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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The Rise of New Copulas in Arabic

January 2015 (has links)
abstract: Arabic is widely known for the lack of copulas in nominal sentences in the present tense. Arabic employs a copula ‘kana’ in the past and future tenses. However, in some constructions the presence of a third person pronoun is necessary for the purpose of emphasis or ambiguity reduction. The data investigated in this thesis was from Classical Arabic, Standard Arabic, and the Western Saudi ‘Hijazi’ dialect. The thesis briefly discussed the grammaticalization of a transitive verb to a non-present tense copula in Classical Arabic. In addition, the thesis discussed the process of copularization that was a result of grammaticalization of the demonstrative third person pronoun ‘huwa’ to a present tense copula in Standard Arabic. It was shown that the pronoun went through a process of reanalysis from the specifier to the head position of PredP driven by Feature Economy and the Head Preference Principle. The result was the loss of the person feature. The new copula developed and attached to the negative particle ‘ma’ in the Hijazi dialect losing all its phi-features. These phenomena are known as the copula and negative cycles, respectively. The analysis was based on the Generative Grammar framework and the Minimalist program. This study attempted to shed light on Arabic copulas and contribute to more understanding of the use of these copulas in question and negative constructions. It may also help in typological studies, which may lead to a better understanding of the linguistic theory and the language faculty. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2015
12

A perífrase verbal IR+infinitivo e o futuro do dialeto riopretano: um esudo na interface sociolinguística/gramaticalização. -

Fonseca, Ana Maria Hernandes da [UNESP] 13 July 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_amh_me_sjrp.pdf: 1042737 bytes, checksum: f9dd75259f6eb37c6e7099009f8f986f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho tem como tema central a perífrase verbal ir+infinitivo. Sob o ponto de vista da Gramaticalização, tratamos da formação da perífrase e de sua multifuncionalidade no Português Brasileiro, mais especificamente na variedade falada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. As amostras de fala integram o banco de dados Iboruna. Além da função de futuridade, a perífrase expressa também funções aspectuais, modais e de marcador discursivo, multifuncionalidade decorrente de diferentes estágios de sua gramaticalização. A partir das funções identificadas, relacionamos os graus de gramaticalidade da perífrase com a escala universal de gramaticalização das categorias verbais flexionais do complexo TAM (Tempo, Aspecto, Modo/Modalidade), comprovando a hipótese de que a escala de gramaticalização de ir+infinitivo obedece à ordem “universal” dos morfemas verbais flexionais como postulado em Bybee (1985). Sob o enfoque da Sociolinguística, procedemos ao tratamento variável da expressão de futururidade codificada por [IRPRESENTE INDICATIVO + Infinitivo] vs. [Futuro do Presente], no caso de Futuro do Presente, e por [IRPRETÉRITO IMPERFEITO + Infinitivo] vs. [Futuro do Pretérito], no caso de Futuro do Pretérito. Enquanto a expressão de Futuro do Presente não constitui regra variável na comunidade de fala investigada, visto que a mudança já se instaurou em favor da variante analítica, a expressão de Futuro do Pretérito na forma analítica é condicionada pelos seguintes fatores: estatuto sintático da oração (orações subordinadas), paradigma verbal do verbo principal (verbos regulares), tipo de estado de coisas (estado), tipo de texto (narrativo) e idade do informante (faixa etária mais jovem). Ao final, consideramos que a principal contribuição do trabalho foi a de mostrar o êxito da abordagem de um mesmo fenômeno na interface... / This study focuses on the ir+infinitive verbal periphrasis. From the aspect of Grammaticalization, this study approaches the formation of the periphrasis and its multifunctionality in Brazilian Portuguese language, especially in the variety used in the interior of São Paulo State. The samples of speech integrate the Iboruna database. Besides the function of futurity, the periphrasis also expresses aspectual and modal functions, and acts as discourse marker. This multifunctionality derives from different stages of its grammaticalization. Based on the functions identified, we have related the grammaticality degrees of the periphrasis to the universal scale of grammaticalization of flexional verbal categories of the TAM complex (Time, Aspect, Mode/Modality), proving the hypothesis that the grammaticalization scale of ir+infinitive follows the “universal” order of flexional verbal morphemes, as postulated in Bybee (1985). Under the focus of Sociolinguistics, we proceed to the variable treatment of the expression of futurity encoded by [IRPRESENT INDICATIVE + Infinitive] vs. [Future of Present], in the case of the Future of Present, and by [IRIMPERFECT PRETERITE + Infinitive] vs. [Future of Preterite], in the case of the Future of Preterite. While the expression of the Future of Present does not constitute a variable rule in the speech community investigated – due to the fact that the change has already been established in favor of the analytical variant –, the expression of the Future of Preterite is conditioned by the following factors: syntactic statute of the clause (subordinate clause), verbal paradigm of the main verb (regular verbs), type of state of things (state), type of text (narrative) and age of the informer (youngest age-group). Finally, it is possible to consider that the main contribution of this study was to show the success of approaching the same phenomenon... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
13

Fossilierung – von der Funktion zur Form

20 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Der Sammelband vereint verschiedene Beiträge zu Grammatikalisierungsphänomenen und ist das Resultat einer studentischen Tagung am Institut für Germanistik der Universität Leipzig. Behandelt werden neben allgemeineren Tendenzen des Sprachwandels u.a. Wechselwirkungen von Metonymie und Metapher oder spezifische Eigenheiten bei Grammatikalisierungsprozessen von Modalverben.
14

A study of Chinese depictive constructions in finance related discourse: word order, discourse force andcontact-induced changes

Lau, Ngar-wai., 劉雅慧. January 2005 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts
15

Discours et grammaticalisation : étude de l'adverbe autrement / Discourse and grammaticalization : a study of the adverb autrement

Isambert, Paul 06 December 2010 (has links)
Cette thèse étudie l'adverbe autrement, au travers de ses trois emplois principaux : adverbe de manière, connecteur d'hypothèse négative, et rupteur de topique. L'accent est mis sur son fonctionnement anaphorique et son rôle dans la structure du discours. Après avoir passé en revue les théories du discours et la littérature sur l'adverbe, on dégage les propriétés des trois emplois grâce à des énoncés tirés de corpus oraux et écrits, en montrant comment le contexte sert à la récupération de l'antécédent et comment l'adverbe s'appuie sur le discours et le construit en même temps. Dès l'adverbe de manière, anaphore et portée droite sont essentielles à la construction du sens. Avec le connecteur, les relations référentielles laissent place aux relations logiques de proposition à proposition, tandis que le rupteur de topique est un emploi métalinguistique portant sur des constituants abstraits du discours. Un noyau de sens [l'anaphore et la négation] est dégagé, commun aux trois emplois et permettant d'envisager des points de passage entre eux. Cette étude synchronique est ensuite mise à profit pour reconstruire la grammaticalisation de l'adverbe, le détail des observations présentes contrebalançant la rareté des données historiques. On montre que c'est à travers la notion de construction, c'est-à-dire l'emploi de l'adverbe dans certains contextes, que l'évolution a pu avoir lieu : en particulier, l'ordre des mots en ancien français a été crucial, permettant à l'adverbe de manière d'occuper la position initiale propice à la réanalyse ; l'emploi de conjonctions a aussi favorisé l'émergence de certaines valeurs de l'adverbe. / This dissertation studies the French adverb autrement, through its three main uses : adverb of manner, connective denoting negative hypothesis, and topic shifter. The importance of anaphora resolution and discourse structure is stressed. After a review of the literature on discourse structure and on the adverb, the characteristics of the three uses are defined thanks to spoken and written corpora, showing how context is instrumental in retrieving the antecedent and how the adverb relies on discourse and builds it at the same time. Already in the adverb of manner, anaphor and right scope are crucial in the construction of meaning. With the connective, referential relations leave room for logical relations holding from proposition to proposition, whereas the topic shifter is a metalinguistic use handling abstract discourse entities. A core of meaning [anaphor and negation] is identified, common to the three uses and accounting for bridges between them. This synchronic study is then used to reconstruct the adverb's grammaticalization, detailed observation in the present counterbalancing sparse historical data. It is shown that the notion of a construction, i.e. the use of the adverb in some context, has made evolution possible : in particular, word order in Old French was crucial, allowing the adverb of manner to occupy the initial position where reanalysis could occur ; the use of conjunctions also favored the emergence of some of the adverb's meanings.
16

Mudança gramatical da palavra afinal e sua gramaticalização num contraste entre variedades linguísticas: português do Brasil e de Portugal / Grammatical change of afinal word and its grammaticalization in the contrast between linguistic varieties: Portuguese of Brazil and Portugal

Vicente, Renata Barbosa 07 May 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a mudança gramatical que tem afetado a palavra afinal. Para isso, iniciamos nossas buscas em dicionários sincrônicos e etimológicos, que favoreceram reconhecer a ampliação do espectro funcional desse item; em seguida, coletamos dados da língua falada e, em face do pouco número de ocorrências, partimos para dados da língua escrita. Norteados pela fundamentação teórica que deriva de Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), reconhecemos um percurso unidirecional seguido pelo item afinal, bem como pudemos reconhecer alguns padrões funcionais associados aos usos desse item. Também, verificamos que as rotas percorridas pelo encadeamento dos padrões funcionais podem assumir um movimento tanto da esquerda para a direita - resultando em gramaticalização; quanto da direita para a esquerda resultando em lexicalização. / This research presents a study on the grammatical change that has been affecting the word \"afinal\". For this we initiate our searches in synchronous and etymologic dictionaries; that has promoted to recognize the enlargement of the functional spectrum of this item. After that, we collected data from the spoken language and, in face of the scarce number of occurrences; we decided to deal with the written language. Guided by the theoretical basis that derives from Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), we recognize a unidirectional way, followed by the item \"AFINAL\", as well as we could recognize some functional standards associated to the use of this item. We also, verify that the routes covered by the functional standards chaining may assume a movement from the left to the right - resulting in grammaticalization, and also from the right for the left, resulting in lexicalization.
17

Gramaticalização das expressões em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista, tendo em vista que e similares na Língua Portuguesa / Grammaticalisation of the expressions em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista, tendo em vista que, and similar in the Portuguese Language

Oliveira, Alfredo Vital 13 February 2019 (has links)
Este trabalho consiste em um estudo que focaliza a trajetória das mudanças linguísticas derivadas do item lexical vista até se chegar aos itens gramaticais, com acepção causal, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista e tendo em vista que. O objetivo principal é descrever o processo de gramaticalização das locuções em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista e tendo em vista que como elementos conectivos em Português, demonstrando os deslizamentos semânticos e as alterações morfossintáticas das construções estudadas e de suas variantes, analisando-se a função que exercem numa amostra de 3.801 enunciados que compõem seu corpus, todos provenientes do site Corpus do Português. Adota-se, neste estudo, o conceito de construção, segundo Goldberg (1995, 2003), como o pareamento convencional de forma e sentido, estando relacionadas à forma propriedades fonológicas, morfológicas e sintáticas e ao sentido, propriedades semânticas, pragmáticas e discursivo-funcionais. Este estudo fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da atual abordagem construcional da gramaticalização proposta por Bybee (2016) em que a emergência e o desenvolvimento de construções nas línguas devem-se à atuação de processos cognitivos de domínio geral, tais como, categorização, encadeamento e analogia. Em conformidade com essa abordagem, hipotiza-se que uma construção se gramaticaliza a partir do aumento de frequência de uma instância específica de um padrão estrutural existente e, com o aumento de frequência, tal instância pode vir a se tornar um chunk e, então, ser um exemplar da categoria a que pertence. A partir da análise dos dados do corpus, registra-se o continuum de construções, procedentes do item lexical vista, apontando-se cada um dos chunks desse processo de gramaticalização até se atingir o grau mais abstrato, ou seja, o de preposição ou de conjunção. Por conseguinte, em relação aos processos de gramaticalização das locuções em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista e tendo em vista que, como elementos causais em Português, os chunks e os types podem ser esquematizados, do item mais concreto ao item mais abstrato, desta forma: item lexical vista => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de ~ item gramatical tendo em vista => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de ~ item gramatical tendo em vista ~ item gramatical tendo em vista que e item lexical vista => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de ~ item gramatical haja vista => item lexical vista ~ item gramatical em vista de ~ item gramatical haja vista ~ item gramatical haja vista que. Também verifica-se que a escolha do verbo ter ou do verbo haver para compor a construção afeta diretamente na quantidade, no tipo de categoria dos componentes, no tempo e no modo da forma verbal eleita para participar da expressão causal, tanto que se encontram registros de variantes das expressões estudadas, embora raros, no registro das construções havendo em vista e tenha vista que como conectivos causais. / This work focuses on the trajectory of the linguistic changes derived from the lexical item vista until reaching grammatical items, with causal meaning, em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista and tendo em vista que. The main objective is to describe the process of grammaticalization of the locutions, em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista and tendo em vista que as connective elements in Portuguese, demonstrating the semantic slides and morphosyntactic changes of the construction and their variants, the function they perform in a sample of 3,801 statements which are part of their corpus, all coming from the Corpus do Português website. According to Goldberg (1995, 2003), the concept of construction is used as the conventional pairing of form and meaning. The phonological, morphological and syntactic properties are related to form and to the meaning, semantic, pragmatic and discursive-functional properties. This study is based on the assumptions of the current constructional approach to grammaticalization proposed by Bybee (2016). In this approach, the emergence and development of language constructions is due to general domain cognitive processes, such as categorization, chaining, and analogy. In accordance with this approach, a construct is hypothesized to be grammaticalized from the frequency increase of a specific instance of an existing structural pattern and, with increasing frequency, such an instance may become a chunk, a copy of the category to which it belongs. From the analysis of the data of the corpus, we record the continuum of constructions, from the lexical item vista, pointing each one of the chunks of this process of grammaticalization until reaching the most abstract degree, that is, the one of preposition or of conjunction. Therefore, in relation to the grammaticalization processes of the locutions, em vista de, haja vista, haja vista que, tendo em vista e tendo em vista que, as causal elements in Portuguese, chunks and types can be schematized, from the most concrete item to the most abstract item, in this way: lexical item vista => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de ~ grammatical item tendo em vista => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de ~ grammatical item tendo em vista ~ grammatical item tendo em vista que and lexical item vista => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de ~ grammatical item haja vista => lexical item vista ~ grammatical item em vista de ~ grammatical item haja vista ~ grammatical item haja vista que. It is also verified that the choice of the verb ter or of the verb haver the construct directly affects the quantity, the type of category of the components, the time and the mode of the chosen verbal form to participate in the causal expression. There are registers of variants of the expressions studied, although rare, in the register of the constructions havendo em vista and tenha vista que as causal connectives.
18

To HAVE and to BE: Function Word Reduction in Child Speech, Child Directed Speech and Inter-adult Speech

Barth, Danielle 23 February 2016 (has links)
Function words are known to be shorter than content words. I investigate the function words BE and HAVE (with its content word homonym) and show that more reduction, operationalized as word shortening or contraction, is found in some grammaticalized meanings of these words. The difference between the words’ uses cannot be attributed to differences in frequency or semantic weight. Instead I argue that these words are often shortened and reduced when they occur in constructions in which they are highly predictable. This suggests that particular grammaticalized uses of a word are stored with their own exemplar clouds of context-specific phonetic realizations. The phonetics of any instance of a word are then jointly determined by the exemplar cloud for that word and the particular context. A given instance of an auxiliary can be reduced either because it is predictable in the current context or because that use of the auxiliary usually occurs in predictable contexts. The effects cannot be attributed to frequency or semantic weight. The present study compares function word production in the speech of school-aged children and their caregivers and in inter-adult speech. The effects of predictability in context and average predictability across contexts are replicated across the datasets. However, I find that as children get older their function words shorten relative to content words, even when controlling for increasing speech rate, showing that as their language experience increases they spend less time where it is not needed for comprehensibility. Caregivers spend less time on function words with older children than younger children, suggesting that they expect function words to be more difficult for younger interlocutors to decode than for older interlocutors. Additionally, while adults use either word shortening or contraction to increase the efficiency of speech, children tend to either use contraction and word shortening or neither until age seven, where they start to use one strategy or the other like adults. Young children with better vocabulary employ an adult-like strategy earlier, suggesting earlier onset of efficient yet effective speech behavior, namely allocating less signal to function words when they are especially easy for the listener to decode.
19

As formas departicipiais do alemão: um estudo transcategorial / German departicipial forms: a transcategorial study

Bernardino, Camila Costa José 08 August 2017 (has links)
Na presente pesquisa abordamos as formas departicipiais alemãs. Estas formas são pouco prototípicas e apresentam usos em diferentes categorias sintáticas sincronicamente. Este fenômeno é denominado transcategorialidade. Itens transcategoriais têm como característica a pluralidade categorial, isto é, encontram-se em mais de uma categoria sintática no mesmo recorte cronológico. A transcategorialidade ocorre quando um item se insere em múltiplas categorias simultaneamente, não se tratando de um estágio de mudança transitório de uma classe de palavras para outra. As formas departicipiais estudadas são formas transcategoriais porque são averiguadas em mais de uma categoria e apresentam características de cada classe em que se inserem. Observamos que estas formas passaram tanto pelo processo de lexicalização como de gramaticalização para atingir a pluralidade de empregos sintáticos. No que tange à lexicalização, essas formas passam pelo processo de conversão para fazer parte de classes lexicais como adjetivos e advérbios. No caso da gramaticalização, as formas departicipiais, por meio do mecanismo de reanálise, integram classes mais gramaticais como preposições e conjunções. Algumas das formas departicipiais estudadas são encontradas em até quatro categorias distintas. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as ocorrências dessas formas de acordo com os seus diversos usos. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de pesquisa a partir de textos autênticos sincrônicos, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com base nas entradas do corpus, analisamos as formas departicipiais e determinamos em quais classes cada forma estudada se insere. Utilizamos provas comprobatórias e a análise do ambiente sintático de cada uso a fim de comprovar os empregos nas diferentes classes de palavras. / In this study, German departicipial forms are evaluated. These forms are little prototypical and synchronically used in different syntactic categories. This phenomenon is called transcategoriality. Transcategorial items are characterized by categorical plurality, falling into more than one syntactic category at the same chronological moment. Transcategoriality occurs when an item can be simultaneously placed into multiple categories and does not represent a transitional stage from one word class to another. The studied departicipial forms were classified as transcategorial forms because they fell into more than one category and showed the characteristics of each class to which they were assigned. These forms went through both the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes to achieve plurality of syntactic uses. In terms of lexicalization, these forms went through a conversion process to be part of lexical classes as adjectives and adverbs. In the case of grammaticalization, departicipial forms integrated more grammatical classes, such as prepositions and conjunctions, through the reanalysis mechanism. Some of the studied departicipial forms were found in up to four distinct categories. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrences of these forms according to their different uses. Thus, a corpus of research was compiled based on authentic synchronic texts from 2014 to 2015. Based on the entries in the corpus, departicipial forms were analyzed and their word classes were determined. Evidence and analysis of the syntactic environment of each use were utilized to verify the uses of the forms in the different word classes.
20

A gramaticalização da conjunção concessiva embora

Felício, Carla Patrícia [UNESP] 12 August 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felicio_cp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1650362 bytes, checksum: 586c6cd19a45ef5c84ad2dbf2f73e9a3 (MD5) / A Gramaticalização (GR) é um processo histórico e unidirecional de mudança lingüística, em que itens com conteúdo lexical ou menos gramatical passam ao longo do tempo a se comportar como itens gramaticais, tendo seu significado abstratizado e fortalecido quanto à expressividade do falante. Mecanismos cognitivos, como a metáfora e a metonímia, atuam nesse processo de mudança, visto que por esses mecanismos há abstratização do significado e recategorização sintática induzida pelo contexto lingüístico. Além disso, de acordo com Traugott (1999), há dois mecanismos envolvidos na mudança semântica que acompanha a GR, a subjetivização e intersubjetivização. Por esses dois mecanismos, significados se tornam mais centrados na crença/atitude do falante em relação ao ouvinte. Sob essa ótica, este trabalho, baseado em dados sincrônicos e diacrônicos do português, tem como principal objetivo investigar o processo de mudança responsável pelas alterações sintáticas e semânticas (pragmatização de significado) da conjunção concessiva embora, partícula que teve sua origem na locução adverbial temporal em boa hora, utilizada para desejar bom augúrio, no século XV. Por essa investigação, foi possível reconstruir os usos diacrônicos de embora ao longo da história do português, apreender o(s) contexto(s) que foi(ram) responsável(is) pelas mudanças sofridas pelo item e encontrar razões históricas para o uso na sincronia atual. Além do mais, foram checadas algumas hipóteses no que diz respeito à unidirecionalidade e às fontes para o surgimento de concessivas. Para alcançar esse objetivo maior, o trabalho também examinou os diferentes usos sincrônicos de embora no português, falado e escrito, com a finalidade de encontrar pistas do funcionamento atual que auxiliem na descrição histórica. / Grammaticalization (GR) is a unidirectional historical process of changes in linguistics in which items with lexical or less grammatical content start acting as grammatical items throughout time, abstractizing and strengthening its meaning as for the speaker’s expressiveness. Cognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy act in this process of change, whereas they cause meaning abstractization and syntactic recategorization induced by the linguistic context. Besides, according to Traugott (1999), there are two mechanisms involved in the semantic change that keeps up with the GR which are subjectivization and intersubjectivization. Meanings become more focused on the speaker’s belief/attitude in relation to the listener through both mechanisms. Considering this vision and based on synchronic and diachronic data from Portuguese, the present work aims at researching the process of change responsible for syntactic and semantic alterations (pragmatizing meaning) of the concessive conjunction embora, which is a particle originated from the adverbial clause of time em boa hora, used to wish good luck in the XV Century. By means of this research it was possible to reconstruct diachronic usages of embora throughout Portuguese history, to learn about the context(s) that was(were) responsible for changes suffered by the item, and to find historical explanations for the usage in the current synchrony. Beyond that, some hypothesis related to unidirectionality and the origins of concessive conjunctions were also checked. In order to reach this aim, the present work also verified the different synchronic usages of embora in spoken and written Portuguese to find tips about the current behavior that can help in historical description.

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