Cette thèse propose de valoriser l’isosorbide (IS) dans le domaine des matériaux polymères biosourcés en proposant des voies originales. Après la présentation de cette molécule, nous avons détaillé les différentes voies de synthèse et d'application des composés organiques et des polymères déjà développés par la communauté scientifique. Ces derniers sont obtenus au travers de multiples étapes de fonctionnalisation ou de synthèse longues au travers de procédés peu économes en énergie ou en atomes ou même toxiques. Nous avons alors expliqué notre première stratégie visant à développer des polyacétals à base d'isosorbide (PAIS) jusqu'alors inédit. Un schéma de polymérisation reposant sur la réaction de l’isosorbide avec un halogénure de méthylène dans un solvant non toxique (DMSO) a été retenu. L’influence de différents paramètres expérimentaux (mode d'agitation, durée de réaction et stœchiométrie) a été analysée avec soin. Les meilleurs résultats ont été observés avec l’agitation mécanique à très haute vitesse (milieu réactionnel plus homogène et rendement quantitatif). Les concentrations les plus élevées d'isosorbide ont permis de produire exclusivement des polyacétals linéaires (L-PAIS) alors qu'une faible concentration et l’agitation magnétique ont également induit la formation d'oligomères cycliques. D'autres macrocycles (C-PAIS) de haute masse molaire ont pu être produits. Ces différentes classes de PAIS ont été caractérisés par de nombreuses techniques (RMN, MALDI-TOF IRTF, CES). Leurs performances physicochimiques ont également été étudiées (ATG, DSC, rhéologie..). L'allongement des chaines de L-PAIS étant concurrencé par la cyclisation, nous avons exploré l'intérêt du lactide (lévogyre et racémique) comme extenseur de chaine tout d'abord en réaction avec l'IS puis avec le L-PAIS. La catalyse organométallique a été plus efficace que la voie enzymatique (lipase PS). Les analyses chimiques et physiques menées sur les quatre grades de polymères à base d'IS et de lactide ont souligné la plus value offerte par la présence de la molécule d’isosorbide Des relations "structure-propriétés" précises et fiables incluant l'étude de la durabilité ont été menées avec soin. Enfin la même approche a pu être étendue à la production de copolymères linéaires de type PLLA-b-PAIS-b-PLLA et de PRLA-b-PAIS-b-PRLA. / This research work aims to valorise isosorbide (IS) for biobased polymeric materials using original methods. After a short introduction of this molecule, we presented the different synthesis pathways and application fields of chemical and polymers already developed in scientific community. These compounds are classically obtained through many functionalization/synthesis steps with processes far away from green chemistry. Our first strategy based on the development of polyacetals derived from isosorbide (PAIS) was explained. A reaction scheme involving isosorbide with methylene halogenate in a non-toxic solvent (DMSO) was retained. The influence of different experimental parameters (stirring mode, reaction period and stoichiometry) was carefully analysed. Best results were achieved with high-speed mechanical stirring (more homogenous reactive solution, quantitative yield). The highest isosorbide concentrations led to the exclusive production of linear polyacetals (L-PAIS) whereas a low concentration under magnetic stirring conditions induced the formation of cyclic oligomers. Other macro-cycles (C-PAIS) with high molar weight were also produced. These different kinds of PAIS were characterised by various techniques (NMR, MALDI-TOF FTIR, SEC). Their physicochemical performances were also studied (TGA, DSC, rheology…) The length increase of polymer L-PAIS chains being challenged by cyclisation, we also explored lactide use (L- and racemic) as chain extender first by the reaction with IS then with L-PAIS. The La organometallic catalysis was more efficient than enzymatic pathway (PS lipase). Both chemical and physical analyses carried out with four polymeric grades derived from IS et lactide showed the added value of isosorbide molecule. Precise and reliable "structure-properties" relations including durability study were also led. Finally, similar approach could be applied for producing linear copolymers (PLLA-b-PAIS-b-PLLA and PRLA-b-PAIS-b-PRLA)

Le furfural, identifié comme l'un des 30 principaux produits chimiques biologiques, est une molécule importante en terme de chimie verte et développement durable. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de réaliser la synthèse et la conversion du furfural en flux continu et par lots. Ici, nous avons développé des méthodes plus éco-efficiente pour la synthèse du furfural, et valorisé le furfural en produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2-furonitrile, l'alcool furfurylique, etc... Plusieurs questions clés ont été identifiées afin de concevoir des processus plus écologiques que les processus actuels. En détail, des expériences de synthèse du furfural ont été réalisées dans l'eau pure ou dans un mélange eau-solvants organiques lorsque des co-solvants (verts ou écologiques) sont nécessaires. L'irradiation par micro-ondes a été choisie comme méthode de chauffage pour accélérer le processus de déshydratation, et un réacteur à flux continu à micro-ondes a également été utilisé pour améliorer la productivité du furfural. En partant du furfural pour produire des produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée, des réacteurs à flux efficace, tels que Pheonix, H-cube Pro ainsi que des micro-ondes à flux continu avec micro-réacteur, ont également été identifiés comme des alternatives intéressantes pour améliorer la productivité des composés cibles. En conséquence, certains résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus du point de vue de l'industrie. / Furfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry.

Contaminantes orgânicos há tempos são normalmente encontrados em baixíssimas concentrações no meio ambiente. Compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos, derivados dos subprodutos do petróleo, frequentemente são encontrados próximos a postos de combustíveis, onde há constantes vazamentos nos tanques de armazenamento. Poluentes emergentes, como exemplo os fármacos, também são temas constantes de pesquisas, devido à baixa taxa de degradação dos mesmos, mesmo após submetidos a sistemas de tratamento convencionais. Assim, a busca por técnicas de remediação, que visem a completa remoção de poluentes em baixas concentrações e metodologias analíticas que permitam o isolamento e detecção de tais compostos se torna essencial. Esse trabalho tem como uma de suas finalidades otimizar e aplicar um sistema de remoção de compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos presentes em solo, utilizando CO2 no estado supercrítico. A SPME-GC-MS foi otimizada e validada para a etapa de extração, com separação e quantificação por GC-MS dos contaminantes remanescentes após o solo ser submetido ao processo de remediação. Outro etapa do projeto, está relacionada com a determinação de sulfonamidas em lodo de esgoto. Para isso, um método rápido, fácil, barato e robusto de extração foi otimizado e validado, obtendo bons limites de quantificação (10-25 ng g-1) e detecção (4-9 ng g-1), com precisão e exatidão satisfatórios, de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela ANVISA. Ainda com o propósito de determinar sulfonamidas em lodo de esgoto, um método LC online foi desenvolvido. A finalidade é promover o clean-up da matriz e extração dos analitos em um sistema de extração em fase sólida capilar online. Para isso, fez uso de duas colunas capilares (530 µm x 6,0 cm) dispostas em série, inseridas em um sistema cromatográfico capilar acoplado a detecção por espectrometria de massas. A primeira coluna teve como finalidade a retenção de interferentes presentes na amostra utilizando para isso, uma fase polimérica Strata-X. Já a segunda coluna, extraiu as sulfonamidas de interesse utilizando, para isso, uma fase polimérica aniônica Oasis Max. O extrato inserido no sistema de extração em fase sólida onlineera composto por 100 % solvente orgânico (acetonitrila); utilizando diferentes porcentagens de acetonitrila na etapa de carregamento, foi possível realizar clean-up adequado da amostra. A eluição dos analitos foi feita utilizando-se fase móvel acidificada. Com esse sistema, melhorou-se em até 30 % a extração de alguns compostos. Todos os métodos de preparo de amostra utilizados no trabalhos seguem a tendência atual sugerida pelo conceito do green chemistry. / The determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices has long been a challenge for the scientific community, due to the very low concentrations they are present. Monoaromatic organiccompounds derived from petroleum sub-products are still a concern, because they are often found in environmental sites near gas stations, where there are constant leaks in storage tanks. Emerging pollutants,which include personal care products and pharmaceuticals, are also constant subject of research due to their low degradation rate, even after conventional treatment systems. Moreover, the research forremediation techniques aimed at complete removal of pollutants at low concentrations, as weel as new analytical methodologies for isolation and detection of such compounds are, both, essential. This workaims to optimize and apply a system to remove monoaromatic organic compounds present in soil, using CO2 in the supercritical state. As an analytical tool, SPME was optimized and validated with separation and quantification by GC-MS of selected contaminants remaining after the remediation process. Another research work developed is related to the determination of sulfonamides in sewage sludge.Firstly a methodology based on QuEChERS extraction method was optimized and validated, obtaining good results as limits of quantification, LOQ (10-25 ng g-1) and detection, LOD (4-9 ng g-1) withsatisfactory accuracy and precision, according to the values established by ANVISA. Still working to determine sulfonamides in sewage sludge, a new online sample preparation method was developed. Thepurpose of this method is to promote the matrix clean-up and concentration analytes in a capillary SPE system. It was used two capillary columns (500 µm x 6.0 cm) arranged in series in a capillarychromatographic system coupled to mass spectrometry. The first column was intended to retain interferences present in the sample, using a Strata-X polymer phase. The second column extracted sulfonamidesof interest, making use of an anionic polymer phase (Oasis MAX). The extract inserted in the online SPE system was composed of 100% organic solvent (acetonitrile); using different percentages of ACNwith appropriately pH at the loading stage, it was possible to achieve a satisfatory sample clean-up. The elution of the analytes was performed using an acidified mobile phase. This system improved by up to30% extraction yield of some compounds. All sample preparation methods used in the works follow the current trend suggested by the green chemistry concept.

Acidez, sulfato e cloreto são constantemente relacionados ao potencial corrosivo do etanol hidratado combustível (EHC), pois mesmo em baixas concentrações podem induzir processos que danificam dutos de transporte e peças dos veículos. Em vista dessa problemática, as agências reguladoras estabeleceram limites máximos para estes constituintes a serem determinados por titulação, no caso da acidez, e por cromatografia de íons para cloreto e sulfato. Os procedimentos propostos no presente trabalho tiveram como objetivo apresentar alternativas de baixo custo, instrumentação simples, pouca influência do analista (automação das etapas) e baixa geração de efluentes. Para a avaliação da acidez, foi construído um titulador automático, explorando um algoritmo de procura binária em um sistema de análises químicas em fluxo baseado em multicomutação. Sob condições otimizadas, o sistema foi capaz de titular amostras de etanol diluídas a 50% (v/v), gerando cerca de 11,5 mL de efluente por determinação, com coeficiente de variação < 1,0% e frequência de análises > 10 h-1. Além disso, o sistema não necessitou de calibração, fazendo com que todas as etapas fossem realizadas automaticamente. Para as determinações de sulfato e de cloreto, foram montados módulos de análises baseados em fluxo-batelada com detecção espectrofotométrica. Os analitos foram determinados sem etapas de preparo de amostra. Para realizar a determinação indireta do sulfato, foi empregada a reação de deslocamento dos íons bário do complexo dimetilsulfonazo III de bário (DMS-Ba+), promovido pelos íons sulfato; para a determinação de cloreto, foi explorado o efeito dos íons cloreto na fotogeração (UV) de nanopartículas de prata (Ag-NPs). Para sulfato e cloreto, as faixas lineares de resposta, limites de detecção (95%) e coeficientes de variação foram: 0,1 - 1,5 mg L-1 e 0,05 - 0,8 mg L-1; 48 e 12 µg L-1 e 1,0% e 2,2%, respectivamente. Na determinação de sulfato e cloreto, as frequências de análises foram de 35 e 30 h-1, respectivamente; com geração de efluentes < 5 mL por determinação em ambos os procedimentos. Todos os procedimentos desenvolvidos atendem aos limites estabelecidos pela agência reguladora brasileira, e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os procedimentos oficiais, não havendo diferença significativa entre métodos, ao nível de 95% de probabilidade / Acidity, sulfate and chloride are often related to the hydrous ethanol fuel (HEF) corrosive potential, as even at low concentrations they may induce processes deleterious to transportation ducts and vehycle components. Thus, the regulatory agencies established maximum limits for these constituents to be determined by titration in the case of acidity and by chromatography of ions for chloride and sulfate. The procedures herein proposed aimed at to present alternatives of low cost, simple instrumentation, little influence of the analyst (automation of the stages) and low generation of effluents. For acidity evaluation, an automatic titrator exploiting a binary search algorithm in a analytical flow system based on multicommutation was built up. Under optimized conditions, the system was able of titrating ethanol samples diluted to 50% (v/v), generating about 11.5 mL of effluent per determination, with coefficient of variation <1.0% and sample throughput > 10 h-1. Moreover, the flow system did not require calibration, and all steps were automatically performed. For sulfate and chloride determinations, flow-batch analytical systems with spectrophotometric detection were set up, allowing the analytes to be determined without sample preparation steps. For the indirect determination of sulfate, the reaction of displacement of the barium ions from its dimethylsulfonazo III complex (DMS-Ba+) promoted by the sulfate ions was used; for the determination of chloride, the effect of this analyte on the photo-generation (UV) of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was exploited. For sulfate and chloride, linear response ranges, detection limits (95% confidence level) and coefficients of variation were: 0.1 - 1.5 and 0.05 - 0.8 mg L-1; 48 and 12 ?g L-1, and 1.0 and 2.2%, respectively. In the sulfate and chloride determinations, the analytical frequency were 35 and 30 h-1, respectively, with effluents generation of < 5 mL per determination for both procedures. The developed procedures meet the limits established by the Brazilian regulatory agency, and results obtained were compared with the official procedures, and no significant differences between methods at the 95% probability level were found

A mecanização do preparo de amostras minimiza erros sistemáticos, a geração de efluentes e o tempo de análise. Sistemas em fluxo com microbombas solenoide (MPFS) atendem aos requisitos da mecanização de maneira robusta e versátil. Sendo assim, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos analíticos baseados em MPFS e foto-oxidação em linha visando ao fracionamento de fósforo em extratos de alimentos e águas naturais e à determinação de cloreto em águas naturais e urina. Fósforo é um nutriente importante cuja biodisponibilidade depende de sua forma química, tornando importante o fracionamento. O monitoramento de cloreto também é importante porque altas concentrações causam efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente e à saúde. Um MPFS foi proposto para o fracionamento de fósforo solúvel em extratos de alimentos, empregando foto-oxidação em linha do fósforo orgânico a ortofosfato, que foi quantificado pelo método do azul de molibdênio. Foi obtida resposta linear entre 5,0 e 40 mg L-1 para fósforo inorgânico (PI) e orgânico (PO), com limites de detecção de 0,5 e 1,2 mg L-1, respectivamente. Coeficientes de variação foram estimados em 1,2 e 3,6% para PI e PO, respectivamente, com frequência de amostragem de 80 determinações por hora. Por determinação, foram consumidos 380 &#181;g de (NH4)6Mo7O24, 620 &#181;g de ácido ascórbico e 790 &#181;g de K2S2O8, gerando 2,5 mL de efluentes. Os resultados do fracionamento em extratos de alimentos concordaram com os obtidos pelo procedimento de referência (95% de confiança), baseado na digestão nitro-perclórica para a determinação de PO. Um procedimento com MPFS e espectrofotometria de longo caminho óptico foi desenvolvido para o fracionamento de fósforo (inorgânico e orgânico dissolvidos) em águas naturais. A quantificação foi baseada no método do azul de molibdênio, após fotoconversão das espécies a ortofosfato. Resposta linear foi observada entre 10 e 75 &#181;g L-1 P, com limite de detecção de 2,0 &#181;g L-1. Foram obtidos coeficiente de variação de 1,8% e frequência de amostragem de 40 determinações por hora. Por determinação, foram consumidos 160 &#181;g de (NH4)6Mo7O24, 10 &#181;g de SnCl2, 640 de &#181;g K2S2O8 e 10 mg de NaOH, gerando 4,0 mL de efluentes. Os coeficientes angulares das curvas obtidas com 4 tipos diferentes de espécies de PO indicaram conversão quantitativa e os resultados obtidos para amostras de águas de rios foram concordantes com os obtidos pelo procedimento descrito pela AOAC (95% de confiança). Um procedimento limpo foi também desenvolvido para a determinação de cloreto em águas naturais e urina, evitando o uso de reagentes tóxicos. O analito foi foto-oxidado a cloro, que foi determinado por espectrofotometria através da descoloração do alaranjado de metila. Resposta linear foi observada entre 2,0 e 20 mg L-1, com limite de detecção de 0,7 mg L-1. O coeficiente de variação foi estimado em 1,6%, com frequência de amostragem de 75 determinações por hora e consumo de 7,5 &#181;g de corante por determinação. Espécies concomitantes usualmente presentes nas amostras não interferiram mesmo em excesso em relação às concentrações normalmente encontradas. Os resultados das análises das amostras concordaram com os obtidos pelo procedimento de referência (95% de confiança). Os procedimentos propostos são alternativas limpas e rápidas para o fracionamento de fósforo e determinação de cloreto. / Mechanization of sample preparation minimizes systematic errors, waste generation and analysis time. Flow-based systems with solenoid micropumps (MPFS) attain the requirements for mechanization in a versatile and robust way. Therefore, analytical procedures based on MPFS and on-line photo-oxidation were developed aiming phosphorus fractionation in foodstuff and river waters and chloride determination in natural waters and urine. Phosphorus is an important nutrient for plants and animals and its bioavailability depends on its chemical form, making fractionation studies important. Chloride monitoring is relevant because the concentration unbalance leads to environmental and health issues. A MPFS was proposed for the fractionation of water soluble phosphorus in foodstuff, incorporating on-line photo-oxidation of organic phosphorus to phosphate, which was quantified by the spectrophotometric molybdenum blue method. Linear response was observed from 5 to 40 mg L-1 for both inorganic (PI) and organic (PO) phosphorus, with detection limits of 0.5 and 1.2 mg L-1, respectively. Coefficients of variation (n = 20) were estimated as 1.2 and 3.6% for PI and PO, respectively, with a sampling rate of 80 determinations per hour. Per determination, 380 &#181;g of (NH4)6Mo7O24, 620 &#181;g of ascorbic acid and 790 &#181;g of K2S2O8 were consumed, generating 2.5 mL of waste. The results for food extracts agreed with those obtained by the reference procedure (95% confidence level) based on nitro-percloric digestion for PO determination. A MPFS procedure with long pathlength spectrophotometry was developed for phosphorus fractionation (dissolved organic and inorganic) in natural waters. Quantification was also based on the formation of molybdenum blue, after on-line photo-convertion of the organic species to orthophosphate. The analytical response was linear within 10 and 75 &#181;g L-1 with a detection limit of 2.0 &#181;g L-1. Coefficient of variation of 1.8% and sampling rate of 40 determinations per hour were achieved. Per determination, 160 &#181;g of (NH4)6Mo7O24, 10 &#181;g of SnCl2, 640 &#181;g of K2S2O8 and 10 mg of NaOH were consumed, generating 4.0 mL of waste. Slopes of analytical curves obtained for four different PO species agreed with those obtained for orthophosphate, indicating quantitative conversion and the results for five freshwater samples agreed with those obtained by the AOAC reference procedure at 95% confidence level. A green procedure for chloride determination in urine and natural waters was also developed, avoiding hazardous chemicals. The analyte was on-line photo-converted to chlorine which was spectrophotometrically detected by methyl orange discoloration. The analytical response was linear from 2.0 to 20 mg L-1 Cl with a detection limit of 0.7 mg L-1. The coefficient of variation was 1.6% with a sampling rate of 75 determinations per hour, consuming 7.5 &#181;g of the dye per determination. Usual concomitant species did not cause significant interference even in excess in relation to their highest concentration expected in the samples. The results for urine and water samples agreed with those obtained by the reference procedures at the 95% confidence level. The proposed procedures are environmentally friendly and fast alternatives for phosphorus fractionation and chloride determination

Les travaux de recherche présentés ici ont pour objectif la synthèse de fongicides innovants de la manière la plus éco-compatible qu’il soit. Pour cela, plusieurs axes de réflexion ont été étudiés. Tout d’abord, la synthèse d’un intermédiaire de fongicides bien connu, l’o-crésol1, a été réalisée à partir d’un substrat naturel, le salicylaldéhyde2. Les conditions expérimentales ont été éco-conçues afin de correspondre au mieux aux exigences de la chimie verte. Des solvants et des réactifs classés verts ont été utilisés, comme l’éthanol, l’eau et l’acide acétique3 par exemple, ainsi que des techniques alternatives comme l’activation par micro-ondes (Schéma 1). Dans un second temps, des synthèses éco-compatibles de nouveaux fongicides ont été réalisées. Le salicylaldéhyde, substrat naturel de référence, a été mis à réagir avec différents alcools afin de réaliser des réactions d’éthérifications réductrices. Les molécules obtenues sont composées d’une partie phénolique portant un groupement alcoxyle en position 2. Ce groupement alcoxyle se compose d’une longueur de chaîne variable ayant une influence sur les propriétés fongicides des produits synthétisés (Schéma 1). Troisièmement, des réactions d’homo- et d’hétéro-couplages pinacoliques ont été réalisées entre divers aldéhydes, aromatiques et aliphatiques, afin d’obtenir des diols vicinaux, appelés pinacols, symétriques ou non (Schéma 1). Dernièrement, les propriétés fongicides et anti-oxydantes de toutes les molécules obtenues de manière stable, référencées ou non, ainsi que les substrats de départ, ont été testés. Les tests microbiologiques ont été réalisés sur une gamme de diverses souches fongiques. / The purpose of this research is to synthesize innovative fungicides by the most ecocompatible way. Several hypotheses have been investigated. First, an extensively studied molecule, intermediate of fungicides, o-cresol1, has been achieved from a natural substrate, salicylaldehyde2. The experimental conditions have been eco-designed in the aim to best match green chemistry requirements. Green solvents and reactants have been used, as ethanol, water and acetic acid3 for example, as well as alternative technologies like microwaves activation (Schema 1). Secondly, novel fungicides green syntheses have been carried out. Salicylaldehyde, a natural substrate model, reacted with various alcohols in the aim to perform reductive etherification reactions. In this way, products were composed of phenolic part with an alkoxyl group at the 2nd position. These alcoxyl groups have various chain lengths, playing a key role in fungicidal ability (Schema 1). Then, homo and hetero pinacol coupling reactions have been achieved with various aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes to obtain symmetrical and asymmetrical vicinal diols, called pinacols (Schema 1). At last, fungidal and antioxidant properties of all stable obtained molecules, referenced or not, as well as starting materials, have been evaluated. Microbiological studies have been carried out with various fungal strains.

A importância das questões sócio-ambientais vem crescendo rapidamente, sobretudo na elaboração de currículos de ciências, com conseqüências para a formação de professores. No entanto, atuar nessa perspectiva vai além da disponibilidade de materiais didáticos comprometidos com essa proposta, faz-se necessário formar professores capazes de utilizálos, dotados de visão multidisciplinar do corpo teórico específico de sua área de atuação e com condições de adotarem um modelo de ensino diferente do vivenciado por eles durante toda a sua vida escolar. As metas de uma formação comprometida com as questões sócioambientais envolvem não somente a apropriação do conhecimento científico tanto teórico quanto experimental, mas também o reconhecimento dos impactos ambientais envolvidos no ciclo de vida de produtos de consumo duráveis e não duráveis, e até mesmo o planejamento do ensino experimental contemplando formas de minimização dos impactos ambientais. Nossa pesquisa procurou tornar viável a avaliação da formação de professores de Química na perspectiva de um comprometimento com as questões sócio-ambientais. Para tanto acompanhamos a elaboração e aplicação de uma metodologia de ensino apoiada nos princípios da Química Verde e voltada para tais questões pela docente, e também pesquisadora da própria prática, de disciplinas da licenciatura em Química em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior particular no interior de São Paulo no período de 2005-2008. Tal acompanhamento nos permitiu estabelecer indicadores de comprometimento sócio-ambiental durante a evolução da elaboração dessa metodologia. Esses indicadores foram analisados sobre a perspectiva do amadurecimento do aparelho psíquico proposto por Melanie Klein e generalizados para propiciar a análise dos projetos de ensino, elaborados pelos licenciandos da turma de 2008, com ênfase para as questões sócio-ambientais na perspectiva CTS. Essa análise nos permitiu concluir sobre o nível de comprometimento dos licenciandos com essas questões. Analisamos também os efeitos da pesquisa sobre a própria prática, resultando em uma reflexão que permitiu tanto uma mudança do discurso da docente, como também uma evolução na relação professor/aluno, através da superação parcial tanto das limitações institucionais como pessoais. Essa evolução foi percebida através de análise de projetos de ensino, das participações dos alunos, dos artigos elaborados pela docente, da orientação de projetos de iniciação científica, desde 2005 até 2008. / The importance of socio-environmental issues is growing rapidly, especially in developing science curricula, with consequences for the teacher training. However, work in this perspective goes beyond the availability of materials involved in this proposal, it is necessary to train teachers to use them and having multidisciplinary view of the theoretical specific to your area of expertise and that could adopt a model education other than experienced by them throughout their school life. The goals of training committed to the socio-environmental issues not only involve the appropriation of scientific knowledge, both theoretical and experimental, but also a recognition of the environmental impacts involved in the life cycle of consumer durable and nondurable goods, and even planning of experimental teaching contemplating ways to minimize environmental impacts. Our research sought to make viable the evaluation of chemistry teachers training at the prospect of a commitment to the socio-environmental issues. To this end we follow the development and implementation of a teaching methodology supported the principles of green chemistry and attention to those issues by the teacher, researcher and also of the practice of disciplines in Teachers College in an Institution of higher education particularly in São Paulo in the period 2005-2008. Such monitoring has allowed us to establish indicators of socioenvironmental commitment during the course of developing this methodology. These indicators were analyzed from the perspective of maturation of the psychic apparatus proposed by Melanie Klein and generalized to provide an analysis of the teaching projects, prepared by students teachers of class of 2008, with emphasis on socio-environmental perspective STS. This analysis allowed us to conclude about the level of commitment to these issues by the teacher training student. We also analyzed the effects of own practice research, resulting in a reflection that enabled both a change in the discourse of teaching as well as developments in the teacher / student, in part by overcoming the limitations both institutional and personal. This process has been perceived through analysis of education projects, the participation of the students, the articles written by the teacher, the guidance of basic scientific research projects, from 2005 to 2008.

Dans le but de réduire l’utilisation des solvants organiques dans les réactions et dans la purification, nous avons envisagé de coupler la synthèse supportée sur PEGs dans l’eau aux microréacteurs en flux continu et à l’ultrafiltration comme technique de purification. Dans un premier temps nous avons synthétisé des 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-ones (DHPMs) en utilisant comme étape clef la réaction multicomposant de Biginelli avec un aldéhyde supporté sur PEG. Dans ce but, nous avons trouvé que la liaison du PEG au 4-carboxybenzaldehyde, décrite dans le CH2Cl2, a lieu dans le PEG fondu (70 °C) en absence de solvant. La synthèse des DMPMs a ensuite été réalisée dans l’eau et dans le PEG fondu, à partir de l’aldéhyde supporté, et les produits finaux ont été isolés après saponification. Cette synthèse a ensuite été optimisée en microréacteurs en flux continu dans l’eau et la purification des adduits supportés a été réalisée par ultrafiltration dans l’eau.La stratégie décrite ci-dessus a été appliquée à des synthèses multi-étapes, la réaction de Baylis-Hillmann étant l’étape clef pour la préparation de tétrahydro-1,3-oxazine, tétrazoles, 1,4-oxazepin-3-ones et tétrahydro-1,3-pyrimidin-4-ones, composés dotés d'une activité biologique potentielle. Les synthèses de tétrahydro-1,3-oxazines et d’un tétrazole ont d’abord été optimisées par lots avec les purifications réalisées par ultrafiltration dans l’eau, puis adaptées en microréacteurs en flux continu.Tous les adduits supportés sur PEG ont été caractérisés par RMN et MALDI-Tof, et des nouvelles méthodes d’analyse RMN ont été mises au point afin de réduire l’intensité des signaux dus au PEG et de faciliter l’étude des molécules supportées.En conclusion nous avons développé la synthèse supportée, en milieux éco-compatibles de DHPMs, tétrahydro-1,3-oxazines et d’un tétrazole, par lots et en microréacteurs en flux continu, en utilisant les réactions de Biginelli et Baylis-Hillmann comme étapes clefs. Toutes les purifications ont été réalisées par ultrafiltration dans l’eau, afin de réduire l’utilisation de solvants organiques. / Aiming to avoid the use of volatile organic solvents in both the reaction and the separation steps, we envisioned to couple the use of PEGs as support to continuous flow chemistry and ultrafiltration in water as separation technique. First, we synthesized 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) exploiting the Biginelli multicomponent reaction starting from PEG-supported aldehyde. For this purpose, we found that the linkage of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde to PEG4000, described in the literature to occur in CH2Cl2, takes place in melted PEGs (70 °C) in the absence of solvent. We developed a novel organic solvent free synthesis of DHPMs via the Biginelli reaction of PEG-supported aldehyde, and we isolate the final products via saponification. Then, the same Biginelli reaction was carried out in continuous flow micro-reactor using water as the solvent and the supported products were isolated by ultrafiltration.The above mentioned strategy was also applied to multistep syntheses, the Baylis-Hillman reaction being the key-step for the preparation of tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine, tetrazoles, 1,4-oxazepin-3-ones, and tetrahydro-1,3-pyrimidin-4-ones, compounds endowed with potential biological activity. The preparations of tetrahydro-1,3-oxazines and tetrazole were first optimized in batch with the purifications performed by ultrafiltration in water, then adapted to the continuous flow micro-reactor synthesis.All PEG-supported compounds were characterized by NMR and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. Moreover, in order to facilitate the analysis of PEG-supported product, we developed new NMR methods that help to reduce the intensity of PEG signals.In conclusion, we performed the PEG-supported organic solvent-free synthesis of DHPMs, tetrahydro-1,3-oxazines, and a tetrazole derivative, in batch as well as in continuous flow microreactor, using Biginelli and Baylis-Hillman reactions as key steps. All purifications were carried out by ultrafiltration in water, to avoid the use of organic solvents.

Contaminantes orgânicos há tempos são normalmente encontrados em baixíssimas concentrações no meio ambiente. Compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos, derivados dos subprodutos do petróleo, frequentemente são encontrados próximos a postos de combustíveis, onde há constantes vazamentos nos tanques de armazenamento. Poluentes emergentes, como exemplo os fármacos, também são temas constantes de pesquisas, devido à baixa taxa de degradação dos mesmos, mesmo após submetidos a sistemas de tratamento convencionais. Assim, a busca por técnicas de remediação, que visem a completa remoção de poluentes em baixas concentrações e metodologias analíticas que permitam o isolamento e detecção de tais compostos se torna essencial. Esse trabalho tem como uma de suas finalidades otimizar e aplicar um sistema de remoção de compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos presentes em solo, utilizando CO2 no estado supercrítico. A SPME-GC-MS foi otimizada e validada para a etapa de extração, com separação e quantificação por GC-MS dos contaminantes remanescentes após o solo ser submetido ao processo de remediação. Outro etapa do projeto, está relacionada com a determinação de sulfonamidas em lodo de esgoto. Para isso, um método rápido, fácil, barato e robusto de extração foi otimizado e validado, obtendo bons limites de quantificação (10-25 ng g-1) e detecção (4-9 ng g-1), com precisão e exatidão satisfatórios, de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela ANVISA. Ainda com o propósito de determinar sulfonamidas em lodo de esgoto, um método LC online foi desenvolvido. A finalidade é promover o clean-up da matriz e extração dos analitos em um sistema de extração em fase sólida capilar online. Para isso, fez uso de duas colunas capilares (530 µm x 6,0 cm) dispostas em série, inseridas em um sistema cromatográfico capilar acoplado a detecção por espectrometria de massas. A primeira coluna teve como finalidade a retenção de interferentes presentes na amostra utilizando para isso, uma fase polimérica Strata-X. Já a segunda coluna, extraiu as sulfonamidas de interesse utilizando, para isso, uma fase polimérica aniônica Oasis Max. O extrato inserido no sistema de extração em fase sólida onlineera composto por 100 % solvente orgânico (acetonitrila); utilizando diferentes porcentagens de acetonitrila na etapa de carregamento, foi possível realizar clean-up adequado da amostra. A eluição dos analitos foi feita utilizando-se fase móvel acidificada. Com esse sistema, melhorou-se em até 30 % a extração de alguns compostos. Todos os métodos de preparo de amostra utilizados no trabalhos seguem a tendência atual sugerida pelo conceito do green chemistry. / The determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices has long been a challenge for the scientific community, due to the very low concentrations they are present. Monoaromatic organiccompounds derived from petroleum sub-products are still a concern, because they are often found in environmental sites near gas stations, where there are constant leaks in storage tanks. Emerging pollutants,which include personal care products and pharmaceuticals, are also constant subject of research due to their low degradation rate, even after conventional treatment systems. Moreover, the research forremediation techniques aimed at complete removal of pollutants at low concentrations, as weel as new analytical methodologies for isolation and detection of such compounds are, both, essential. This workaims to optimize and apply a system to remove monoaromatic organic compounds present in soil, using CO2 in the supercritical state. As an analytical tool, SPME was optimized and validated with separation and quantification by GC-MS of selected contaminants remaining after the remediation process. Another research work developed is related to the determination of sulfonamides in sewage sludge.Firstly a methodology based on QuEChERS extraction method was optimized and validated, obtaining good results as limits of quantification, LOQ (10-25 ng g-1) and detection, LOD (4-9 ng g-1) withsatisfactory accuracy and precision, according to the values established by ANVISA. Still working to determine sulfonamides in sewage sludge, a new online sample preparation method was developed. Thepurpose of this method is to promote the matrix clean-up and concentration analytes in a capillary SPE system. It was used two capillary columns (500 µm x 6.0 cm) arranged in series in a capillarychromatographic system coupled to mass spectrometry. The first column was intended to retain interferences present in the sample, using a Strata-X polymer phase. The second column extracted sulfonamidesof interest, making use of an anionic polymer phase (Oasis MAX). The extract inserted in the online SPE system was composed of 100% organic solvent (acetonitrile); using different percentages of ACNwith appropriately pH at the loading stage, it was possible to achieve a satisfatory sample clean-up. The elution of the analytes was performed using an acidified mobile phase. This system improved by up to30% extraction yield of some compounds. All sample preparation methods used in the works follow the current trend suggested by the green chemistry concept.

<p>The challenge for the future was defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) and by the Rio Declaration (1992), in which the fundamental principles for achieving a sustainable development were provided. Sustainable chemistry can be defined as the contribution of chemistry to the implementation of the Rio Declaration. This thesis shows how Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE) can be utilized in chemical analysis, and how this correlates to Green Chemistry.</p><p>The reliability and efficiency of the PFE technique was investigated for a variety of analytes and matrices. Applications discussed include: the extraction of the antioxidant Irganox 1076 from linear low density polyethylene, mobile forms of phosphorus in lake sediment, chlorinated paraffins from source-separated household waste, general analytical method for pesticide residues in rape seed, total lipid content in cod muscle, and squalene in olive biomass. Improved or comparable extraction yields were achieved with reduced time and solvent consumption. The decrease in use of organic solvents was 50-90%, resulting in minimal volatile organic compounds emissions and less health-work problem. Due to higher extraction temperatures and more efficient extractions, the selection of solvent is not as important as at lower temperatures, which makes it possible to choose less costly, more environmentally and health beneficial solvents. In general, extraction times are reduced to minutes compared to several hours. As a result of the very short extraction times, the amount of co-extracted material is relatively low, resulting in fewer clean-up step and much shorter analysis time. Selective extractions could be obtained by varying the solvent or solvent mixture and/or using adsorbents. </p><p>In this thesis, the PFE technique was compared to the twelve principles of Green Chemistry, and it was shown that it follows several of the principles, thus giving a major contribution to sustainable chemistry. </p>