O estudo aqui proposto visa sistematizar os dados arqueológicos e etnográficos sobre sociedades de caçadores-coletores da região Amazônica, bem como os dados paleoambientais dessa mesma região, para testar e refinar modelos sobre a colonização da floresta amazônica por sociedades baseadas em uma economia de forrageiro. Este trabalho também pretende contribuir com novos dados arqueológicos fundamentados em estudos recentes na região de Carajás no estado do Pará. Atenção especial é dada ao material lítico, uma vez que essa é a evidência arqueológica mais duradoura e, portanto, a mais abundante relacionada às sociedades de caçadores-coletores da Amazônia. A viabilidade de uma ocupação humana em áreas de floresta tropical baseada em uma economia de forrageiro tem sido questionada segundo uma perspectiva de fatores limitantes, como ausência de proteína (Lathrap, 1968) ou carboidratos (Bailey, 1989). Estudos etnográficos e ecológicos na região Amazônica têm demonstrado que as generalizações feitas no passado e a limitação ambiental da floresta não procedem. Apesar disso, e do fato de termos presenciado nos últimos anos um crescente número de pesquisas na região voltadas especificamente para a questão da colonização Neotrópical por sociedades de caçadores-coletores, com geração de datações que indicam uma ocupação bem antiga, durante o Pleistoceno final e Holoceno inicial, ainda temos que gerar dados empíricos confiáveis. Além disso, devemos refinar esses modelos para que novos estudos, tanto do ponto de vista teórico, como do ponto de vista empírico, sejam aceitos pelo crivo acadêmico. / The present study is a systematization of archaeological and ethnographic data on Amazonian hunter-gatherers societies, as well as a survey of paleoenvironmental studies from the same region with the aim to test and refine models that explain the colonization of Amazon forest by societies based on foraging economy. This work also contributes to new archaeological data based on recent research in Carajás region, Pará state. Especial attention is given to lithic material, which is the most durable archaeological evidence, therefore, the most abundant cultural remain associated with Amazonian hunter-gatherer societies. The viability of human occupation in tropical forest regions based on a foraging economy has been challenged from an environmental limiting-factor perspective such as low accessibility of protein (Lathrap, 1968) or carbohydrate (Bailey, 1989) for human foragers. Ethnographic and ecological studies in the Amazon region have demonstrated that past generalizations and environmental limitations of tropical forest don't proceed. Despite that, and the fact that in the past few years we have witnessed a growing number of research in the area focused on the question of hunter-gatherers colonization of the neotropics, with the generation of a chronology that indicates the antiquity of human occupation, dating back to the terminal Pleistocene, and early Holocene, we still have to generate more robust empirical data. Furthermore, we need to refine our models, theoretically and empirically, so that the new studies are accepted by the scientific community.

A arqueologia do Estado de São Paulo é um tema ainda pouco explorado nas pesquisas acadêmicas. Tal negligência pode ser justificada tanto pela constante transformação da paisagem quanto pelo próprio desconhecimento de seu alto potencial informativo. Essa dissertação tráz resultados inéditos para dois sítios localizados na região de Rio Claro, porção centro-leste do estado. Foram trabalhados os sítios: Abrigo do Alvo - que como o próprio nome sugere encontra-se em contexto abrigado - com duas cronologias bem estabelecidas, sendo a ocupação mais recente em torno de 1.170 cal AP e a mais antiga em 7.500 cal AP; e o Bastos - sítio a céu aberto - com a idade mais recente em 7.650 cal AP e a mais antiga em 12.640 cal AP. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de caracterizar o conjunto artefatual dos dois sítios considerando os materiais líticos associados apenas à datação do Holoceno Médio, tendo como referencial teórico o conceito de Cadeia Operatória. Os resultados, quando comparados, mostram que esses grupos caçadores-coletores que habitaram o interior paulista no mesmo período, não compartilhavam características tecnológicas em comum, indicando grupos culturalmente distintos. / The archaeology of São Paulo State is a subject not fully explored in academic research. Such state of the art can be justified both by the constant transformation of the landscape and by the lack of knowledge of its high information potential. This dissertation brings new data from the Rio Claro region, central-eastern portion of the state. Two sites have been worked: Alvo Rockshelter with two well established occupations, the most recent around 1,170 cal AP and the oldest around 7,500 cal AP; and Bastos - am open air site - with the most recent chronology at 7,650 cal AP and the oldest at 12,640 cal AP. The aim of this research was to characterize the assemblages of the two sites considering the lithic materials dated from the middle Holocene, having as theoretical reference the concept of Châine Opératoire. The results, when compared, show that these hunter-gatherer groups that inhabited the interior of São Paulo in the same period did not share common technological characteristics, indicating culturally distinct groups.

Está dissertação apresenta uma análise de uma coleção de líticos lascados recuperados no ano de 1999 pelo Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas Arqueológicas, na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Quaraí. O estudo deu ênfase para a perspectiva tecnológica e para o reconhecimento gestual da indústria lítica. Com isso, percebe-se a grande variabilidade que existe entre os plano-convexos e todas as suas estratégias de reciclagem. Também identificamos os sistemas de debitage e os métodos de lascamento dos núcleos. Para os instrumentos, criamos a hipótese de seus funcionamentos, suas preensões e suas ações transformativas a fim de entender este esquema dentro de um contexto regional e assim questionar as indústrias Uruguaias Catalanense e Quaraiense. Da mesma forma, testamos o modelo locacional criado por Milder (2000) (UNDR) dentro da área por nós estabelecida, como Rincão do Inferno e, assim, usamos as prerrogativas do fator geo como referência fundamental e indispensável para a pesquisa arqueológica. / This dissertation presents an analysis of chipped lithic that were recovered in 1999 by the laboratory of Archeological Researches and Studies, in the West Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Quaraí. The study aimed mainly at the technological perspective and at the gestural recognition of lithic industry. Considering it, there is a great variability that can be perceived in relation to the plano-convex and all their recycling strategies. Debitage systems and nucleus chipper methods were identified. To the instruments, it was created a hypothesis to their working systems, their prehensions and their transformative actions in order to understand their methods inside a regional context and, then, question Catalense Uruguayan and Quaraiense industries. In the same way, it was tested the locating models created by Milder (UNDR) inside the area established for the study, as Rincão do Inferno and, then, it was used the geo factor prerogatives as a ultimate and indispensable factor to the archeological researches.

My exhibition consists of monstrous cyborg forms comprised of a variety of imagery of both biological and machine elements. The smaller works are constructed through the means of paper collage. The larger painting is built from discrete cut out shapes of plywood and canvas. I had the unique experience of growing up around both water treatment operations and the flora and fauna of South Florida. Those experiences were filtered through a fascination for the science fiction genre, and imparted with a dose of fearful imagination. This has resulted in personal anxieties concerning the future of the human experience. My work explores and utilizes expressive properties of paint. I utilize applications that range from the attractive and sensuous to the messy and grotesque. All of this adds up to a visual expression of the potential nightmarish outcomes created as a result of our manipulation of the environment. / by Joshua Hunter Davis. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Well-preserved plant remains recovered from archaeological deposits at the Paisley Five-Mile Point Caves and Little Steamboat Point-1 Rockshelter in southcentral Oregon provided a rare opportunity to study ancient plant resources used by northern Great Basin indigenous groups and their ancestors with Western Stemmed technologies. Macrobotanical analysis of cultural features and vertical columns spanning the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene epochs in the rockshelter repositories yielded thousands of seeds and charcoal fragments that can be attributed to human activities. Data generated in this analysis have provided evidence of paleoenvironments along with the diets and social behaviors of people visiting northern Great Basin rockshelters as a stopover on their seasonal subsistence rounds. The preponderance of upland shrubs and herbs in the assemblages at both archaeological sites indicates vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the rockshelters was fairly stable over the past 14,000 years. The macrobotanical data complemented local and regional pollen analyses to refine the paleoecological proxy data and address uncertainties regarding the proximity of wetland plants and pine (Pinus sp.) to the rockshelters in the past. Samples originating from Younger Dryas deposits at the Paisley Caves and Late Holocene deposits at the Paisley Caves and LSP-1 Rockshelter suggest increased visitation frequency in these periods. The diverse assemblage of cultural plant remains during these times also indicate a broad diet breadth for Great Basin foragers, which included small seeds, nuts and berries, and root vegetables. The presence of an earth oven feature dating to the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (TP/EH) in Paisley Cave 5 further demonstrates sophisticated traditional knowledge of plant foods and cooking techniques as early as 12,000 cal BP. This study also generated data chronicling the deep historical roots of traditionally valued economic plant foods. Cheno-ams, grasses (Poaceae), and tansymustards (Descurainia sp.) are well-represented in fire hearths at the Paisley Caves and LSP-1 Rockshelter through time. Analysis of a bushytailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) nest in deposits dating to the TP/EH demonstrates rodents living in the Paisley Caves routinely scavenged resources from cultural activity areas, and raised questions about whether people recognized the woodrats’ nests as a reliable resource of cached edible seeds.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-09T10:49:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Karina Verago Petersen.pdf: 627035 bytes, checksum: 02d6bc7ea6d427a95d2945c16bc42647 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-09T10:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Karina Verago Petersen.pdf: 627035 bytes, checksum: 02d6bc7ea6d427a95d2945c16bc42647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main aim of this dissertation is the analysis of the senses of hunt in the novel A confissão da leoa, by Mia Couto, through the relation between the narrator, narrative and the writing act in itself, setting forth from the hypothesis that the hunting gains multiple meanings in the narrative, from statement to enunciation. At the statement level, all the characters are or belong to families of hunters and, on the enunciation plan, two enunciative processes cross in the narrative from the point of view of the narrator-characters Mariamar and Arcanjo Baleiro, the hunter. The relation between the senses of hunt and hunter is grounded in the correlations among four narrative plans: the versions of Mariamar, the hunter’s journal, the epigraphs and the author’s place, present and absent in the passages between them. The analysis had as its theoretical bases Bakhtin’s concepts of dialogy (1981; 2010), the concept of voice and performance of Paul Zumthor (2007; 2010), in addition to the critical studies of the narrator of Walter Benjamin and of the author, of Foucault. The theoretical intake on the literature of Mozambique is done mainly by the studies of Rita Chaves, Tania Macedo, Ana Mafalda Leite and Francisco Noa. The analysis has brought us to infer that between hunting and being hunted, the narrative act stablishes itself in the alterity between the voice and the performance of the griot and the writing, raising the crossing and the contamination of a mimetic thinking, anchored in the Mozambican tradition of incorporation from the hunt to the hunter, and of another thinking, of critical and rational basis, that notices there a metaphor of women's subordination in the Mozambican culture. This way, Mia Couto reinvents the everyday of the villages, recreating Mozambique through literary art / O objetivo dessa dissertação é a análise dos sentidos de caça no romance A confissão da leoa, de Mia Couto, por meio da relação entre narrador, narrativa e o ato escritural em si, partindo-se da hipótese de que a caça ganha múltiplos significados na narrativa, do enunciado à enunciação. No nível do enunciado, todas as personagens são ou pertencem a famílias de caçadores e, no plano da enunciação, dois processos enunciativos se cruzam na narrativa a partir dos pontos de vista dos narradores-personagens Mariamar e Arcanjo Baleiro, o caçador. A relação entre os sentidos de caça e caçador alicerça-se nas correlações entre quatro planos narrativos: as versões de Mariamar, o diário do caçador, as epígrafes e o lugar autoral, presente e ausente nas passagens entre eles. A análise teve por fundamentos teóricos o conceito de dialogia de Bakhtin (1981; 2010), o de voz e performance de Paul Zumthor (2007; 2010), além dos estudos críticos sobre o narrador de Walter Benjamin e sobre o autor, de Foucault. O aporte teórico acerca da literatura de Moçambique se fez principalmente a partir dos estudos de Rita Chaves, Tania Macedo, Ana Mafalda Leite e Francisco Noa. A análise nos levou à conclusão de que entre caçar e ser caçado, o ato narrativo se instaura na alteridade entre a voz e a performance dos griot e a escrita, trazendo à tona o cruzamento e a contaminação de um pensamento mimético, ancorado na tradição moçambicana de incorporação da caça ao caçador, e de outro, de base crítica e racional, que aí percebe uma metáfora de subordinação da mulher na cultura moçambicana. Mia Couto reinventa o cotidiano das aldeias, recriando Moçambique por meio da arte literária

Introdução: As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) são um conjunto de sete doenças genéticas incluídas dentro das Doenças Lisossômicas que por sua vez fazem parte dos Erros Inatos do Metabolismo (EIM). São doenças multissistêmicas que afetam todo o organismo, com variações conforme o tipo de MPS, sendo que algumas delas possuem tratamento específico. Quase todas comprometem, em graus variados, o sistema osteoarticular, e praticamente todos os pacientes apresentam excreção alterada de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) na urina. As MPS são doenças raras que podem ser subdiagnosticadas em função do pouco conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre elas, do pouco acesso aos métodos de triagem e diagnóstico e da sua ampla heterogeneidade clínica, podendo ocorrer formas atenuadas nas quais pode ser difícil de levantar a suspeita clínica de MPS. Material e métodos: o presente estudo foi realizado no período de março de 2012 à janeiro de 2014, tendo incluído 55 pacientes atendidos em serviços de Reumatologia e/ou Ortopedia de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil e que, apresentavam como principal queixa, manifestações articulares sem etiologia definida. Esses pacientes foram inicialmente investigados através da avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa dos GAGs urinários. Resultados e Discussão: entre os 55 casos investigados, em 1 paciente de 15 anos de idade foi observada na análise dos GAGs urinários excreção aumentada e alteração do padrão qualitativo, sendo posteriormente confirmado o diagnóstico de uma forma atenuada de MPS II, a qual não havia sido suspeitada anteriormente. Conclusão: embora a proporção de pacientes identificados com MPS na amostra estudada tenha sido pequena (1/55), este estudo mostra que ocorre subdiagnóstico dessas doenças e que a triagem sistemática pode contribuir para a identificação de pacientes, os quais podem se beneficiar das medidas de tratamento disponíveis. / Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a set of 7genetic diseases including Lysosomal Diseases , which in turn are part of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM). The MPS are multisystemic conditions that affect the entire body, with variations depending on the type, some of which have specific treatment. Almost all affect, in variable degrees, the osteo-articular system, and virtually all patients have abnormal excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in urine. The MPS are rare diseases that are being underdiagnosed due to the little knowledge of health professionals about them, the poor access to screening and diagnostic methods and their extensive clinical heterogeneity. Also, attenuated forms may occur in which it may be difficult to raise the clinical suspicion of MPS. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted from March 2012 to January 2014 and included 55 patients from Rheumatology and/or Orthopedics services of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil and which had, as main complaint, articular manifestations without defined etiology. These patients were screened by quantitative and qualitative assessment of urinary GAGs. Results and Discussion: Among the 55 cases investigated, in 1 patient 15 years of age was observed in the analysis of urinary GAG excretion and increased change in qualitative standard and subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of an attenuated form of MPS II, which had not previously been suspected. Conclusion: Although the proportion of patients with MPS identified in the study sample was small (1/55), this study shows that occurs underdiagnosis of these diseases and that systematic screening can help to identify patients who may benefit from measures treatment available.

Base teórica: A Mucopolissacaridose II (MPS II) é uma doença genética recessiva ligada ao X causada por mutações no gene IDS. Como consequência, há acúmulo dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) no lisossomo, fato que é responsável pelo fenótipo de MPS II. Anormalidades articulares e ósseas são conhecidas nos pacientes com MPS II e os tratamentos existentes não são eficientes para sanar tais anormalidades, portanto, realizamos este estudo de caracterização da doença articular e óssea, buscando evidenciar possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pela progressão da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a progressão das alterações osteoarticulares em animais com MPS II dos dois aos oito meses de idade. Métodos: Foram utilizados camundongos nocaute B6N.Cg-Idstm1Muen/J, adquiridos do Jackson’s Lab. Os machos foram genotipados para compor o grupo controle (normal) ou o grupo de animais com MPS II. Ambos foram avaliados aos 2, 4, 6 e 8 meses de idade. Foi realizada análise histológica da articulação tíbio-femural, avaliando presença de infiltrado inflamatório, reabsorção óssea, reabsorção cartilaginosa e proliferação fibrocartilaginosa. Também foi realizada a mensuração do tamanho total da placa de crescimento e suas zonas e avaliação de anormalidades ósseas mediante exame de imagem por Raio-X dos ossos fêmur e zigomático. Resultados: Nos animais MPS II foi observado que o focinho era menos afilado (mais arredondado) e, em comparação com os animais controle, os animais MPS II apresentaram peso significativamente maior a partir dos 4 meses de idade. O escore histológico teve como principal característica a presença de reabsorção cartilaginosa, presente em 80% (4/5 animais) dos animais aos 8 meses, outras anormalidades encontradas neste tempo foram presença de infiltrado inflamatório (2/5 animais aos 8 meses) e proliferação fibrocartilaginosa (1/5 animais) Não houve diferença significativa entre animais normais e MPS II no tamanho das zonas de cartilagem da placa de crescimento ósseo. As medidas em diâmetro do osso zigomático apresentaram-se significativamente superiores nos animais MPS II aos 4, 6 e 8 meses. Quanto ao comprimento do fêmur não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Já, na medida da espessura do fêmur, os animais MPS II do grupo de 6 meses de idade mostraram diferença significativa. Conclusões: Anormalidades na articulação tíbio-femural foram detectadas nos animais aos 8 meses de idade. Não foram encontradas anormalidades óbvias na estrutura da placa de crescimento. Foi observado aumento na espessura do fêmur e do zigomático nos animais MPS II, sem alterações do tamanho do fêmur. / Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is a recessive X-linked genetic disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene. Consequently, there is an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the lysosome, fact that is responsible by the MPS II phenotype. Joints and bone abnormalities are known in MPS II patients and existing treatments are not efficient in correcting these abnormalities. Therefore, this study was performed to evidence bone and joint disease description in the animal model, searching for mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Objective: To evaluate the progression of osteoarticular changes in animals with MPS II from two to eight months of age. Methods: Male animals from the MPS II colony (B6N.Cg-Idstm1Muen/J) were genotyped to form the control (normal) group or MPS II group. Both groups were evaluated at the 2, 4, 6 or 8 months. Histological analysis of knee joint (presence of inflammatory infiltrate, bone resorption, cartilaginous reabsorption and fibrocartilaginous proliferation), measurement of total growth plate size and its zones, and evaluation of bone abnormalities by X-ray imaging of the femur and zygomatic bones were performed. Results: MPS II mice presented progressive abnormal features, such as a more rounded snout and a significative increased weight from 4 months of age. The main histological alteration was the presence of cartilage reabsorption, present in 80% (4/5 animals) of the eighth-month old animals. Other abnormalities found at this period were the presence of inflammatory infiltrate (2/5 animals at the eighth months old) and fibrocartilaginous proliferation (1/5 animals). There was no significant difference in the growth plate between normal and MPS II animals. The zygomatic bone diameter was increased in MPS II at fourth, sixth and eighth months There were no significant differences in femur length between groups. Thickness of the femur was increased in MPS II at six months. Conclusions: Abnormalities in the joint were detected in the animals at 8 months of age. No obvious abnormalities were found in the growth plate structure. An increase in femur and zygomatic thickness was observed in MPS II animals, with no changes in femur size.

abstract: Understanding the consequences of changes in social networks is an important an- thropological research goal. This dissertation looks at the role of data-driven social networks on infectious disease transmission and evolution. The dissertation has two projects. The first project is an examination of the effects of the superspreading phenomenon, wherein a relatively few individuals are responsible for a dispropor- tionate number of secondary cases, on the patterns of an infectious disease. The second project examines the timing of the initial introduction of tuberculosis (TB) to the human population. The results suggest that TB has a long evolutionary history with hunter-gatherers. Both of these projects demonstrate the consequences of social networks for infectious disease transmission and evolution. The introductory chapter provides a review of social network-based studies in an- thropology and epidemiology. Particular emphasis is paid to the concept and models of superspreading and why to consider it, as this is central to the discussion in chapter 2. The introductory chapter also reviews relevant epidemic mathematical modeling studies. In chapter 2, social networks are connected with superspreading events, followed by an investigation of how social networks can provide greater understanding of in- fectious disease transmission through mathematical models. Using the example of SARS, the research shows how heterogeneity in transmission rate impacts super- spreading which, in turn, can change epidemiological inference on model parameters for an epidemic. Chapter 3 uses a different mathematical model to investigate the evolution of TB in hunter-gatherers. The underlying question is the timing of the introduction of TB to the human population. Chapter 3 finds that TB’s long latent period is consistent with the evolutionary pressure which would be exerted by transmission on a hunter- igatherer social network. Evidence of a long coevolution with humans indicates an early introduction of TB to the human population. Both of the projects in this dissertation are demonstrations of the impact of var- ious characteristics and types of social networks on infectious disease transmission dynamics. The projects together force epidemiologists to think about networks and their context in nontraditional ways. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2019

In 1985 a settlement and subsistence model of seasonal round mobility was proposed by Statistical Research, Inc. This model proposed four travel routes used by the Late Prehistoric Serrano to access the higher elevation village site known as Rock Camp to gather acorns and pinyon nuts in the fall. This research investigates the proposed routes, as well as an additional route, for energy efficiency and archaeological evidence of use in prehistory. Data collection involved using experimental methods designed to gather controlled physiological data for evaluating the efficiency of traveling each route. Archaeological sites present on the travel routes and within the research area and were analyzed for elements indicative of prehistoric settlement characteristics. A combination of physiological evidence and archaeological evidence are the basis for determinations on which routes were most likely to have been used in prehistory. An analysis of the settlement model is also provided in order to provide future research with guidelines and context for evaluating sites within the region. Suggestions are provided for future studies to focus on chronology and expansion of the settlement model.