African Languages / M.A. (Bantoetale)

Abstract in English / The aim of this study was to find out what constituted in Zulu the phenumenon which in the Bantu languages is generally known as the Causative. A corpus of 50 arbitrarily chosen sentences was gleaned :from two Zulu novels. Most of these sentences contained a verb which displayed formatives that are usually considered to be those which bring about the causative derivation. To complete the corpus verbs containing other formatives were also included, mainly on the grounds of a hunch by the author that they might be causative derivations. These verbs and sentences were then put to a threefold test: morphological,syntactical and semantic. In each case a criterion was first worked out and then the verbs in the corpus were one by one measured against the respective yardstick. Morphologically the criterion consists in large parts of a ·transcription forrnula which is :made up of the subject concord of the doer-substantive plus the superordinate of all Zulu verbs i.e. -enza, plus the conjuctive-noun 'to be' i.e. ukuba plus the second concord of the done to-substantive plus subjunctive stem of the base form of the verb under test. Syntactically the criterion needed a newly-introduced subtantive replacing the subject of the basic sentence to become the object of the derived sentence. The state or process contained in the basic verb must however still be ascribed to the now new object of the derived sentence, whereas the derived verb must still be ascribed to the new subject. Semantically the criterion calls for a verb which is inherently a state or a process to be changed into an action-process. Verbs which are action-processes from the outset naturally do not fit the criterion. Of importance here was also the semantic features of agent, patient etc. which substantatives have, and the relation in which such nouns have with the verb. The outcome of these 3 tests, in each case led to the same 32 verbs being pointed out as causatives. A significant conclusion reached was that only intransitive verbs could be be made, causative by means of a derivative formative. A further conclusion was that there are no exclusively causative formatives in Zulu. The causative is determined by a special semantic-syntactic interrelationship between the derived verb and the substantitives in the sentence , A causative sentence must contain an agent, a agent as object and a derived verb which has been changed into an action-process from a base form which was inherently a state or a process / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The Frog Bay site (47BA60) has been excavated for three field seasons. Excavations in 1979 located the site and continued in 2018 – 2019 by the Geté Anishinaabe Izhichigéwin community archaeological field school. This program commenced from a sovereignty initiative surrounding the creation of the Frog Bay Tribal National Park directed by the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Within the park, the Frog Bay site represents a multicomponent shorebased camp that was occupied numerous times during the Archaic and Woodland stages (ca. 3000 BC – AD 900). Structured through a community-based Indigenous theoretical framework, lithic analysis and community input are used to research long-term practices of mobility, land use, and place-making associated with the Frog Bay site. These methods offer a “braided interpretation” of the activities and occupation trends at Frog Bay and explore the intrinsic value that the site continues to hold for the present-day Red Cliff community.

The development of new Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) has influenced all aspects of communication and representation, altering the ways in which humans interact on a daily basis. Within politics and rights activism, where many issues overlap and representational needs develop and change from one day to the next, these changes are particularly noteworthy. The use of ICTs, particularly social media and mobile technologies, has been widespread in popular protests around the world, and has become an effective aid in the organizing and implementing of large-scale rights campaigns. Indigenous organizations in Ecuador, like those in other parts of the world, have actively adopted new ICTs as they have become available, utilizing websites, social media and mobile applications to connect with members and supporters. Using these technologies requires careful consideration of a wide range of issues, however, such as best practices to ensure inclusive representation, how to overcome infrastructure challenges, how to develop skills for creating high quality media, and how to control and shape messaging through social media. This dissertation analyzes the example of two of these organizations, La Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE) and La Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (CONFENIAE), each of which represents a large number of Indigenous peoples through a carefully developed communications plan. While firmly based in anthropological literature on representation and media sovereignty, this work pulls from a wide range of disciplines, including Latin American organizational and communications scholars. Drawing from two fieldwork trips to Ecuador from September 2016 to February 2017 and October to December 2017, as well as data collection conducted online throughout that time period, this research takes a broad approach that combines traditional ethnographic, participatory, visual and digital methodologies. These diverse methods led to the development of a broad work with many interwoven layers, which includes chapters examining online communication structure, the example of a social media campaign, discussion of networking, and the relationship between online and on-the-ground actions. The visual and participatory methodologies led to a chapter discussing the development of a series of photovoice workshops with CONFENIAE, which provided an opportunity for the organization to increase the photography skills of their members and begin the creation of an online communication team. Through these various threads, this dissertation broadly examines the representational choices that CONAIE and CONFENIAE make in the course of developing their communication plans, including the ways that websites and social media can be used to supplement campaigns while remaining anchored in on-the-ground actions. / Graduate

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study was an evaluative case study of a Science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems Project on the Project (SIKSP) at a Western Cape University, South Africa. It was an internal evaluation from the perspectives of the project participants, with the aim of assessing (1) the opportunities and challenges faced by the participants (in-service teachers), (2) the effectiveness of an argumentationbased strategy (DAIM) used by some of the in-service teachers to integrate science and IKS, (3) the manner in which the trained teachers actually taught using the DAIM, and (4) the impact of SIKSP on the participants’ professional development and research capacities. I used a hybridised version of Stufflebeam’s (2003) context, input, process, product (CIPP) as well as Guba and Lincoln’s (1989) Constructivist evaluation models to guide the study, within a constructivist-pragmatist paradigm. I used a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, reflective diaries, and document analyses to collate the data from 22 in-service participants, as well as from the project director. The analyses were done using mixed methods, though largely dominated by qualitative approaches. The results suggest that: through the use of multiple sources of engagement in conceptual, practical, and discursive activities, SIKSP enabled the participants to change their views about science and IKS – from a largely positivist to a more dualistic worldview that considered IKS as a source of valid knowledge in science classrooms. SIKSP activities also enabled the participants to acquire the largely student-centred, discursive, interactive DAIM approach of teaching and learning to effect an inclusive science-IK curriculum. The teachers used DAIM to teach science, mathematics as well as socio-scientific topics, each teacher applying it differently. SIKSP had many positive impacts on the participants – psychological, social, intellectual, pedagogical and professional. Through SIKSP, many participants obtained higher degrees, advanced professionally, and some have become researchers in science and IKS; with two of the postdoctoral fellows now carrying on similar research at other universities in South Africa and beyond. An unanticipated outcome of SIKSP was the creation of the African Association for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AASIKS) which is now pursuing an inclusive science-IKS vision at a much larger scale. Overall, in the view of the participants, SIKSP was very successful project, and its DAIM approach, though difficult to master, has many advantages that could be explored in-and-out of science classrooms.

El presente trabajo utiliza la data “Peruvian Young Lives International Study” referente al nivel escolar de pobreza infantil para investigar el efecto de la presencia de lenguas distintas al Castellano en el logro cognitivo de los niños de Educación Primaria. Se encontró que la presencia de una lengua distinta al Castellano en la Educación Primaria disminuye en 2.22 puntos el puntaje en las pruebas cognitivas. No existe evidencia de este efecto visto por el lado de factores de oferta. Estos hallazgos sugieren también que la educación en lenguas distintas al Castellano en el nivel primario, para aquellos niños cuyos padres hablan una lengua distinta al Castellano, mejoran sus resultados cognitivos. / The present work uses the Peruvian Young Lives International Study of Childhood Poverty’s School Level data to investigate the effect of the presence of different languages, except Spanish, on the cognitive knowledge of primary school children. It was found that the presence of a specific language, excepto the Spanish language, in primary education reduce at 2.22 points the score on cognitive tests. There is no evidence of this effect from the supply factors. These findings also suggest that education in languages different than Spanish at the primary level, for those children whose parents speak a language different than Spanish, it improves their cognitive results. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: Carminda Mendes André / Resumo: Esta tese foi desenvolvida a partir dos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa e participativa. Tem como objeto de estudo a identidade cultural dos discentes indígenas da UFT do Câmpus de Miracema, especificamente acerca da identidade cultural do povo Akwẽ-Xerente. Os espaços da pesquisa foram constituídos pela Aldeia Porteira e pelo Câmpus da UFT de Miracema, com discentes indígenas do povo Xerente, com os moradores da aldeia, docentes do câmpus. Foram estabelecidas “conversas narrativas” entre a pesquisadora e tais sujeitos da pesquisa. Foi utilizada outra técnica de pesquisa desenvolvida por intermédio das escritas do diário de campo. Tem-se como objetivo geral: investigar quais os elementos originários da cultura Akwẽ-Xerente que contribuem para a permanência e o fortalecimento da identidade dos estudantes indígenas Akwẽ no ensino superior. Os resultados indicaram que as identidades culturais dos discentes indígenas Akwẽ-Xerente são constituídas fortemente pelo sentimento de pertencimento e por um somatório de itens, tais como: língua materna Akwẽ, pinturas corporais clânicas, sociedade dual, partidos de toras, culinária, casas e demais construções, união e fortalecimento dos clãs pelo casamento indígena, da sapiência pela oralidade dos anciãos, dentre outros. Infelizmente a diversidade presente no povo Xerente não tem sido respeitada no ambiente universitário da UFT e pontos básicos de diferenciação, como o próprio trajeto da aldeia à universidade é desconsiderado pelos do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis was developed from the assumptions of qualitative and participatory research. Its object of study is the cultural identity of the indigenous students of the UFT Campus of Miracema, specifically about the cultural identity of the Akwẽ-Xerente people. The research spaces consisted of Aldeia Porteira and the UFT Miracema Campus, with indigenous students of the Xerente people, with the villagers, teachers of the campus. “Narrative conversations” were established between the researcher and such research subjects. Another research technique developed through field journal writing was used. Its general objective is to investigate which elements originate from Akwẽ-Xerente culture that contribute to the permanence and strengthening of the identity of Akwẽ indigenous students in higher education. The results indicated that the cultural identities of the Akwẽ-Xerente indigenous students are strongly constituted by the sense of belonging and a sum of items such as: Akwẽ mother tongue, clan body paintings, dual society, log parties, cooking, houses and others. constructions, union and strengthening of clans by indigenous marriage, wisdom by orality of the elders, among others. Unfortunately the diversity present in the Xerente people has not been respected in the university environment of UFT and basic points of differentiation, as the very journey from the village to the university is disregarded by the teachers and by the institution itself as a whole. The orality is ignore... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No abstract / Mini Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Music / MMus / Unrestricted

Introduction: Around 80% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa use indigenous medicine when ill, before consulting biomedical health practitioners, and many only consult doctors when their disease is at an advanced stage or the indigenous medicine has failed. The rise in TB infection has led the South African government to consider collaboration between African indigenous health and biomedical health practitioners in order to counter a pandemic among communities. The World Health Organisation (WHO) advocates incorporating African indigenous health and biomedical health practitioners to promote quality service delivery among the communities. Support for cooperation between these health practitioners was promoted in South Africa with the passing of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 (Act. 22 of 2007) to promote collaboration. The government introduced programmes and models of health promotion related to TB management but they focussed on the prevention of the disease, promotion of health, and programmes about HIV/AIDS rather than on how a model of convergence and engagement between the African indigenous health and biomedical health practitioners regarding treatment of TB should be created. Research design and methods: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was used. The study conducted within the biomedical health and African indigenous health practitioner's context and was conducted in three phases. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to choose a population that comprised three groups of participants, namely, biomedical health practitioners, African indigenous health practitioners and supporters of direct observed treatment (DOT).The sample size was large enough to determine differences between groups. The researcher conducted in-depth individual interviews and focus group to explore and describe their views regarding convergence and engagement about the treatment of TB. Questions were asked following the interview guide until data saturation occur. Data analysis was conducted following Tesch method. Findings: The study found they perceived the treatment of TB differently, largely because of cultural diversity, for instance, differing beliefs and worldviews that had an impact on understanding the meaning of concepts such as disease, illness and wellness. Some believed that it was caused by witchcraft, others the result of cleansing rituals not having been carried out. It was also believed that Isidliso entered the victim while sleeping, in the form of food. Thus, the development of the model of convergence and engagement between the biomedical health and African indigenous health practitioners will sort out the myths that is in the mind of the people regarding the cause of TB. Conclusion: The model of convergence and engagement between the biomedical health and African indigenous health practitioners regarding the tuberculosis (TB) treatment was developed following the steps proposed by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach and Walker and Avant. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Nursing Science / PhD / Unrestricted

Cultural festivals have become a prominent topic of research because of their socio-economic value. However, thus far, limited research has been conducted on the more profound issue of the possible contribution of festivals towards constructing a cultural identity. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the role that one particular festival, the Lamu Cultural Festival, plays in constructing cultural identity, particularly when people from different cultural backgrounds are involved. Lamu in Kenya was chosen as the study area, due to its rich and unique cultural heritage, with the main aim of investigating whether the Lamu Cultural Festival is helping to preserve the cultural heritage of this area and/or to create a new Lamu identity. An anthropological approach was used to conduct the study on cultural identity. The research was conducted on the 14th annual Cultural Festival in Lamu, where the festival has taken place since 2001, after the Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The best way to understand another culture is to experience it first-hand by travelling to the destination, hence the use of participant observation for data collection. The dissertation looks at various debates regarding identity construction through cultural festivals. It also investigates the development of festival literature, festival tourism and the history of festivals. Cultural practices among the Aweer, the Bajuni, the Sanye and the Orma in Lamu, and these people's sense of cultural identity before the introduction of the Lamu Cultural Festival are also assessed, in order to understand the respective senses of cultural identity of these four indigenous groups involved in the festival. The Lamu Cultural Festival itself is also discussed in detail: the planning process, stakeholders and organisers, people's motivations for participating in the festival, festival items and their composition. The research findings may assist festival organisers in achieving a better understanding of the importance of involving indigenous communities in the planning process and possibly in achieving a Lamu identity over time. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted