foi realizado um levantamento entre alunos de graduação, com o objetivo de se verificar a aderência do modelo à sistemas de internet banking, bem como critérios factíveis de comparações entre instituições financeiras, a respeito de sistemas de internet banking. Como forma de atingir esses objetivos, foi feito uso de métodos estatísticos, com a utilização de análise fatorial, coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, método de escalas somadas e testes de médias, por meio de ANOVAS. / On a daily basis new internet based systems are born, changing the way we live, work and interact with the society. In spite of that, most of these systems are developed based on common sense and intuition, rarely using methodologies that involves data quality information. In order to explore more these methodologies, this study adapts the data quality information framework created by Kim, Kishore e Sanders (2005) in order to evaluate internet banking systems. A survey was made with undergraduate students, with the goal to verify how the framework applies to internet banking systems. A second goal is to reveal constructs that may be used to compare internet banking systems. In order to achieve these results, statistics will be taken place, using factor analysis, cronbach coefficient, summated scales and ANOVAS.

Orientador: Antonio Marcio Buainain / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_JulianaPiresdeArruda_D.pdf: 3537127 bytes, checksum: 663470aa1edaab048e1e376788a75333 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Grande parte das políticas, explicita ou implicitamente, envolve a responsabilidade compartilhada entre diferentes organizações; sejam secretarias, esferas governamentais, ministérios ou organizações privadas. Isto faz de sua implementação um processo fragmentado e evidencia a necessidade de coordenação na prática cotidiana dos programas. A relevância da coordenação ganhou ainda mais destaque nas últimas três décadas, com as transformações ocorridas em grande parte do mundo acerca do papel do Estado enquanto gestor de políticas. O Estado deixou de ser o único ator envolvido na gestão das políticas e novos atores entraram em cena, resultando numa trama social muito mais densa, com heterogeneidade nas características e orientações das organizações representativas. No entanto, apesar de a literatura reconhecer o problema de coordenação, ainda não se consolidou uma teoria que consiga explicar e prescrever efetivamente a forma adequada para a coordenação dos programas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo busca aprofundar a compreensão da coordenação na implementação interorganizacional de políticas, evidenciando os elementos que a envolvem e buscando estruturá-los num quadro analítico geral. Os fundamentos teóricos que embasam o trabalho provêm das teorias institucionalista e das organizações, marcadas por reflexões neste campo. Dentro destes marcos teóricos, a trajetória apresentada se constrói através de um recorte que cresce em escala: parte do estudo do comportamento dos indivíduos, passa às interações sociais, analisa, num próximo nível, a organização e, por fim, dá enfoque à interação entre organizações e à dinâmica das redes interorganizacionais. À luz destas categorias, abordam-se questões referentes às organizações públicas e ao processo de implementação de políticas, que se desdobram na discussão da coordenação. Como fruto das discussões teóricas desenvolvidas, e da realização de um painel de especialistas, apresentam-se os elementos relevantes numa proposta de quadro analítico para a coordenação na implementação de políticas / Abstract: A great part of the policies, explicitly or implicitly, involves responsibilities shared among different organizations; such as departments, governmental spheres, ministries or private organizations. This fact makes policy implementation a fragmented process and evidences the needs of coordination on the programs' daily practice. On the last three decades, the coordination's relevance has featured with the worldwide changes on the State role as a policy manager. The State quit being the sole actor on policy management and new actors came up to the scene, which resulted in a denser social plot, with heterogeneity on both the characteristics and orientations of the representative organizations. However, despite the acknowledgment of the coordination problem by the literature, there is no consolidated theory able to effectively explain and prescribe the proper manner to the programs' coordination yet. In this sense, the present thesis seeks to deepen the comprehension on coordination of interorganizational policy implementation, showing the constituting elements and endeavouring to structure a general analytical picture. The thesis' theoretical basis comes from the Institutional and Organization Theory, marked by reflections on this field. Inside these theoretical frameworks, the thesis trajectory in built on a growing scale framework: it departs from the study of the individual behavior, moves to the social interactions, analyses, in the next stage, the organization and, lastly, focus on the organizations interactions and the interorganizational network dynamics. In light of such categories, questions about public organizations and the policy implementation process are adressed, which unfolds on the discussion about coordination. As a result of both the theoretical discussion and the realization of a panel with experts, the main constituents of an analytical picture for coordination on policy implementation purpose are presented / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-05-31T17:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Priscila Trasmontano.pdf: 1950311 bytes, checksum: 154b35c59601c895b9e38b78d4b66fd7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T17:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Priscila Trasmontano.pdf: 1950311 bytes, checksum: 154b35c59601c895b9e38b78d4b66fd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-08 / A volatilidade do Mercado Econômico Mundial motivou empresas e instituições públicas e privadas, principalmente financeiras, a se precaverem diante de um cenário instável. E neste contexto, muitos bancos passaram a implementar a Gestão de Ativos e Passivos – ALM, a fim de mitigar os riscos possíveis, e maximizar a lucratividade. Frente às dificuldades de compreensão sobre a implementação da ALM nas instituições financeiras brasileiras, por parte dos gestores financeiros para a tomada de decisões estratégicas pela alta administração; e visto como a internalização da cultura de ALM encontra-se pouco difundida na literatura nacional; assim como há carência de profissionais habilitados para lidar com o tema; este estudo propõe, enquanto situação problema: Quais recursos gerenciais promovem a implantação da ALM e que transversalmente evitam futuros problemas no interior das instituições financeiras brasileiras? Portanto, tem-se por objetivo geral investigar de que forma as instituições financeiras brasileiras estão se organizando para estruturar a ALM. E por objetivos específicos: Realizar um levantamento bibliográfico acerca da ALM; Desenvolver um estudo de caso sobre ALM, embasado na realidade das instituições financeiras brasileiras, a partir do relato dos participantes da pesquisa; Apresentar os elementos essenciais para o êxito da implantação da ALM nas instituições financeiras brasileiras e eventuais impasses. Adotou-se por recurso metodológico, um Estudo de Casos Múltiplos, pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, a partir de uma pesquisa de percepção de especialistas que atuam no mercado brasileiro com o tema em bancos e fundos de pensão. Averiguou-se como elementos fundamentais ao modelo de ALM a multiperiodicidade (previsão de acontecimentos), considerações simultâneas dos ativos e passivos, e restrições legais e políticas. Em relação aos dados apreendidos para a implantação, os que receberam maior destaque foram: a identificação dos ativos que a instituição pode investir potencialmente, a estimativa do retorno desses ativos, restrições legais pertinentes, parâmetros usados no desenvolvimento das restrições de liquidez e restrições políticas adotadas pela instituição / The World Economic Market volatility prompted businesses and public and private entities, especially financial ones, to take preventive measures in the face of an unstable scenario. In this context, many banks began to implement the Asset and Liability Management – ALM, in order to mitigate possible risks, and maximize profitability. In view of the difficulties in understanding the implementation of ALM in Brazilian financial institutions shown by financial managers in order to support strategic decision-making by senior management; given that internalizing the culture of ALM is not widespread in national literature, and that there is a shortage of qualified professionals to deal with the topic, this study proposes the following problem situation: which managerial resources promote the implementation of ALM and avoid future problems within Brazilian financial institutions? Thus, our overall objective is to investigate how Brazilian financial institutions are structuring the ALM. The specific objectives are: to conduct a bibliographic survey on ALM; to develop a case study on ALM, grounded in the experience of Brazilian financial institutions, based on accounts by research participants; to introduce the essential elements for the successful implementation of ALM in Brazilian financial institutions and possible deadlocks. The methodological resource adopted was a Multiple Case Study with qualitative exploratory research based on a perception survey from Brazilian market specialists that deal with this subject in banks and pension funds. Ascertained the main elements to ALM model were the multiperiodicity (forecast events), simultaneous considerations of assets and liabilities, legal and policy constraints. For data required to implement it, those who was highlighted: the identification of assets in which the institution can potentially invest, point estimates of the return on these assets, pertinent legal constraints, parameters used in the development of liquidity constraints and policy constraints adopted by the institution.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The South African financial services sector has experienced phenomenal growth over the past two decades, and financial institutions that were previously regional are now operating nationally. To enhance operations and meet customer expectations, financial institutions have turned to technology and virtual project teams. There is mounting evidence of the use of virtual project teams throughout the financial services sector; however, the effectiveness of virtual project teams in South Africa, and the support they receive, is yet to be determined. This case study aims to investigate the effectiveness of virtual project teams by focusing on the organisational systems and group dynamics of the virtual project teams at one of South Africa's leading financial institutions. The study involves a cross -sectional survey conducted by means of a Lickert-scale questionnaire distributed among all 23 project team members (10 in Cape Town and 13 in Johannesburg). The findings are predicted to indicate the support provided by this particular financial institution to the virtual project teams’ operations, while also identifying the organisational systems in place and measuring the effectiveness of the virtual project teams. The financial institution on which this case study is based gave consent for the case study to be conducted, on condition of anonymity.

Different forms of social responsibility practices have been prevalent in South Africa. Most of South African companies decided to bear the minimum costs when it comes to contributing to society. An improved version of social responsibility evolved since the transition in the 1990’s and South Africa’s re-integration into the global economy after lifting of economic sanctions. This came about after decades of large profit margins enjoyed by South African companies at the expense of low labour costs that led to inequalities in income distribution in South Africa. The social responsibility involvement/programmes are more or less the same across similar companies in South Africa. The reasons for business engaging in social responsibility are varied, ranging from poverty alleviation to sustainable development of society. Executives started to buy into the idea that social responsibility can be beneficial to the business and society. The changing attitudes regarding the role of business in society have made social responsibility an increasingly prominent issue over the past decades, but to decide on which projects will have a mutually beneficial impact on society and business, was one of the major challenges that companies have to face. It is against this background that the researcher investigated and compared the social responsibility practices of two selected financial institutions. The focus was on the practices of the two financial institutions in selecting targets for socially responsible involvement. This problem was supported by six secondary problems. The researcher first did a literature study to place social responsibility in perspective. The main purpose of the literature study was to identify and suggest how companies select the targets for said responsible involvement. An empirical investigation was conducted, focusing on Standard Bank and ABSA Bank. The demarcation of the study was restricted to these organisations as the assumption was made that their social responsibility practices are representative of the social responsibility practices of the financial services industry. The empirical study showed that the organisations under review did not have specific criteria that guide their selection of targets for social responsibility involvement. This highlighted an area of improvement on the social responsibility practices. The results of the literature study and the empirical investigation indicated that to be proactive in the field of social responsibility, criteria for selecting targets should be set and social responsibility practices should be linked to the corporate objectives and should form part of the strategic planning process. An affirmative approach to social responsibility will ensure that the two financial institutions be perceived as socially responsible.

The poor need a range of financial services to cope with shocks, to manage day-to-day transactions, and to grasp business opportunities, among others. To be successful in reaching the poor, microfinance institutions should offer products that meet the poor’s needs. Product design, therefore, is becoming a very important topic. “Behavioral” product design pinpoints the importance of individuals’ behavioral anomalies, such as procrastination behavior and lack of self-control. Financial products are seen as commitment devices to help individuals diverting money from immediate consumption to savings and investment.<p>This doctoral thesis contributes to this recent research stream by first surveying the literature on product design in microfinance, and then providing an empirical and a theoretical contribution. Precisely, the thesis is structured in four chapters. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are both reviewing the literature. Chapter 1, titled “Product Flexibility in Microfinance: A Survey”, reviews the academic literature on product flexibility in microfinance and offers a categorization scheme of flexible microfinance products. Chapter 2, titled “Innovative Flexible Products in Microfinance”, scrutinizes nine real-life practices covering microcredit, micro-savings and micro-insurance services that mix flexible features and commitment devices. Chapter 3, titled “The Debt Puzzle in Dhaka’s Slums: Do Liquidity Needs Explain Co-Holding?”, examines the use of flexible savings-and-loan accounts by SafeSave’s clients and tests whether the need for liquidity explains why the poor save and borrow simultaneously. Lastly, Chapter 4, titled “Having it Both Ways: A Theory of the Banking Firm with Time-consistent and Time-inconsistent Depositors,” proposes a theoretical model to determine the liquidity premium offered by a monopolistic bank to a pool of depositors composed of time-consistent and time-inconsistent agents. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Business Administration), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Although numerous articles have been published globally on microfinance (MF), essentially highlighting the need to regulate microfinance institutions (MFIs), none of these, to the knowledge of the researcher, specifically explore in profundity the formulation process of financial monitoring policies (FMPs), their implementation, and the challenges MFIs encounter in implementing these policies. The wave of distressed and failing of MFIs in Ghana and the loss of hard-earned thrift deposits of the poor, therefore demand for this investigation. This study consequently viaducts the gap and contributes to the debate by reviewing the specific financial policies pertaining to MFIs, their formulation, implementation of such policies, and the challenges MFIs encounter relating to those policies. Also introduced into the MF research arena, is the concept of implementation theory to move knowledge frontier forward. Further, the outcome will be of particular relevance to all emerging economies who view MFls as praxis for poverty alleviation, employment creation and addressing inequality. The study adopted a mixed research approach, with both qualitative and quantitative data gathered from a sample of 65 MFIs in Accra through a self-administered, Likert-scaled questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24.0, with results presented in frequency tables, figures, correlation tables, and cross-tabulations. The findings reveal that FMPs exist for MFIs in Ghana – Accra, particularly. However, regulation formulation is shown to be lopsided, with implementation of FMPs, and monitoring and supervision thereof, also found to be deficient. The results further indicate that using minimum capital as a tool to ensuring efficiency in the sector, is a major obstacle to overcome to create an impetus for regulatory non-compliance. Based on the findings, the research recommends consideration by policymakers and MFI monitoring units to create a semi-autonomous institution, the National Microfinance Promotion Authority, to regulate and supervise the MFIs in Ghana. It is also recommended that research focus be shifted to policy implementation regarding MF operations. / D

The research for this study was guided by the question on whether the financial inclusion improvement strategies of the South African government adequately address the financial inclusion targets, as set out in the National Development Plan. This descriptive non-empirical study was conducted by means of a literature review. The secondary data used for the study were collected from a number of sources, namely: (i) the 2015 Brookings Financial and Digital Inclusion Project report; (ii) the 2014 Global Findex survey; (iii) the InterMedia surveys; (iv) Financial Access surveys; (v) various national FinScope surveys; and (iv) a number of working papers of the World Bank related to financial inclusion. The data revealed that South Africa, with its sophisticated financial sector, was early to adopt policies and initiatives to advance financial inclusion and the country has experienced a noticeable increase in financial inclusion from 61% in 2004 to 87% in 2015. South Africa is 3% away from its National Development Plan goal of 90% financial inclusion by 2030. This indicates that overall, the financial inclusion initiatives adopted by the South African government were successful.

The rise of microfinance in South Africa as a development trajectory has dismissed ideas that small business enterprises have no significant contribution to the economic growth and development of the country. The primary objective of the study is to assess the impact of microfinance service providers on the success and sustainability of small business enterprises in the Nelson Mandela Bay. By applying descriptive statistics, 2 ordinary least square regression analyses as well as correlation matrix; the results reveal that microfinance has a positive and significant impact on the success and sustainability on small business enterprises in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The research findings hold a variety of implications for Government and policymakers. The study recommends that the microfinance sector must be under good governance through the microfinance regulatory and supervisory structures, since the sector contributes a great deal towards one of the most important objectives of the Post-Apartheid Government. Further, small business entrepreneurs must be well exposed to the requirements, standards and norms which govern the financial sector. This is particularly important in terms of the National Credit Act provisions.