This study postulates the existence of a notion of transcendence in immanence in the thought of Jacques Derrida. The deconstruction of, amongst others, Husserlian phenomenology and Saussurean structuralism, affords Derrida the opportunity of presenting a thought of contamination, haunting and impurity, which is a thought of transcendence in immanence. The hypothesis of a notion of transcendence in immanence in Derrida’s thought is refined by specifying it as temporal transcendence in immanence. Accordingly, the intimation of transcendence in immanence does not amount to the ontological acceptance of a separate transcendent realm. On the contrary, what appears is a monism: the infinite finitude of temporality. In conversation with the notion of temporal transcendence in immanence intimated in Derrida’s thought, this study proposes a notion of theological transcendence in immanence. Theological transcendence in immanence is presented as an inflected interpretive performance of salient themes from the tradition of Christian theology prior to the advent of modernity. From this perspective, all being is referred to God and finite creation is deemed to be a contingent, non-necessary participation, at an unquantifiable analogical remove, in the life and being of God. The notions of space, time and meaning that emerge from such a premise are subsequently explored, and brought into conversation with the corresponding notions in Derrida’s work. The study concludes by asking whether the conversation between the notions of temporal and theological transcendence in immanence can in any way be furthered, or whether the two positions should rather be regarded as irreconcilable, that is, as lying separatively transcendent to each other. In response, it is suggested that the notion of transcendence in immanence implies the attempt to relate juxtaposed positions after the fashion of transcendence in immanence. The possibility of temporal transcendence in immanence inhabiting theological transcendence in immanence after the fashion of transcendence in immanence is firstly considered and rejected. Thereupon, the reverse option, namely that of theological transcendence in immanence making use of temporal transcendence in immanence, iii while at the same time transcending it, is considered and judged to be a suitable provisional outcome of the conversation with Derrida. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Text in Afrikaans / Die bydrae van die lsraelitiese wysheidsliteratuur word in die teologiese nadenke oor die wese sowel as die regverdigheid van God in 'n groot mate onderbenut gelaat. Dit hoef egter nie so te wees nie. lndien die wysheid van Israel teen die agtergrond of breer konteks van die ontwikkeling in die konvensionele oud-Oosterse wysheid en vanuit 'n toepaslike orienteringspunt benader word, kan die betekenis daarvan histories en eksegeties op so 'n wyse ontsluit word dat die relevansie met betrekking tot die teologiese gesprek oor God en die teodisee aangetoon kan word. In die lig hiervan word die kritiese wysheid van Israel aan die hand van 'n elliptiese ordeningsbeginsel, wat enersyds die heerskappy van God en andersyds die moontlikheid van gemeenskap tussen God en mens as wentelpunte het, histories en eksegeties ondersoek. Verskillende reaksies op 'n gemeenskaplike ervaring van God se transendensie word in die lsraelitiese wysheid gehandhaaf en ontwikkel. Al word die terme 'transendensie', 'immanensie' en 'teodisee' nerens in die wysheidstekste van Israel gebruik nie, kom die motiewe nogtans voor. Die alternatiewe wat gehandhaaf en uitgewerk word, beklemtoon die verband tussen godsbeskouing en die ervaring van God as of verwyderd of immanent. Op soek na die balans tussen die transendensie en immanensie van God, bied die kritiese wysheid van Israel wel 'n perspektief waarin so 'n omvangryke ervaring van die wese van God moontlik is dat die beperkinge van rasionaliteit, en daarom ook vrae wat uit die teodisee-vraagstuk voortvloei, oorkom kan word. / The contribution of the sapiential literature of ancient Israel to theological reflection on both the essence and the justice of God is to a large extent neglected. This need not be the case. If Israelite wisdom is approached from a suitable vantage point and against the background or in the wider context of the sapiential movement in the ancient Near East, it becomes possible to historically and exegetically unravel the meaning and relevance of Old Testament wisdom in theological discussion of God and theodicy. In this light a historical and exegetical exploration of Israel's critical wisdom is undertaken with the aid of an elliptical guiding principle in which the supreme lordship of God is the one focal point, and the possibility of intimate communion between God and humans the other. Different reactions to a common experience of the transcendence of God are maintained and developed in the wisdom of ancient Israel. Although the terms 'transcendence', 'immanence' and 'theodicy' are never used in their wisdom texts, the motifs themselves did occur. The connection between the God concept and the experience of God as either remote or immanent, is emphasized by the alternatives which are developed in both the conventional and critical wisdom. In search of balance between the transcendence and immanence of God, the critical wisdom of Israel does offer a perspective within which comprehensive experience of the essence of God is possible to such an extent that the limitations of rationality, and therefore also the questions emanating from the riddle of theodicy, can be exceeded. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / Th. D. (Ou Testament)

Unearthing Edward Abbey's spiritual philosophy is not an easy task. One must sift through Abbey's humor, sort through Cactus Ed's flamboyant character, look under the veneer of this character, and beyond Abbey's overt objective of convincing readers to defy the destruction of wilderness, and only then does the spiritual philosophy of Abbey become visible. To understand his perception of spirituality, one must define what constitutes a mystic and determine what American theological philosophies mystics tend to adopt. Once these are defined, one can apply those principles to Abbey's Desert Solitaire, and determine that Abbey is a nature mystic who adheres to the ecocentric based immanence theology. This theology is contrary to the Judeo-Christian based emanation theology which supports anthropocentricism and resourcism.

La question qui traverse toute l’œuvre de Karl Rahner continue de se poser : comment rendre crédible et croyable la révélation de Dieu en Jésus aux gens d’aujourd’hui? Cette question doit être pensée sans cesse à nouveau dans la réalité concrète de la vie humaine. Au temps de Rahner, on mettait l’accent sur la transcendance de Dieu. Depuis ce temps, la culture occidentale s’est transformée : au début du 21e siècle, elle présente de façon marquée les traits du matérialisme, du consumérisme, de l’individualisme, du relativisme et du sécularisme. Conséquemment, on a aujourd’hui tendance à évacuer la transcendance divine. Notre recherche consiste en l’effectuation d’échanges entre la théologie de Karl Rahner et la philosophie de Gilles Deleuze, dans le but d’établir des conditions de possibilités d’un croire chrétiennement aujourd’hui. La philosophie de Deleuze nous introduit dans un processus créatif avec lequel nous pouvons penser radicalement Dieu comme à la fois transcendant et immanent. Notre démarche construit huit hybrides conceptuels qui aident à penser Rahner autrement et à ouvrir la possibilité d’un croire chrétiennement aujourd’hui. Notre recherche ouvre également la perspective d’une théologie de la rencontre entre des mondes théologiques, philosophiques, artistiques et scientifiques. Enfin, elle aide à éclairer la réalité de la nouvelle évangélisation en Occident chrétien. / The question which moves throughout Karl Rahner’s work continues to lay down a principle: how can one make believable and convincing the revelation of God in Jesus to the people of today? This question must be considered again unceasingly in a practical reality of human life. In Rahner’s time, emphasis was placed into the transcendence of God. Since then, occidental culture was transformed: in the beginning of the 21st century, is showed a very obvious tendency of materialism, consumerism, individualism, relativism and secularism. Consequently, there is a tendency to evacuate the divine transcendence. Our research consists in exchanges between Karl Rahner’s theology and Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy, with the purpose of establishing possible conditions of Christian belief today. Deleuze’s philosophy introduces us into a creative process through which we can think radically of God as being at the same time transcendent and immanent. Our approach is developed with eight conceptual hybrids which help understand Rahners’s theology in another perspective and leads to the possibility of a Christian belief for today. Our research opens as well onto the perspective of theology meeting between the theological, philosophical, artistic and scientific worlds. Finally, it helps to enlighten the reality of the new evangelization in Christian Occident.

Le présent mémoire cherche à relever, à travers la lecture du texte Le bain de Diane de Pierre Klossowski, les modalités propres au littéraire pour penser les liens entre les concepts d’immanence et de transcendance. Proposant en premier lieu la mise en place des concepts nécessaires à une telle entreprise, je m’attarde à des auteurs tels que Platon, Apulée, Pierre Hadot, Gilles Deleuze et Michel Foucault, ayant contribué à la conception du démon tel qu’il est décrit chez Klossowski, ainsi qu’au concept de simulacre, concept clé de la pensée de l’auteur à l’étude. En retraçant la création et la représentation de ces concepts dans divers textes, pour ensuite les retracer dans Le bain de Diane, je cherche à montrer l’importance de la figuration littéraire dans le rapport complexe que nous entretenons avec les notions de sensible et de suprasensible. / The present thesis seeks to address, in a reading of the text Le bain de Diane by Pierre Klossowski, the specific modalities through which literature aims to understand the complex ties between concepts of 'immanence' and 'transcendence'. To do so, I begin by introducing the concepts necessary for such an undertaking ⎯ reading authors such as Plato, Apuleius, Pierre Hadot, Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault, all of whom have contributed to the concept of the 'demon' as described in Klossowski’s work ⎯ and by introducing the concept of 'simulacrum', a key concept in Klossowsi’s writing. By tracing the creation and representation of these concepts in various texts and then identifying them in Le bain de Diane, I attempt to demonstrate the importance of literary figuration in our complex relationship with concepts of the 'sensitive' and the 'suprasensitive'.

O presente trabalho é fruto de um percurso teórico que teve como objetivo buscar aproximações e realizar um diálogo entre Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural e Esquizoanálise. Fazendo uso da noção de multiplicação dialógica, Guimarães (2010), verifiquei a possibilidade de acessar o campo intensivo/relacional denominado empirismo radical pelo campo do construtivista semiótico-cultural em Psicologia, e plano de imanência pelo campo esquizoanalítico. Ao fazê-lo, busquei viabilizar um diálogo a partir de uma tênue superfície de contato entre os diferentes campos de conhecimento. As noções de sistema semiaberto e rizoma e seu funcionamento em rede foram os propulsores desta pesquisa. Parti do dialogismo teórico-metodológico desenvolvido Marková (2003) colocando Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural, Esquizoanálise e pesquisador nas posições de Ego-Alter-Objeto, respectivamente. Tal proposta direcionava-se para um árduo trabalho de construção de uma ponte entre os distintos posicionamentos de cada campo de conhecimento. Por outro lado fiz uma opção metodológica que permitisse buscar regiões de tensão entre as áreas sem a intensão de construir uma ponte entre elas. Tomando a metáfora trazida por Bruno Latour (2008), segundo a qual processos de construção de conhecimento podem se assemelhar ao trânsito sobre um rio, elaborei uma explanação sobre os campos de conhecimento. Uma das margens do rio correspondeu ao Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural em Psicologia, e a outra margem à Esquizoanálise. Na primeira das margens, busquei apresentar dimensões da especificidade humana do Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural nos campos dos construtivismos em psicologia explorando as noções de sistema semiaberto, self, subjetividade, cultura e construção social da realidade. Na segunda margem, me dirigi para as noções da filosofia da diferença, rizoma e subjetividade como multiplicidade. Adicionalmente explorei filósofos historicamente abordados por cada uma das margens, Leibniz, Hume, Bergson, para em seguida encontrar uma superfície de contato, que identifiquei como empirismo radical, construtivismo, e como plano de imanência, Esquizoanálise. A superfície de contato identificada possui como característica ser um campo relacional pré-pessoal que cria realidade por meio do entrelaçamento dos mais diversos elementos e de onde emergem as várias possibilidades de subjetividade e de mundo. A característica de entrelaçamento, como um tear que produz um tecido é encontrada tanto no pensamento de James, uma das bases do Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural, como nas proposições de Deleuze e Guattari fundadores da Esquizoanálise. Encontrar essa superfície possibilitou a conclusão deste trabalho, embora considere que maiores aprofundamentos possam ser feitos no futuro, articulando outros aspectos histórico-filosóficos pertencentes a ambas as áreas de conhecimento e suas implicações para o avanço da noção de multiplicação dialógica, dentre outras noções fundamentais no campo da psicologia cultural / This work is the result of a theoretical course which aimed to seek approaches and achieve a dialogue between Semiotic-Cultural Constuctivism and Schizoanalysis. Making use of the notion of dialogic multiplication, Guimarães (2010) checked the possibility to access intensive / relational field called radical empiricism by the field of cultural-semiotic constructivism in psychology and immanence plane by equizoanalitic field. In doing so, I sought facilitate a dialogue from a tenuous contact surface between the different fields of knowledge. The notions of open ended system and rhizome and yours networking were the thrusters of this research. Go away from theorical-methodological dialogismo developed by Marková (2003) putting Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism, Schizoanalysis and researcher in positions Ego-Alter-Object respectively. Such a proposal directed to hard work of building a bridge between the different positions of each field of knowledge. On the other hand made a methodological option that allows searching regions of tension between the areas without the intention to build a bridge between them. Taking the metaphor brought by Bruno Latour (2008), whereby processes of knowledge building may resemble traffic over a river, elaborated an explanation of the fields of knowledge. A river banks corresponded to Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism in Psychology, and the other side to Schizoanalysis. At first the banks, sought to present dimensions of human specificity of Constructivist Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism in constructivism fields of psychology exploring the notions of openended system, self, subjectivity, culture and social construction of reality. In the second bank, I headed to the notions of philosophy of difference, rhizome and subjectivity as multiplicity Additionally philosophers explored historically addressed by each of the banks, Leibniz, Hume, Bergson, to then find a contact surface, which identified as radical empiricism, constructivism, and as the plane of immanence, Schizoanalysis. The surface contact has identified as being characteristic of a pre-personal relational field that creates reality through the interweaving of diverse elements which emerge and the various possibilities of subjectivity and world. The feature of entanglement, as a loom which produces a tissue is found both in the thought of James, one of the bases of Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism, as the propositions of Deleuze and Guattari founders of Schizoanalysis. Find the surface enabled the completion of this work, but believes that further insights can be made in the future, articulating other historical and philosophical aspects pertaining to both areas of knowledge and its implications for the development of the notion of dialogic multiplication, among other fundamental notions in field of psychology culture

This practice-as-research project (a) invents, examines and self-reflects upon two techniques - 'Whirling in Pain' and 'Neurobreathing' - that the author has developed for dealing with pain in performance, (b) creates a framework for the qualitative analysis of pain retraining techniques by conducting an interdisciplinary study of the parameters that describe Somatic Practices and the psychology of Altered States of Consciousness, (c) establishes a taxonomy and classifications for describing and assessing techniques of pain management in the performing arts, (d) qualitatively assesses the training techniques of three practitioners —Antonin Artaud, Jerzy Grotowski and Marina Abramović—who have used Somatic Practices and Altered States of Consciousness in their techniques, and draws out patterns and themes in their practice, (e) distils generic principles of practice that are essential for training pain perception and could be used by other practitioners for developing their own techniques, or to better embody the techniques that the author has developed. These transferable principles are: reinforcement, exhaustion of pain-processing resources, inquisitive modes towards otherness, embodied knowledge, surrendering, Sisyphean reiteration, and music’s capacity for fascination. This dissertation considers the issue of dealing with pain in performance beyond the limited area of theatre pedagogy, suggesting an interdisciplinary approach and expanding its scope into the wider realms of theoretical discourse around culture and pain. This dissertation argues that since pain is not only a biochemical process but one that is culturally constructed, it is therefore possible to retrain or un-train the perception of pain through the facility of Somatic Practices that induce Altered States of Consciousness. Such retraining of pain perception has wider socio-political ramifications that challenge the pervading modern and neoliberal culture around pain, which understands it only through a reductively biological model and relies heavily on the use of exogenous analgesics to alleviate pain. Finally, this dissertation proposes that dealing with pain is possible not only by transcending and moving attentional focus away from pain, but also by entering a plane of immanence, achieved through working synergistically with pain in order to find the coping mechanisms and hidden reserves that lie dormant within the individual. The practical element of this submission consists of: (a) a Manual for Practitioners that describes the techniques step-by-step, and explains the principles behind them, and, (b) two performance videos that exhibit how the author has used the two techniques to create and manage pain within performances.

The aesthetic autonomy of dance is a blank spot in the history of aesthetics. In this study, dance is used as an umbrella for both visual art performance, live art and choreography. Different from these other notions, dance appears in early historical writings and enables a coherent reading of the history of this specific artform, where the embodiment of the artwork is central.        Starting from Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgement, in which this study unravels why dance has been given such a limited attention in the history of aesthetics. Departing from this ignorance of the artform and the lack of theories of aesthetic autonomy when it comes to dance ever since, the study proposes that the aesthetic autonomy of dance could be understood through the notion of parergon. The word is initially found in the Critique of Judgement, where Kant uses parergon to describe the infrastructural framework upon which both the piece of art and the judgment relies. With the help of Jacques Derrida’s reading of the Critique of Judgement through parergon, the notion is understood with a double meaning: as both the frame ot the artwork and the work behind the piece of art. Derrida doesn’t either mention ”dance” in his rewriting of Kant’s work, why this essay applies the parergon upon the only art form where the working body embodies the work of art: dance. For dance, the work behind the piece and the piece itself, is the same. Through this understanding of parergon, the aesthetic autonomy of dance is can be understood as the frame at work.       With references from a western history of arts and aesthetics, the study works through literature on dance from the 16th century until today. This enables a timeline from the inauguration of the first royal ballet academies, to the enlightenment, through modernity up until postmodernity, is read. Such a consistent reading of the history of dance is still rare, but the main reason for the study is not to sketch a new history, but rather to, through its history, establish an understanding of the aesthetic autonomy of dance.       Through examples from philosophy, literature, art history, dance history and art criticism, the development of dance as an autonomous artwork is contextualized. Arriving at the 20th and the 21st century, three specific artworks are analysed through available documentations, writings and conversations. Through the three notions hetero-affection, immanent critique and indexical dialectics, the aesthetic autonomy of dance is written through an understanding of its dialectical negation as its positive matter; the frame (at work). This understanding is applied to the three modern and post-modern examples of dance, where the frame at work is autonomously unworked and re-worked.

O presente trabalho é fruto de um percurso teórico que teve como objetivo buscar aproximações e realizar um diálogo entre Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural e Esquizoanálise. Fazendo uso da noção de multiplicação dialógica, Guimarães (2010), verifiquei a possibilidade de acessar o campo intensivo/relacional denominado empirismo radical pelo campo do construtivista semiótico-cultural em Psicologia, e plano de imanência pelo campo esquizoanalítico. Ao fazê-lo, busquei viabilizar um diálogo a partir de uma tênue superfície de contato entre os diferentes campos de conhecimento. As noções de sistema semiaberto e rizoma e seu funcionamento em rede foram os propulsores desta pesquisa. Parti do dialogismo teórico-metodológico desenvolvido Marková (2003) colocando Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural, Esquizoanálise e pesquisador nas posições de Ego-Alter-Objeto, respectivamente. Tal proposta direcionava-se para um árduo trabalho de construção de uma ponte entre os distintos posicionamentos de cada campo de conhecimento. Por outro lado fiz uma opção metodológica que permitisse buscar regiões de tensão entre as áreas sem a intensão de construir uma ponte entre elas. Tomando a metáfora trazida por Bruno Latour (2008), segundo a qual processos de construção de conhecimento podem se assemelhar ao trânsito sobre um rio, elaborei uma explanação sobre os campos de conhecimento. Uma das margens do rio correspondeu ao Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural em Psicologia, e a outra margem à Esquizoanálise. Na primeira das margens, busquei apresentar dimensões da especificidade humana do Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural nos campos dos construtivismos em psicologia explorando as noções de sistema semiaberto, self, subjetividade, cultura e construção social da realidade. Na segunda margem, me dirigi para as noções da filosofia da diferença, rizoma e subjetividade como multiplicidade. Adicionalmente explorei filósofos historicamente abordados por cada uma das margens, Leibniz, Hume, Bergson, para em seguida encontrar uma superfície de contato, que identifiquei como empirismo radical, construtivismo, e como plano de imanência, Esquizoanálise. A superfície de contato identificada possui como característica ser um campo relacional pré-pessoal que cria realidade por meio do entrelaçamento dos mais diversos elementos e de onde emergem as várias possibilidades de subjetividade e de mundo. A característica de entrelaçamento, como um tear que produz um tecido é encontrada tanto no pensamento de James, uma das bases do Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural, como nas proposições de Deleuze e Guattari fundadores da Esquizoanálise. Encontrar essa superfície possibilitou a conclusão deste trabalho, embora considere que maiores aprofundamentos possam ser feitos no futuro, articulando outros aspectos histórico-filosóficos pertencentes a ambas as áreas de conhecimento e suas implicações para o avanço da noção de multiplicação dialógica, dentre outras noções fundamentais no campo da psicologia cultural / This work is the result of a theoretical course which aimed to seek approaches and achieve a dialogue between Semiotic-Cultural Constuctivism and Schizoanalysis. Making use of the notion of dialogic multiplication, Guimarães (2010) checked the possibility to access intensive / relational field called radical empiricism by the field of cultural-semiotic constructivism in psychology and immanence plane by equizoanalitic field. In doing so, I sought facilitate a dialogue from a tenuous contact surface between the different fields of knowledge. The notions of open ended system and rhizome and yours networking were the thrusters of this research. Go away from theorical-methodological dialogismo developed by Marková (2003) putting Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism, Schizoanalysis and researcher in positions Ego-Alter-Object respectively. Such a proposal directed to hard work of building a bridge between the different positions of each field of knowledge. On the other hand made a methodological option that allows searching regions of tension between the areas without the intention to build a bridge between them. Taking the metaphor brought by Bruno Latour (2008), whereby processes of knowledge building may resemble traffic over a river, elaborated an explanation of the fields of knowledge. A river banks corresponded to Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism in Psychology, and the other side to Schizoanalysis. At first the banks, sought to present dimensions of human specificity of Constructivist Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism in constructivism fields of psychology exploring the notions of openended system, self, subjectivity, culture and social construction of reality. In the second bank, I headed to the notions of philosophy of difference, rhizome and subjectivity as multiplicity Additionally philosophers explored historically addressed by each of the banks, Leibniz, Hume, Bergson, to then find a contact surface, which identified as radical empiricism, constructivism, and as the plane of immanence, Schizoanalysis. The surface contact has identified as being characteristic of a pre-personal relational field that creates reality through the interweaving of diverse elements which emerge and the various possibilities of subjectivity and world. The feature of entanglement, as a loom which produces a tissue is found both in the thought of James, one of the bases of Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism, as the propositions of Deleuze and Guattari founders of Schizoanalysis. Find the surface enabled the completion of this work, but believes that further insights can be made in the future, articulating other historical and philosophical aspects pertaining to both areas of knowledge and its implications for the development of the notion of dialogic multiplication, among other fundamental notions in field of psychology culture

Il s'agit de repenser le politique à partir de la thématique de l'amitié. Pour ce faire, nous formulons d'abord une critique de ses conceptions dominantes dans la tradition philosophique et en tirons ensuite les conséquences sur les principaux paradigmes d'analyse et d'organisation politique. Puisque la compréhension que nous avons du rapport à autrui n'est jamais étrangère au mode de régulation sociale qui s'institue, il appert que le traitement philosophique de l'amitié renseigne de façon privilégiée sur le sens donné historiquement à la vie publique. Si, aux origines de la pensée occidental nous observons une dévalorisation des affections mondaines au profit d'une recherche des conditions de l'amour d'un être absolu, nous y voyons l'origine des principales apories dans lesquelles se meuvent les modes contemporains d'institutionnalisation politique -tel est le sens d'une critique de l'immanentisme. Cette optique met en lumière l'impératif de redéfinir l'articulation et la place de l'affect dans l'existence humaine à partir de courants inspirés de la phénoménologie, lesquels rétablissent une préoccupation pour l'amitié, et le rapport à l'autre en général qui devient absolument central à leurs recherches. Il s'agit en somme d'une lecture de l'idée de Martin Heidegger d'une « sollicitude » positive qui vise à fixer les conditions d'un espace public émancipateur -si cette possibilité apparaît d'emblée exclue de l'éthique de l'être-pour- la-mort une interprétation de Giorgio Agamben du concept d'amour chez le philosophe procure un nouveau souffle à l'analytique de l'être-avec-autrui (Mitdasein), et argumentons-nous, un éclairage original sur l'expérience de la communauté politique. Nous nous appuyons donc sur le concept de monde, que chez Heidegger, relocalise la vérité dans la concrétude de l'existence mondaine et effectue ainsi un premier dépassement d'une tradition qui cherchait à s'en extraire, et sur la philosophie de l'action de Hannah Arendt qui opère un second dépassement restituant la vérité au monde commun des apparences. La politique s'y jouant la compréhension que nous en proposons met en lumière certains écueils érigés par la métaphysique occidentale et prêche en faveur d'une reconsidération de la dimension éminemment plurielle de l'être. Elle en appelle à une ontologie plurielle -projet que, pour des raisons évidentes, nous nous contentons d'énoncer. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Amitié, Communauté, Politique, Pluralité, Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt.