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This study set out to develop a framework within which the use of Geographical Information Technologies (GITs) can be enhanced in Road Infrastructure Maintenance (RIM) in Uganda. Specifically it was guided by 3 objectives; 1. To assess the gaps in the use of GITs for RIM in Uganda and the limitations to accessing these technologies, 2. To develop a methodological framework to enhance the use of GITs in RIM and 3. To develop a Geographical Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) data model based on the road maintenance data requirements. A participatory approach through a series of interviews, focus group discussions, workshop & conferences, document reviews, field observations & measurements and GIS analysis were employed. Based on the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) concept and the principle of Causality, the gaps and limitations were established to mainly be concerned with data and organisational constraints as opposed to technical issues. They were classified to include; inadequate involvement of GITs in organisational activities, inappropriate institutional arrangements, absence of data sharing frameworks, budget constraints, insufficient geospatial capacity, digital divide in the perception, adoption & affordability of GITs among the stakeholders and the absence of a road maintenance Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). A methodological framework, comprising of 6 strategic components was developed to enhance the use of GITs in RIM. This included enactment of relevant policy components to guide GIT use, continuous capacity building, establishment of a road maintenance SDI, fostering collaboration and spatial data sharing frameworks, budgetary allocation based on defined activities inclusive of GIT initiatives, and adoption of a dynamic segmentation data model. Conceptual and logical data models were developed and proposed for the Sector. The conceptual model, presented using an entity relationship diagram, relates the road network to the point and line events occurring on it. The logical object relational model developed using the ESRI provided template represents the road and the point and line events in a total of 19 object classes. The Study concludes that in order to ground GIT benefits in the sector; technical, data and organisational concerns involved in GIT undertakings should be accorded equal emphasis. Institutionalisation and diffusion of GITs as aspects of the component strategies are regarded capacity building mechanisms earmarked to boost success in GIT initiatives. Further research on diffusion and funding models for GIT initiatives is recommended. It is suggested that aspects of the proposed model be considered when establishing GIT standards for the sector. The RIM sector is encouraged to embrace Science and Technology and to participate in Research and Development and particularly to adopt the culture of innovation considering the ready availability of off the shelf equipment, freeware and open source software that can foster informed decision making.

The work describes the processing and analysis of remote sensing time series data for a comparative assessment of changes in different tropical rainforest areas in East Africa. In order to assess the effects of the derived changes in land cover and forest fragmentation, the study made use of spatially explicit modelling approaches within a geographical information system (GIS) to extrapolate sets of biological field findings in space and time. The analysis and modelling results were visualised aiming to consider the requirements of three different user groups. In order to evaluate measures of forest conservation and to derive recommendations for an effective forest management, quantitative landscape-scale assessments of land cover changes and their influence on forest biodiversity patterns are needed. However, few remote sensing studies have accounted for all of the following aspects at the same time: (i) a dense temporal sequence of land cover change/forest fragmentation information, (ii) the coverage of several decades, (iii) the distinction between multiple forest formations and (iv) direct comparisons of different case studies. In regards to linkages of remote sensing with biological field data, no attempts are known that use time series data for quantitative statements of long-term landscape-scale biodiversity changes. The work studies three officially protected forest areas in Eastern Africa: the Kakamega-Nandi forests in western Kenya (focus area) and Mabira Forest in south-eastern Uganda as well as Budongo Forest in western Uganda (for comparison purposes). Landsat imagery of in total eight or seven dates in regular intervals from 1972/73 to 2003 was used. Making use of supervised multispectral image classification procedures, in total, 12 land cover classes (six forest formations) were distinguished for the Kakamega-Nandi forests and for Budongo Forest while for Mabira Forest ten classes could be realised. An accuracy assessment via error matrices revealed overall classification accuracies between 81% and 85%. The Kakamega-Nandi forests show a continuous decrease between 1972/73 and 2001 of 31%, Mabira Forest experienced an abrupt loss of 24% in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while Budongo Forest shows a relatively stable forest cover extent. An assessment of the spatial patterns of forest losses revealed congruence with areas of high population density while a spatially explicit forest fragmentation index indicates a strong correlation of forest fragmentation with forest management regime and forest accessibility by roads. For the Kenyan focus area, three sets of biological field abundance data on keystone species/groups were used for a quantitative assessment of the influence of long-term changes in tropical forests on landscape-scale biodiversity patterns. For this purpose, the time series was extended with another three land cover data sets derived from aerial photography (1965/67, 1948/(52)) and old topographic maps (1912/13). To predict the spatio-temporal distribution of the army ant Dorylus wilverthi and of ant-following birds, GIS operators (i.e. focal and local functions) and statistical tests (i.e. OLS or SAR regression models) were combined into a spatial modelling procedure. Abundance data on three guilds of birds differing in forest dependency were directly extrapolated to five forest cover classes as distinguished in the time series. The results predict declines in species abundances of 56% for D. wilverthi, of 58% for ant-following birds and an overall loss of 47% for the bird habitat guilds, which in all three cases greatly exceed the rate of forest loss (31%). Additional extrapolations on scenarios of deforestation and reforestation confirmed the negative ecological consequences of splitting-up contiguous forest areas but also showed the potential of mixed indigenous forest plantings. The visualisation of the analysis and modelling results produced a mixture of different outcomes. Map series and a matrix of maps both showing species distributions aim to address scientists and decision makers. The results of the land cover change analysis were synthesised in a map of land cover development types for each study area, respectively. These maps are designed mainly for scientists. Additional maps of change, limited to a single class of forest cover and to three dates were generated to ensure an easy-to-grasp communication of the major forest changes to decision makers. Additionally, an easy-to-handle visualisation tool to be used by scientists, decision makers and local people was developed. For the future, an extension of this study towards a more complete assessment including more species/groups and also ecosystem functions and services would be desirable. Combining a framework for land cover simulation with a framework for running empirical extrapolation models in an automated manner could ideally result in a GIS-based, integrated forest ecosystem assessment tool to be used as regional spatial decision support system. / Die Arbeit beschreibt die Prozessierung und Analyse von Fernerkundungs-Zeitreihendaten für eine vergleichende Abschätzung von Veränderungen verschiedener tropischer Waldökosysteme Ostafrikas. Um Effekte der Veränderungen bzgl. Landbedeckung und Waldfragmentierung auf Biodiversitätsmuster abzuschätzen, wurden verschiedene räumlich explizite Modellierungssätze innerhalb eines geographischen Informationssystems (GIS) zur räumlichen und zeitlichen Extrapolation biologischer Felderhebungsdaten benutzt. Die Visualisierung der Analyse- und Modellierungsergebnisse erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung der Bedürfnisse von drei verschiedenen Nutzergruppen. Um Waldschutzmaßnahmen zu evaluieren und Empfehlungen für ein effektives Waldmanagement abzuleiten, sind quantitative Abschätzungen von Landbedeckungsveränderungen sowie von deren Einfluss auf tropische Waldbiodiversitätsmuster nötig. Wenige fernerkundungsbasierte Studien haben jedoch bislang alle der folgenden Faktoren berücksichtigt: (i) Informationen zu Veränderungen von Landbedeckung und Waldfragmentierung in dichter zeitlicher Sequenz, (ii) die Abdeckung mehrerer Jahrzehnte, (iii) die Unterscheidung zwischen mehreren Waldformationen, und (iv) direkte Vergleiche von unterschiedlichen Fallstudien. Hinsichtlich Verknüpfungen von Fernerkundung mit biologischen Felddaten sind bisher keine Studien bekannt, die Zeitreihendaten für quantitative Aussagen zu Langzeitveränderungen von Biodiversität auf Landschaftsebene verwenden. Die Arbeit untersucht drei offiziell geschützte Gebiete: die Kakamega-Nandi forests in Westkenia (Hauptuntersuchungsgebiet) sowie Mabira Forest in Südost-Uganda und Budongo Forest in West-Uganda (zu Vergleichszwecken). Es wurden Landsat-Daten für insgesamt acht bzw. sieben Zeitpunkte zwischen 1972/73 und 2003 in ungefähr gleichen Abständen erworben. Mit Hilfe von überwachten, multispektralen Klassifizierungsverfahren wurden für die Kakamega-Nandi forests und Budongo Forest jeweils 12 Landbedeckungsklassen (sechs Waldformationen) und für Mabira Forest zehn Klassen unterschieden. Eine Genauigkeitsprüfung mit Hilfe von Fehlermatrizen ergab Gesamtklassifizierungsgenauigkeiten zwischen 81% und 85%. Die Kakamega-Nandi forests sind durch eine kontinuierliche Waldabnahme von 31% zwischen 1972/73 und 2001 gekennzeichnet, Mabira Forest zeigt einen abrupten Waldverlust von 24% in den späten 1970ern/frühen 1980ern, während die Ergebnisse für Budongo Forest eine relativ stabile Waldbedeckung ausweisen. Während eine Abschätzung der räumlichen Muster von Waldverlusten eine hohe Deckungsgleichheit mit Gebieten hoher Bevölkerungsdichte ergab, deutet die Anwendung eines räumlich expliziten Waldfragmentierungsindexes auf eine starke Korrelation von Waldfragmentierung mit der Art von Waldmanagement sowie mit der Erreichbarkeit von Wald über Straßen hin. Um den Einfluss von Langzeit-Landbedeckungsveränderungen auf Biodiversitätsmuster auf Landschaftsebene für das kenianische Hauptuntersuchungsgebiet quantitativ abzuschätzen wurden drei Datensätze mit biologischen Felderhebungen zur Abundanz von Schlüsselarten/-gruppen verwendet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die Zeitreihe zunächst um drei weitere Landbedeckungs-Datensätze ergänzt, die aus Luftbildern (1965/67, 1948/(52)) bzw. alten topographischen Karten (1912/13) gewonnen wurden. Zur Vorhersage der raum-zeitlichen Verteilung der Treiberameise Dorylus wilverthi wurden GIS-Operatoren und statistische Tests (OLS bzw. SAR Regressionsmodelle) in einem räumlichen Modellierungsablauf kombiniert. Abundanzdaten von drei sich hinsichtlich ihrer Abhängigkeit von Wald unterscheidenden Vogelgilden wurden direkt auf fünf Waldbedeckungsklassen hochgerechnet, die in der Zeitreihe unterschieden werden konnten. Die Ergebnisse prognostizieren Abundanzabnahmen von 56% für D. wilverthi, von 58% für Ameisen-folgende Vögel und einen Gesamtverlust von 47% für die Vogelgilden, was in allen drei Fällen eine deutliche Überschreitung der Waldverlustrate von 31% darstellt. Zusätzliche Extrapolationen basierend auf Szenarien bestätigten die negativen ökologischen Konsequenzen der Zerteilung zusammenhängender Waldflächen bzw. zeigten andererseits das Potential von Aufforstungen mit einheimischen Arten auf. Die Visualisierung der Analyse- bzw. Modellierungsergebnisse führte zu unterschiedlichen Darstellungen: mit einer Reihe von nebeneinander positionierten Einzelkarten sowie einer Matrix von Einzelkarten, die jeweils Artenverteilungen zeigen, sollen Wissenschaftler und Entscheidungsträger angesprochen werden. Aus den Ergebnissen der Landbedeckungsanalyse für die drei Untersuchungsgebiete wurden Landbedeckungsveränderungstypen generiert und jeweils in einer synthetischen Karte dargestellt, die hauptsächlich für Wissenschaftler gedacht sind. Um die wesentlichen Waldveränderungen auch auf einfache Weise zu den Entscheidungsträgern zu kommunizieren, wurden zusätzliche Karten erstellt, die nur eine aggregierte Klasse „Waldbedeckung“ zeigen und jeweils auf drei Zeitschritte der Zeitreihen begrenzt sind. Zusätzlich wurde ein leicht zu bedienendes Visualisierungstool entwickelt, das für Wissenschaftler, Entscheidungsträger und die lokale Bevölkerung gedacht ist. Für die Zukunft wäre eine umfassendere Abschätzung unter Berücksichtigung zusätzlicher Arten/-gruppen sowie auch Ökosystemfunktionen und –dienstleistungen wünschenswert. Die Verknüpfung einer Applikation zur Landbedeckungsmodellierung mit einer Applikation zur Ausführung von empirischen Extrapolationsmodellen (in stärkerem Maße automatisiert als in dieser Arbeit) könnte im Idealfall in ein GIS-basiertes Tool zur integrativen Bewertung von Waldökosystemen münden, das dann als räumliches Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem verwendet werden könnte.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετά την παράκτια ζώνη, της Αλεξάνδρειας (Αιγύπτου) με σκοπό: (1) την ανάπλαση του παράκτιου παλαιοπεριβάλλοντος στο οποίο αναπτύχθηκε η Ελληνιστική Αλεξάνδρεια και πώς αυτό επηρέασε στην ίδρυση και στην εξέλιξη της πόλης, (2) τον εντοπισμό ναυαγίων, καταβυθισμένων λιμενικών εγκαταστάσεων και άλλων μαρτυριών ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας. Για την επίτευξη των παραπάνω στόχων xρησιμοποιήθηκαν εξειδικευμένες θαλάσσιες γεωφυσικές τεχνολογίες, όπως ηχοβολιστής πλευρικές σάρωσης, τομογράφος υποδομής πυθμένα, απλό και διαφορικό GPS. Η ανάλυση και επεξεργασία των συλλεγέντων δεδομέμων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη βοήθεια των υπολογιστικών πακέτων Matlab και ArcGIS. Δημιουργήθηκαν πρωτότυπα και εύχρηστα μεθοδολογικά σχήματα (PalaeogAn και TargAn), με τη βοήθεια σύγχρονων μεθόδων επεξεργασίας και ανάλυσης εικόνας, με σκοπό την επεξεργασία των αναλογικών γεωφυσικών καταγραφών, σε ένα αυτοματοποιημένο ψηφιακό περιβάλλον. Η ανάλυση των γεωφυσικών καταγραφών έδειξε την ύπαρξη μίας kurkar δομής σχήματος Τ παρόμοιας σε σχήμα, σύσταση και προσανατολισμό με το δομικό σύστημα νήσος Φάρος-Επταστάδιο-Λιμένες της Αλεξάνδρειας, μετατοπισμένη προς τα ΒΑ. Η μελέτη των μεταβολών της στάθμης της θάλασσας και η ανάλυση των τομογραφιών, έδειξε ότι η παράκτια ζώνη της Αλεξάνδρειας διαμορφώνεται από μία σειρά επάλληλων παλαιοακτών, σε βάθη νερού 16, 14, 12, 10, 8 m, οι οποίες αντιστοιχούν στην ακτογραμμή της περιοχής το 3300π.Χ (βασίλειο Harpoon), 2700π.Χ, 2000π.Χ, 1400π.Χ (οικισμός Ραχώτιδας), και 300π.Χ (Πτολεμαϊκή Αλεξάνδρεια) αντίστοιχα. Η δομή Τ ήταν πάνω από την επιφάνεια της θάλασσας και διαμόρφωνε ασφαλές αγκυροβόλιο (3300-2000π.Χ), ενώ αργότερα βυθίστηκε (2000-300π.Χ) αρχικά στα -2m (1400π.Χ) και στη συνέχεια στα -4m βάθος (300π.Χ), ενεργώντας ως φυσικός κυματοθραύστης που προστάτευε την ακτή από τη διάβρωση και τη θαλασσοταραχή. Επίσης φαίνεται ότι η είσοδος του Ανατολικού Λιμένα στα Πτολεμαϊκά χρόνια ήταν πολύ στενή (600m), στα ΒΑ της Άκρας Λοχιάδος και στο εσωτερικό του Ανατολικού Λιμένα εκείνη την εποχή υπήρχαν βραχονησίδες, το 92% της Άκρας Λοχιάδος είναι σήμερα καταβυθισμένο. Τέλος επιτεύχθηκε α) ο εντοπισμός ενός αρχαίου ναυαγίου, δύο περιοχών με έρματα αρχαίων πλοίων, δύο αρχαίων προβόλων, δύο σχηματισμών που πιθανώς αποτελούν αρχαία ναύδετα, β) ο εντοπισμός 57 στόχων, η αρχαιολογική σημασία των οποίων αξιολογήθηκε με τη βοήθεια του TargAn και πολυδιάστατων στατιστικών μεθόδων γ) η υπόδειξη νέων περιοχών αρχαιολογικού ενδιαφέροντος. / The aim of this PhD is twofold: (a) to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental setting where Hellenistic Alexandria was developed, (b) to detect the presence of any prehistorical and historical shipwrecks and evidence of human activity. In order to accomplish the above a geophysical survey was carried out, using a sidescan sonar and a subbottom profiler system, while the positioning was provided by a GPS and DGPS. The geophysical data were analyzed using a Matlab and an ArcGIS software. New, user-friendly methodological schemes, referred to as PalaeogAn και TargAn, were developed using image analysis techniques, in order to analyse analogue geophysical data in a digital environment. The geophysical data analysis shows the presence of a Τ-shape kurkar ridge, which stands at a minimum water depth of 11m below the seasurface at the north end of the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria. This kurkar formation is almost identical with that of the Pharos island–Heptastadion-Alexandria Harbours. Sea level changes and geophysical data analysis suggest that Alexandria’s coastal zone is characterized by a series of parallel submerged palaeoshorelines, at water depths of 16, 14, 12, 10 and 8 m, which represent the coastlines of 3300 BC (kingdom of Harpoon), 2700 BC, 2000 BC, 1400 BC (ancient Rachotis), and 300 BC (Ptolemaic Alexandria) respectively. The Τ-shape structure between 3300-2000BC was above msl creating a safe anchorage for ancient ships. In 1400 BC and 300 BC it was 2m and 4m under msl respectively, acting as a natural breakwater and protecting the coast from wave action. During the Hellenistic times (300 BC) the Eastern Harbour entrance was much smaller (600m) than today. At the northeastern end of Cape Lochias and in the inner Eastern Harbour dangerous shoals and reefs were scattered. Cape Lochias was much larger than it is today as the most of it (92%) is at present submerged. The insonification revealed (a) the existence of an ancient shipwreck, two areas with ship ballast, two structures which might have been used as buoys, two structures that were propably used as moles, (b) the presence of 57 acoustic anomalies, which were analyzed using the TargAn and multivariate statistical methods, (c) new areas of archaeological importance to be surrveyed in the near future. The results of the statistical analysis classified the acoustic anomalies into groups showing their archaeological validity.

La tesi doctoral desenvolupada, emmarcada dins del camp de les Ciències Ambientals, aplica la Geologia Ambiental orientada al coneixement dels processos i recursos geològics de cara a la planificació i a l'ordenació del territori. Com a zona d'estudi s'ha seleccionat la Costa Brava meridional, concretament tota l'àrea litoral compresa per les conques hidrogràfiques de l'Aubi, riera de Calonge, Ridaura, riera de Tossa i riera de Lloret (75 km de línia de costa i una extensió de 291 km2).Aquest treball, amb l'aptitud integradora dels conceptes i mètodes propis de les Ciències Geològiques i Ambientals, s'ha proposat com a objectius globals l'anàlisi de la qualitat i del comportament físic i químic dels materials terrestres en front les accions humanes i de la seva utilització com a recursos; l'estudi dels processos naturals i de la influència que puguin tenir sobre l'home o bé els efectes que aquest pot causar sobre aquells, i per últim, com a derivació dels anteriors, el disseny i aplicació d'instruments de tipus preventiu en la gestió del territori; és a dir, la planificació dels usos del territori.Amb la filosofia de recerca basada en que els factor geològics són uns elements d'ajuda per a la visió integral d'un territori, s'han estudiat diferents variables geoambientals procurant traduir el coneixement del medi en informació apta per a la presa de decisions sobre l'ús i preservació d'aquest àmbit litoral. Els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica (SIG) han estat clau per a la visió sistèmica del territori, per a la integració de les diferents variables geoambientals, així com per a la producció cartogràfica temàtica i final. Pel que fa als processos geològics, lligats a la dinàmica fluviotorrencial, s'han cartografiat les principals àrees d'actuació així com analitzat els factors que inicien, afavoreixen o magnifiquen la seva ocurrència. S'han estudiat les accions denudatives, els processos de transport-sedimentació i amb l'estudi integrat d'aquests processos i formes resultants s'han identificat unitats territorials caracteritzades per un comportament geomòrfic uniforme.En quant a l'anàlisi dels recursos geològics s'ha aprofundit en el coneixement dels recursos hídrics subterranis, les roques industrials i els georecursos litorals. Pel que fa als primers s'ha centrat en la delimitació de les principals unitats i subunitats aqüíferes, així com en acotar les geometries i principals característiques hidràuliques. Pel que fa als àrids i roques de construcció l'objectiu fonamental ha estat la delimitació cartogràfica d'aquells materials que per les seves propietats fisicoquímiques són potencialment aptes per als usos indicats. Finalment s'ha fet una recerca orientada a l'estudi de factors que limiten o condicionen el potencial geoturístic d'aquesta àrea litoral, concretament en els penya-segats i les platges.Les principals aportacions d'aquesta tesi doctoral es poden emmarcar en l'àmbit regional i fenomenològic, aspectes clau en la gestió i planificació territorial. Pel que fa al primer, destaquem l'aportació de dades geoambientals a nivell cartogràfic en relació a variables litoestructurals, de processos dinàmics com de recursos geològics. Des del punt de vista de l'àmbit fenomenològic destaquem la interacció de les variables estudiades a nivell de conca hidrogràfica, com són, entre d'altres, les relacions existents entre les diferents formacions aqüíferes; la possible participació de les aigües subterrànies en la resposta hidrològica del sistema fluviotorrencial, o la problemàtica derivada de l'antropització de la sorra de la platja com a conseqüència d'abocaments de terres i residus inerts als marges de les rieres. / La tesis doctoral desarrollada, enmarcada dentro del campo de las Ciencias Ambientales, aplica la Geología Ambiental orientada al conocimiento de los procesos y recursos geológicos para la planificación y ordenación del territorio. Como zona de estudio se ha seleccionado la Costa Brava meridional, concretamente toda el área litoral comprendida por las cuencas hidrográficas de la Aubi, riera de Calonge, Ridaura, riera de Tossa y riera de Lloret (75 km de línea de costa y una extensión de 291 km2).Este trabajo, con la aptitud integradora de los conceptos y métodos propios de las Ciencias Geológicas y Ambientales, se ha propuesto como objetivos globales el análisis de la calidad y del comportamiento físico y químico de los materiales terrestres en frente las acciones humanas y de su utilización como recursos; el estudio de los procesos naturales y de la influencia que puedan tener sobre el hombre o bien los efectos que este puede causar sobre aquellos, y por último, como derivación de los anteriores, el diseño y aplicación de instrumentos de tipo preventivo en la gestión del territorio; es decir, la planificación de los usos del territorio. Con la filosofía de investigación basada en que los factores geológicos son unos elementos de ayuda para la visión integral de un territorio, se han estudiado diferentes variables geoambientales procurando traducir el conocimiento del medio en información apta para la toma de decisiones sobre el uso y preservación de este ámbito litoral. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) han sido clave para la visión sistémica del territorio, para la integración de las diferentes variables geoambientales, así como para la producción cartográfica temática y final.Con respecto a los procesos geológicos, relacionados con la dinámica fluviotorrencial, se han cartografiado las principales áreas de actuación así como analizado los factores que inician, favorecen o magnifican su ocurrencia. Se han estudiado las acciones denudativas, los procesos de transporte-sedimentación y con el estudio integrado de estos procesos y formas resultantes se han identificado unidades territoriales caracterizadas por un comportamiento geomórfico uniforme.En cuanto al análisis de los recursos geológicos se ha profundizado en el conocimiento de los recursos hídricos subterráneos, las rocas industriales y los georecursos litorales. Con respecto a los primeros nos hemos centrado en la delimitación de las principales unidades y subunidades acuíferas, así como en acotar las geometrías y principales características hidráulicas. Con respecto a los áridos y rocas de construcción el objetivo fundamental ha sido la delimitación cartográfica de aquellos materiales que por sus propiedades fisicoquímicas son potencialmente aptas para los usos indicados. Finalmente se ha hecho un estudio orientado a los factores que limitan o condicionan el potencial geoturístico de esta área litoral, concretamente en los acantilados y las playas.Las principales aportaciones de esta tesis doctoral se pueden enmarcar en el ámbito regional y fenomenológico, aspectos clave en la gestión y planificación territorial. Con respecto al primero, destacamos la aportación de datos geoambientales a nivel cartográfico de variables litoestructurales, de procesos dinámicos i de recursos geológicos. Desde el punto de vista del ámbito fenomenológico destacamos la interacción de las variables estudiadas a nivel de cuenca hidrográfica, como son, entre otras, las relaciones existentes entre las diferentes formaciones acuíferas; la posible participación de las aguas subterráneas en la respuesta hidrológica del sistema fluviotorrencial, o la problemática derivada de la antropización de la arena de la playa como consecuencia de vertidos de tierras y residuos inertes a los márgenes de las rieras. / This thesis developed is framed within the scope of the Environmental Sciences. Environmental Geology is applied to understand the geological processes and resources that take place in the area, thus enhancing the management of the territory. All the littoral area within the hydrographical basins of the Aubi, riera de Calonge, Ridaura, riera de Tossa and riera de Lloret (75 km of coast line and an extension of 291 sq.km), a good part of the southern Costa Brava, has been selected as the study zone.This work, with its ability to integrate the concepts and methods of the Environmental and Geological Sciences, has three main objectives: the analysis of the quality and the physical and chemical behaviour of the terrestrial materials in front of human actions and its utilization as resources; the study of the natural processes and the influences that they have on the antropic activity, or the effects that this can cause on those; and as a derivation of the previous objectives, the design and application of preventive instruments for the management of the territory, that is to say, the planning of the uses of the territory.Considering geological factors as helping elements to achieve an integral vision of a territory, different geoenvironmental variables have been studied. It has been tried to translate the acquired knowledge into information which could be used by the planners of this coastal environment for their decision making process. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been a key factor to keep a systemic vision of the territory. They have also made possible the integration of the different geoenvironmental variables, as well as the cartographic production.With regard to the geological processes related to the fluviotorrencial dynamics, the main areas of their action have been mapped. The factors that initiate, favor or increase their occurrence have been analysed as well. The denudation actions, processes of transportation and sedimentation have also been studied. With the integrated study of all these processes and resultant forms, several territorial units characterized by a uniform geomorphic behaviour have been identified.With the analysis of the geological resources, we have contributed to the knowledge of the subterranean water resources, the industrial rocks and the coastal georesources. With regard to the first item we have put most of our efforts in the delimitation of the main aquifer units and subunits, as well as in the study of their geometries and their main hydraulic characteristics. With regard to the mining activity, the fundamental objective has been the cartographic delimitation of those materials which, by their physiochemical properties, are potentially apt for the indicated uses. Finally a study oriented to the factors that limit or condition the geotouristic potential of this littoral area has been done, specifically at the cliffs and in the beaches.The main contributions of this thesis can be framed in regional and phenomenological fields, both of which are key aspects in management and territorial planning. With respect to the regional ones, we would like to emphasize the contribution of geoenvironmental cartographic data related to litostructural variables, dynamic processes or geological resources. Considering the phenomenological aspects we would like to highlight the interaction of the variables inside the hydrographical basins, like the existing relations among the different aquifer formations; the possible participation of groundwater in the hydrologic response of the fluviotorrencial system, or the quality losses of the sand of the beach as a result of the rubble dumping on the creek's margins.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Castreghini de Freitas / Banca: Sueli Andruccioli Felix / Banca: Lindon Fonseca Matias / Banca: Maria Cecília V.S. Carneiro / Banca: Magda Adelaide Lombardo / Resumo: Esta tese discute o uso das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) como um importante e necessário suporte no processo de tomada de decisão dos administradores públicos em cidades médias do estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada nas cidades médias da Região administrativa de Campinas. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi o levantamento da realidade das administrações municipais destas cidades, quanto ao uso de recursos da TIC. Neste trabalho apresenta-se também um software chamado SiViU (Sistema de Informação sobre Violência Urbana), desenvolvido como parte da contribuição desta tese. Este software pode ser usado como uma ferramenta de apoio aos gestores municipais de cidades médias, oferecendo informações sobre diversos aspectos da violência urbana, enriquecidas com recursos estatísticos e informações georreferenciadas Este sistema, incorpora algumas características dos Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. A Região Administrativa de Campinas é a segunda região mais importante do estado de São Paulo, após a região metropolitana do capital, que tem apresentado altos níveis de violência na última década. Levando em consideração o significativo impacto da violência sobre a sociedade, é obrigação das autoridades publicas, bem como dos pesquisadores a oferecerem ferramentas técnicas e tecnológicas para reduzir os níveis da violência. O principal intuito do SiViU é oferecer aos gestores públicos municipais um conjunto de recursos da tecnologia da informação como ferramentas de suporte em seus processos de tomada de decisão em politicas públicas sociais e de segurança que possam reduzir, com maior eficiência, a ocorrência de diversos tipos de violência urbana / Abstract: This thesis discusses the use of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as an important and necessary support in the decision making process by public administrators in the medium-sized cities of São Paulo state. It presents the results of research that was conducted in all the medium-sized cities of the Campinas Administrative Region. The main objective of this research was to investigate the use of ICT resources in their municipal institutions. This work also presents a software called Information System about Urban Violence (SiViU) - an acronym that stands for "Sistema de Informação sobre Violência Urbana) which was developed as a part of its contributions. This software can be used to give support to public administrators of medium-sized cities with information about several aspects of urban violence, enriched by statistical, graphical and geo-referenced resources. This system incorporates some features of both Decision Support Systems and Geographical Information Systems. The Campinas Administrative Region is the second most important region of São Paulo state, after the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo City, which has presented a high degree of violence in the past decade. Considering the significant impact that violence has on society, it has become the responsibility of all public authorities and academic researchers to propose technical and technological instruments to reduce the high incidence of violence. The main purpose of SiViU is to provide public administrators with a set of information technology tools to support their decision making process for development of social and security politics that can more effectively reduce the occurrence of several types of urban violence / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nourani_f_dr_rcla.pdf: 4060278 bytes, checksum: c4c3361a9603fa96d7b5fdcdee14313a (MD5) / Esta tese discute o uso das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) como um importante e necessário suporte no processo de tomada de decisão dos administradores públicos em cidades médias do estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada nas cidades médias da Região administrativa de Campinas. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi o levantamento da realidade das administrações municipais destas cidades, quanto ao uso de recursos da TIC. Neste trabalho apresenta-se também um software chamado SiViU (Sistema de Informação sobre Violência Urbana), desenvolvido como parte da contribuição desta tese. Este software pode ser usado como uma ferramenta de apoio aos gestores municipais de cidades médias, oferecendo informações sobre diversos aspectos da violência urbana, enriquecidas com recursos estatísticos e informações georreferenciadas Este sistema, incorpora algumas características dos Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. A Região Administrativa de Campinas é a segunda região mais importante do estado de São Paulo, após a região metropolitana do capital, que tem apresentado altos níveis de violência na última década. Levando em consideração o significativo impacto da violência sobre a sociedade, é obrigação das autoridades publicas, bem como dos pesquisadores a oferecerem ferramentas técnicas e tecnológicas para reduzir os níveis da violência. O principal intuito do SiViU é oferecer aos gestores públicos municipais um conjunto de recursos da tecnologia da informação como ferramentas de suporte em seus processos de tomada de decisão em politicas públicas sociais e de segurança que possam reduzir, com maior eficiência, a ocorrência de diversos tipos de violência urbana / This thesis discusses the use of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as an important and necessary support in the decision making process by public administrators in the medium-sized cities of São Paulo state. It presents the results of research that was conducted in all the medium-sized cities of the Campinas Administrative Region. The main objective of this research was to investigate the use of ICT resources in their municipal institutions. This work also presents a software called Information System about Urban Violence (SiViU) – an acronym that stands for “Sistema de Informação sobre Violência Urbana) which was developed as a part of its contributions. This software can be used to give support to public administrators of medium-sized cities with information about several aspects of urban violence, enriched by statistical, graphical and geo-referenced resources. This system incorporates some features of both Decision Support Systems and Geographical Information Systems. The Campinas Administrative Region is the second most important region of São Paulo state, after the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo City, which has presented a high degree of violence in the past decade. Considering the significant impact that violence has on society, it has become the responsibility of all public authorities and academic researchers to propose technical and technological instruments to reduce the high incidence of violence. The main purpose of SiViU is to provide public administrators with a set of information technology tools to support their decision making process for development of social and security politics that can more effectively reduce the occurrence of several types of urban violence

This research has as its main objective specialize and caracerize the district of Passo Novo and the sub district of Guassu Boi in Alegrete, localized in the southwest Campanha of Rio Grande do Sul, using the GIS technique. In this manner, relevant aspects of this areas were taken notice, such as historical formation, not only the city but also the region of the Campanha Gaucha, aspects related to the Physical geography such as geologic formations, geomorphology and vegetation among others. Also its socioeconomics condition such as agriculture and pecuaria were studied. The elaboration of a cluster of altitmetry of thematics maps of declivity drainage net, roads, as the obtained results has made possible an analisys of the reality demonstrating the perfect viability of the use of GIS in specializing rural areas, just as used in this research. In this sense even though the district of Passo Novo and the sub district of Guassu Boi presented significant pluralities, just as in its use and occupation as in its natural characteristics and analisys, through this methodology demonstrated that the GIS serve as an useful tool the devlopment this reesearch, as long as it has its delimited objectives to obtain a satisfactory result. This work is divided in four chapter: Characterization of the Studied City; Literature Revision; Methodological procedures; Obtained Results Author´s Final Considerations. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo central espacializar e caracterizar geograficamente o distrito de Passo Novo e o do subdistrito de Guassu Boi em Alegrete, localizado na Campanha Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul RS/Brasil, utilizando-se técnicas dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Desta forma, considerou-se aspectos imoportantes condizentes a área em estudo, tais como, formação histórica, não somente do município, mas da região da Campanha Gaúcha como um todo, aspectos referentes a Geografia Física, como formações geológicas, geomorfológicas, vegetações, entre outros, e também, as condições socioeconômicas, como produção agrícola e pecuária. Com os resultados obtidos e as análises, deu-se origem na elaboração de um conjunto de mapas temáticos de altimetria, declividade, rede de drenagem, estradas, entre outros, propiciou uma análise coerente com a realidade, demonstrando, assim, a perfeita viabilidade do uso do SIG na espacialização de áreas rurais, conforme se utilizou nesta pesquisa. Neste sentido, apesar do distrito de Passo Novo e subdistrito de Guassu Boi apresentarem significativas pluralidades, tanto em seu uso e ocupação, quanto em suas características naturais, a análise, propiciada via metodologia apresentada demonstrou que os sistemas de informações geográficas servem como ferramenta útil, desde que se tenham delimitados os seus objetivos para que se possa posteriormente obter resultados satisfatórios. O trabalho está dividido em quatro capítulos tratando respectivamente de: Caracterização do Município em Estudo; Revisão de Literatura; Procedimentos Metodológicos; Resultados Obtidos.

The aim of this thesis was to establish the contemporary level of geographic information systems use by municipal authorities in the Czech Republic. Far more the task was to design measures based on the results of this research for the GEFOS a.s. company, which is a provider of GIS and WMS and for whom the research has been realized. I chose the following methods: analysis of secondary data and questionnaire investigation via e-mail. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions about GIS, WMS and companies, which provide GIS and WMS. 714 authority offices in the Czech Republic have been involved (mainly in cities). 34 % had in fact responded, which is 243 offices. It has been determined that 15 % of the offices do not use GIS. The greatest obstruction of the initiation of GIS is financial reason. Some offices do not own it also because of lack of information or because the purchase has already been in progress. As a result of this the communication with potential clients, who do not have GIS, explaining the advantages and working principles, adding the WMS offer and helping with the first GIS project initiation has been suggested. The research cleared factual imperfections of the single GIS and companies offering those. Imperfections of firms: mostly the low adjustment, high prices and long duration for solutions of problems or demands. Software is concerned those imperfections: the data actualization, function in common, graphics and data import. For those improvements have been suggested {--} to react and handle those imperfection and additional demands of the customers. This means to confront the known imperfections and demands with the factual services of the GEFOS company, remove or fulfill those and include some opposites of imperfections in the GIS offer of the GEFOS company. In the Web Map Services (WMS) area it has been discovered that those services have been used by only on third of 243 offices. That is why I have suggested measures to support WMS, which should ensure a higher informedness about WMS and what is more important it should waken the desire for WMS purchase. Far more with my research I found out about the most used GIS software (it is MISYS); the most important companies in this area (the first is GEPRO spol. s r.o.); the sufficiency of the offices with the single software and companies; the most common map servers (it is MISYS-WEB), data for creation of GIS, number of GIS administrators and the methods of data publication (e.g. municipal plans).