Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 728476 bytes, checksum: 13adb5493116b5cb3d2115266d73c83a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation thesis reflects upon the Great War (1914 1918), from the Historiography, analyzing the romances All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque and A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway, and, consequently, their constructed memories. Both the Historical and the Literary knowledge relates to group and individual experiences from the present and the past. Since they reflect upon the past, they contribute to the construction of historical cultures. The extension, the length and the brutality of the First World War, characterized as a paradigmatic moment in the 20th century, has contributed for the construction of historical cultures that, aside their ifferences, question and search for a comprehension of the historical moment. / Este trabalho consiste em uma reflexão sobre a Grande Guerra (1914-1918), a partir da historiografia, dos romances Nada de Novo no Front, de Erich Maria Remarque e Adeus às Armas, de Ernest Hemingway e, conseqüentemente, das memórias engendradas por eles. Tanto o conhecimento histórico quanto o literário se relaciona com experiências individuais e coletivas do presente e do passado. Na medida em que ambos refletem sobre o passado, contribuem para a construção de culturas históricas. A Primeira Guerra Mundial se caracteriza como um momento paradigmático, do século XX, no qual a extensão, a duração e a brutalidade do conflito colaboraram para a construção de culturas históricas, que independentemente dos caminhos percorridos, questionam e procuram compreender este momento.

Esta tese busca refletir sobre a configuração fragmentária da produção do escritor Franz Kafka (1883-1924). Procura-se mostrar como a partir do final de 1916 ocorre na produção kafkiana uma inflexão formal decorrente de uma mudança no modo do escritor conceber o caráter danificado de sua escrita. / This thesis reflects upon the fragmentary configuration of Franz Kafka´s production. It aims to show how, from the end of 1916, occurs an formal inflection in the Kafkaesque production due to a change in the way the writer conceives the \"damaged\" character of his writing.

In questo lavoro è stata studiata l’evoluzione della strategia di sicurezza imperiale della Gran Bretagna. Il periodo preso in esame è compreso tra la fine dell’Ottocento e i primi anni del Novecento. Alla luce di questa evoluzione e del contesto internazionale che l’ha generata, è studiata la strategia seguita da Londra durante il primo conflitto mondiale, analizzando il caso dell’intervento della British Army in Italia dopo la battaglia di Caporetto. La tesi mostra come l’immobilità del fronte occidentale spinse il Governo britannico a cercare nuovi fronti al fine di garantire i suoi obiettivi strategici. In questo contesto è inserito l’ingresso dell’Italia nel conflitto. Lo studio evidenzia come la Gran Bretagna intendesse il fronte italiano quale strumento per sottrarre risorse alla Germania. Dopo Caporetto gli inglesi, giunti in Italia per supportare l’esercito italiano, cercarono di utilizzarlo con il fine di escludere l’Austria-Ungheria dal conflitto e isolare la Germania. La tesi dimostra come, dal punto di vista inglese, il fronte italiano fosse un esempio di expeditionary strategy, ma che divenne una componente veramente integrata della difesa imperiale britannica solo nel momento in cui l’Italia isolò la Germania e si preparò a invaderla da sud, dopo la battaglia di Vittorio Veneto. / The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the British Imperial security strategy. The work investigates the period between the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th. In the light of the evolution and the international contest that created it, it is studied the strategy applied by London during the First World War and will be analysed the case of the British Army’s expedition in Italy after the battle of Caporetto. The thesis shows that the immobility of the western front led the British Government to seek new fronts in order to gain its strategic objectives. The study shows how Great Britain interpreted the Italian front such as a tool to take resources away from Germany. After Caporetto the British came to Italy to support the Italian Army, they tried to use it to exclude Austria-Hungary from the conflict and to close off Germany. The thesis proves that, by the British point of view, the Italian front was an example of expeditionary strategy, but it became an integrated part of the Imperial British strategy only when Italy isolated Germany and organised its invasion from the South, after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the feeding of soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the period of the First World War. The aim was to analyze this topic from the perspective of ordinary actors - soldiers and non-commissioned officers. The thesis is structured into six parts leaving aside the introduction and the conclusion. The first chapter treats some psychological aspects of the alimentation within the thematic scope of this thesis. The second part continues with text dedicated to the eating habits of the Czech society at the beggining of the 20th century being as the starting point of the cultural change, which was a draft to the army. It is followed by an introduction to the military environment while emphasis is placed on the social and emotional connotations of meals. The next part focuses on war fatigue and misery, which turned the ladder of moral and market values upside down and caused a deep transformation of society. The last chapter compares the different approaches to the resources inside of the Austro-Hungarian Army to the dietary standards of the allied and hostile armies, while focusing on the effect on the morale and companionship of soldiers. As for its sources, the thesis relies on the Czech written sources of personal nature from the Czech soldiers of the...

Cette thèse explore la Première Guerre mondiale comme modèle historique de stress psychologique subi dans l'enfance. L'Hypothèse d'Origine Développementale des Maladies (DOHaD) prévoit une susceptibilité accrue aux maladies chroniques à l'âge adulte des individus exposés à des événements traumatiques aux premiers stades du développement. Nous avons constitué une cohorte d'orphelins nés en 1914-1916, et ce grâce au statut de "pupilles de la Nation", créé par une loi de 1917 et accordé sur requête à tous les orphelins, quel que soit le statut socioéconomique de la famille. L'attribution du statut de pupille était inscrite en marge de l'acte de naissance. Les registres de naissance ont donc permis un recensement exhaustif de tous les pupilles nés dans les villes incluses ainsi qu'un suivi de la mortalité à l'âge adulte. Les actes de naissance de 7,250 pupilles ont été transcrits à ce jour. L'appel à la Base des Morts pour la France a fourni la date de décès du père, et donc sa position dans le calendrier de développement de l'enfant. Des matched non-orphans (MNOs) ont été sélectionnés dans les mêmes registres. Le critère d'intérêt était la longévité de ceux ayant atteint l'âge de 31 ans. Un écart orphelin - MNO de ~ 2.5 années a été trouvé en cas de perte prénatale du père, mais aucune différence n'a été mise en évidence dans le cas d'une perte postnatale. La conjonction de ces deux résultats suggère qu'un traumatisme in utero a un effet de programmation de la susceptibilité biologique à l'âge adulte assez fort pour altérer la longévité. / This thesis explores the First World War as a historical model in early life psychological stress. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis predicts increased susceptibility to chronic diseases in adulthood for those exposed to an extreme psychological trauma in very early life. We collected vital information on French orphans born 1914-1916 thanks to the “pupille de la Nation” distinction, a legal status created in 1917 and granted upon request to all orphans. Notification of “adoption by the Nation” was by law inscribed on the birth certificate of a newly adopted child. Birth registers thus provided a census of all pupilles born in the included cities during the inclusion period as well as long-term mortality follow-up. The birth certificates of 7,250 pupilles have been digitized. Call to the Died for France Database enabled us to retrieve the paternal date of death. Matched non-orphans (MNOs) were drawn from the same birth registers. For each orphan, his MNO was therefore chosen born in the same district at the same time. The outcome of interest was longevity of those who survived to 31 y. An orphan-MNO difference in adult longevity of ~2.5 years was found for orphans who had lost their father before) birth (prenatal orphans), but no difference in adult longevity could be measured between postnatal orphans and their MNOs. These two results suggest early trauma in utero has programming effects on biological susceptibility in adulthood strong enough to alter longevity. The fact that no loss of lifespan was found in the case of a postnatal loss of father further suggests efficient buffers to early postnatal stress existed in French society.

English abstract The master's thesis compares aspects of British, French, and Austro-Hungarian pictorial propaganda at the beginning of the Great War and its argumentation and influence. By comparing 100 propaganda pictures (ex. various posters, newspaper illustrations, postcards, etc.) made by each of the countries, the thesis describes various image distinctions in three areas of research: concerning the dominant motives of the posters, concerning the human values and emotions, which the posters influenced, and concerning the usage of national signs in these media. Keywords: First world war, propaganda, posters, Great Britain, France, Austro-Hungary, comparative study

Transformation of Austrian and Hungarian law during the First World War (1914 - 1918) Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of changes in Austrian and Hungarian law during the First World War with a focus on the Cisleithanian part of the monarchy. At the same time, it seeks to answer the question of whether the measures taken were proportionate to the circumstances of the war. Specifically, it examines changes in constitutional, administrative, criminal and civil law. Other branches of law are also mentioned in passing. The method is a comparison of the pre-war state with important legal norms adopted in case of war or in response to war developments. All this is complemented by a contemporary context with an emphasis on the history of the Czech lands. The thesis uses both primary sources, in the form of norms of Austro-Hungarian law, and secondary literature. In general, it can be stated that the changes adopted were pervasive, in all areas examined. However, the intensity and proportionality varied according to the specific legal sector. At the level of constitutional law, there was a de facto change in the form of the state from a constitutional monarchy to a military-administrative dictatorship, and some civil rights were suspended. The change in criminal and administrative law is...

The purpose of the thesis is to look at the reality of an Italian-speaking refugee during the First World War, when people were forced to evacuate the Trentino region and were moved within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The thesis will look closely at the diary of an Italian-speaking refugee, starting with his evacuation from Trentino and continuing to his arrival and permanence in the northern Bohemian city of Jablonné v Podještědí. The paper will also explore the internal migration movements and efforts made by the Habsburg Empire, with special regard to the experiences of Italian- speaking refugees. The diary of the man known as Sannicoló will be used to give a microhistorical study and perspective of his move from Rovereto, Italy to the city of Jablonné v Podještědí. His reality as an Italian-speaking refugee and citizen of the Habsburg Empire will be briefly compared with what is generally known of the refugee situation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire and that of other Italian- speaking refugees, to determine the degree of success of his integration into the local population's community. Key Words: internal migration; Italian-speaking refugees; Austro-Hungarian Empire; First World War; microhistory; diary.

Ce mémoire porte sur les représentations de la masculinité traumatisée dans le cinéma expressionniste allemand. Le traumatisme de la Première Guerre mondiale occasionne, en Allemagne, l’ébranlement des identités genrées individuelles et de l’identité masculine nationale. Par le biais de l’analyse de cinq films expressionnistes (Das Cabinet des Dr Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920 ; Nosferatu, Wilhelm Murnau, 1922; Die Nibelungen, Fritz Lang, 1924 ; Orlacs Hände, Robert Wiene, 1924 ; Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927), le présent mémoire étudie à la fois l’expression du genre, du traumatisme et de l’Histoire nationale. Nous y envisagerons l’image filmique comme un lieu de conflits et de compromis. C’est particulièrement par le biais des enjeux de contrôle, des corps et de leur économie et des dynamiques d’agentivité dans les rapports hommes-femmes que se manifeste l’ébranlement de la masculinité allemande d’après-guerre. Si certaines œuvres confrontent les anxiétés masculines de l’époque en traitant frontalement des traumatismes liés à la guerre et au bouleversement de la place de l’homme dans la société d’après-guerre, d’autres s’appliquent plutôt à rétablir une masculinité d’avant-guerre par l’expression de fantasmes nationaux et individuels de pouvoir et de virilité. En privilégiant une approche psychanalytique du cinéma, ce mémoire s’intéresse notamment aux mécanismes de défense qui transparaissent dans les œuvres. Il s’agit, tout compte fait, de comprendre comment le cinéma négocie avec le genre suite au traumatisme, et comment la temporalité peut influencer cette négociation. / This thesis focuses on representations of traumatized masculinity in German Expressionism. In Germany, trauma caused by the First World War unsettled individual gender identities and upset national conceptions of male identity. The thesis examines issues of gender, trauma and national history in five Expressionist films (Das Cabinet des Dr Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920; Nosferatu, Wilhelm Murnau, 1922; Die Nibelungen, Fritz Lang, 1924; Orlacs Hände, Robert Wiene, 1924; Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927). These films comprise notable embodiments of conflict and compromise. It is argued that the disruption of German masculinity after the war registers in them by way of issues related to control, corporeality and gender relations. Contemporary anxieties about masculinity are tackled differently in the films, with some directly addressing themes of war trauma, emasculation and the postwar disruption to men’s traditional social roles and others seek to re-establish pre-war notions of manhood through expressing national and individual fantasies of power and virility. Drawing on a psychoanalytic approach to cinema, this thesis examines how defence mechanisms operate in the films. Key aims are to understand how Expressionist cinema addresses the impact of trauma on masculine identity and also how its approach to articulating trauma shifts through time.

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