Este trabalho pretende compreender como se dá o Processo de Nascimento entre a população indígena Pankararu de Pernambuco, tratando principalmente dos cuidados e itinerários a ele associados, a partir da experiência de algumas mulheres indígenas. Para isso, será feito o exercício de olhar primeiramente o contexto e cultura indígena locais, considerando suas relações com os encantados e a sociedade envolvente, principalmente com os sistemas oficiais de saúde disponibilizados pelo Estado. No contexto Pankararu, o nascimento envolve tanto os conhecimentos e práticas biomédicas e indígenas, como a utilização de remédios do mato, passar pelo atendimento pré-natal, a realização do parto domiciliar ou hospitalar, além do batizado em casa. Para esta pesquisa foi utilizado o método etnográfico por meio da observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas que viabilizaram apreender alguns dos saberes locais dessa população, relacionados ao parto e nascimento. O principal resultado desta investigação foi a revelação de como tem sido a assistência e experiência dessas mulheres com relação à sua saúde reprodutiva, considerando a demanda de contracepção, a ocorrência de partos em casa e nos hospitais, o trabalho das parteiras indígenas e o resguardo para controle da dona-do-corpo. / This work tries to understand the Process of Birth in the Pankararu indigenous population, in Pernambuco, focussing primarily on its associated cares and itineraries, based on the experience of some indigenous woman. To achieve this, an exercise of looking at the local indigenous context and culture will be conducted, considering the relations with the encantados and the absorbing society, mainly with the official health systems made available by the State. In the Pankararu context, birth involves both biomedical and indigenous knowledges and practices, the use of remédios do mato (medicinal herbs), frequenting prenatal care, giving birth at the hospital or at home and a home baptism. For this research, the ethnographic method was used, through participant observation and semi structured interviews that made it feasible to grasp some of the local knowledge of this population about labour and birth. The primary result of this investigation was the revelation of how the assistance has been received by these women and their experience regarding their reproductive health, taking into account the demand for contraception, the occurrence of home and hospital deliveries, indigenous midwives and the resguardo (postpartum restrictions period) for dona-do-corpos control.

The purpose of this study was to (1) explore the experiences and perceptions of clinicians who participated in a pilot cultural safety intervention in the Northwest Territories and (2) to make recommendations to pilot intervention in terms of design, content, and delivery. Indigenous and process evaluation research principles underlined this qualitative research project. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight clinicians who participated in the pilot intervention. Findings, identified through thematic analysis, reveal that participants were satisfied with many aspects of the pilot intervention, including key learnings, but also experienced challenges. Among these challenges were dominant discourses that suppress conversations about power and privilege. These research results will inform the sponsors of this project to further refine the pilot training model to enhance clinician learning and engagement. This study may be insightful to researchers and program developers in other jurisdictions. / Graduate

This dissertation explores historical processes and daily practices of indigenization within the context of British Columbia's model for delegating Aboriginal agencies for child and family services. This research draws from historical data, examining the ways in which contemporary indigenization within Aboriginal child welfare is shaped by Canada's colonial past- most notably, the historical relationship between the Indian Residential School System and Aboriginal child welfare in Canada. Grounded in indigenous methodologies, research practice, and critical theory, this dissertation queries indigenization within the Pacific Aboriginal Child Welfare Association (PACWA). This dissertation explores the complexity of the urban setting in which PACWA operates, providing case studies of daily practices of indigenization within the association, considering the roles of Aboriginal Elders and Knowledge Keepers throughout this process, and arguing for the need to reframe urban Aboriginal child welfare in Canada. This dissertation asserts that Indigenization at PACWA is making significant differences in the lives of children and families involved in Aboriginal child welfare and that Aboriginal families continue to have their children removed at alarming rates most often because they are living in the aftermath of colonization, amidst contemporary conditions that continue to marginalize Aboriginal peoples. Indigenization is a process that can and is being achieved within the context of child welfare in British Columbia today. It is a process connected to Aboriginal sovereignty, self-government, identity and mainstream-Aboriginal relations. It is also a process that is making significant impacts in the lives of those connected to Aboriginal child welfare (Aboriginal and otherwise), while simultaneously being challenged by the structural inequalities and political eddies that continue to marginalize urban Aboriginal peoples. This research demonstrates that successful indigenization practice, at the level of large organizations such as PACWA, requires that various levels of Canadian government view them as true partners in a project of decolonization and indigenization. This requires a recognition and honouring of history and diversity of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, validated by means of mutual respect and sharing power.

Amidst recent mobilizations of Indigenous land-based resistance and the hypocrisy inherent in the state’s implementation of UNDRIP they render visible, resource-extractive corporate capital is uniquely invested in the state’s continued ability to dispossess land from Indigenous peoples. This paper suggests that growing emphasis on Indigenous-state relations within industry-funded think tanks offers corporate capital an unprecedented avenue to participate in the evolution of federal policy discourse on state-Indigenous reconciliation. It draws on a content analysis of policy materials from four of these institutions ranging from far-right groups such as the Fraser Institute to the more moderate Institute on Governance, contextualizing findings in recent and substantive shifts in federal policy development in this area. Findings suggest that the groups’ relative diversity is underscored by common discursive themes infused by neoliberal governing rationalities that invoke a diffuse, flexible and agile policy landscape that erases the question of land—and Indigenous jurisdiction over land—which many Indigenous peoples identify as critical to meaningful reconciliation efforts. / Graduate / 2020-04-29

Chinese medicine is one of China's key national assets, an indigenous medical knowledge and practices that serves Chinese for thousands of years. As very little research has been focused on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) from systems of innovation perspective, the topic of study was chosen. This qualitative case study research introduces, defines and explores how TCM organisations collaborate to innovate from an evolutionary, interactive system perspective. In particular, the focus is on the development of knowledge and capabilities related to TCM drug research and production. Thirty one TCM organisation cases were analysed and presented in this study, interpreting their behaviour in terms of ideas drawn mainly from the literatures on systems of innovation, collaboration between organisations and resource (knowledge) based theory of the firm. Actors such as government play various roles in facilitating organisational and sectoral innovation processes. 'Various policy instruments', in particular research funding and institutions (e.g., standards and regulations) were used to enhance innovation and production. Various forms of collaborative networks were found among key actors: enterprises, universities, research organisations and end users. They contribute to the active innovation processes of 'Identification, Selection, Integration and Creation' of tangible and intangible outcomes and changes. Based on the research, new insights were derived as to how indigenous resources (defined as original and/or traditional knowledge and capabilities) may lead to indigenous innovation. This thesis contributes to the academic understanding of systems of innovation operating in the context of indigenous product and related process developments with reference to various actors interplaying in complex networks (systems) of collaborations. New understandings made on the processes of indigenous innovation (using TCM as a case) through investigating the actors' roles, inter-relations and their restless attempts to identify opportunities and problems, select and integrate different indigenous, scientific, technological and managerial knowledge, capabilities, resources and institutions, to create value that may 'fit' in evolutionary terms, the demand of the key actors in the sector.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-27T14:53:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Inara do Nascimento Tavares.pdf: 1125989 bytes, checksum: c670f14e609069890fe810b31165c4d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-27T17:56:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Inara do Nascimento Tavares.pdf: 1125989 bytes, checksum: c670f14e609069890fe810b31165c4d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-27T18:21:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Inara do Nascimento Tavares.pdf: 1125989 bytes, checksum: c670f14e609069890fe810b31165c4d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T18:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Inara do Nascimento Tavares.pdf: 1125989 bytes, checksum: c670f14e609069890fe810b31165c4d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The discussion presented in this master'sthesis aims to analyze the configuration of Indian policy, considering as an ethnographic field the Course for Indigenous Managers of Projects from the Central Corridor of Amazon - PDPI/MMA (Demonstrative Projects of Indigenous People/ Ministry of Environment), accomplished in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil), from February 2009 until March 2010. The purpose of this course was to bring up the technical, political and cultural subjects involved in building projects and to empower indigenous indicated by their indigenous organizations and communities to manage their own projects in a properly way. To analyze the configuration of indigenous policy, I will use the trajectories of João, José, Joaquim and Maria, indigenous managers of projects from the Solimões middle River region (Tefé and Alvarães Cities), trained by this course. Through this, I seek to understand the social impact of the course on the history of these indigenous people in relation to their initial expectations. The trajectories reveal agencies driven by Indians in Indian settings, which result in effects not measured by indigenism settings. They also reveal how relationships are established between Indigenous and the Brazilian State in the field of public policy and how the indigenous social movement articulate the various concepts, agents and agencies that make up this configuration. / A discussão apresentada nesta dissertação objetiva analisar a configuração da política indigenista, considerando como campo etnográfico o Curso de Formação de Gestores de Projetos Indígenas do Corredor Central da Amazônia - PDPI/MMA (Projetos Demonstrativos dos Povos Indígenas/ Ministério do Meio Ambiente), realizado em Manaus, no período de fevereiro de 2009 a março de 2010, com a finalidade de abordar as questões técnicas, políticas, culturais envolvidas na construção de projetos, afim de capacitar os indígenas indicados por suas organizações indígenas e suas comunidades a gerir seus projetos de forma adequada. Para análise da configuração da política indígena, trago as trajetórias de João, José, Joaquim e Maria, indígenas da região do Médio Solimões (Tefé e Alvarães), gestores indígenas de projeto formados por este curso. Com isto, busco compreender os efeitos sociais do curso na trajetória desses indígenas em relação às suas expectativas iniciais. As trajetórias revelam as agências acionadas pelos indígenas nas configurações indígenas, que resultam em efeitos não mensurados pelas configurações indigenistas. Revelam também como são estabelecidas relações entre indígenas e Estado brasileiro no campo das políticas públicas e como o movimento indígena articula os diversos conceitos, agentes e agências que constituem essa configuração.

Introdução - Desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), muitas mudanças ocorreram nas políticas públicas voltadas aos povos indígenas. A intensa luta dos movimentos indígenas subsidiou a proposta da criação e organização do Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena em 1999, sendo a Fundação Nacional de Saúde (FUNASA) designada como gestora e executora das ações de saúde indígena no país, no período de 1999 a 2010. Após 2010, a responsabilidade pela saúde indígena foi atribuída a Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI). Em 2011, a Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal definiu a reorganização do modelo de atenção em saúde bucal para os povos indígenas, propondo-se que seja planejada a partir de um diagnóstico das condições de saúde-doença e subsidiada pela epidemiologia e informações sobre o território indígena, além de acompanhar o impacto das ações por meio de indicadores adequados. Objetivo - Analisar componentes de saúde bucal da Política Nacional de Saúde Indígena com foco na atenção à saúde bucal das comunidades do Xingu, considerando as tendências da cárie dentária entre crianças e jovens e as ações implementadas no período de 2004 a 2013. Método - Pesquisa com abordagem qualiquantitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, com o uso de dados secundários do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Xingu e do Projeto Xingu, da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a partir dos quais foram gerados indicadores de avaliação. Foi analisada a evolução, nesse período, dos indicadores de cobertura de primeira consulta odontológica programática, tratamento odontológico básico concluído, proporção de exodontia em relação aos procedimentos, média da ação coletiva de escovação dental supervisionada do Baixo, Médio e Leste Xingu. Foram utilizados os índices de experiência de cárie dentária (CPO-D e ceo-d) para as idades de 5 e 12 anos e no grupo etário de 15 a 19 anos, a partir de inquéritos epidemiológicos, realizados em 2007 e 2013, utilizando a padronização preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Para contextualizar os indicadores, foi realizada uma revisão da produção científica sobre saúde bucal dos povos indígenas no Brasil no período de 1999 a 2014, bem como a análise de propostas relacionadas à saúde bucal dos povos indígenas nas cinco Conferências Nacionais de Saúde Indígena (1986 a 2013), na 3ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde Bucal (2004) e nas 13ª e 14ª Conferências Nacionais de Saúde (2007 e 2011). Resultados - Observou-se uma cobertura de primeira consulta odontológica programática maior que 60 por cento em todos os anos analisados, exceto nos anos de 2009 e 2010 com uma cobertura de 44,68 por cento e 53,41 por cento , respectivamente. O indicador de tratamento odontológico básico concluído apresentou um aumento significativo entre os anos 2006 e 2008, de 44,89 para 79,93. A proporção de exodontia em relação aos procedimentos apontou queda de 24,26 em 2004 para 3,84 em 2011. A média da ação coletiva de escovação dental supervisionada foi o indicador com maior variabilidade (de 1,25 a 23,27) entre os anos. Os valores de ceo-d e CPO-D indicaram padrões diferentes de cárie dentária entre os grupos. Foram examinados 368 pacientes em 2007 e 423 em 2013. Aos 5 anos, apresentou-se uma média de ceo-d de 6,43 em 2007 e 5,85 em 2013. Aos 12 anos de idade, média de CPO-D de 2,54 em 2007 e 2,78 em 2013. No grupo etário de 15 a 19 anos, verificou-se uma média de 6,89 em 2007 e 4,65 em 2013, sendo o único grupo com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). O Índice de Cuidados Odontológicos diminui em todos os grupos entre 2007 e 2013, sendo que aos 5 anos houve uma diminuição de 21,74 por cento para 7,14 por cento , aos 12 anos de 44,09 por cento para 16,35 por cento e de 63,14 por cento para 41,14 por cento no grupo etário de 15 a 19 anos. Conclusão - Este estudo descreve avanços e dificuldades na implementação do programa de saúde bucal no Baixo, Médio e Leste Xingu, com implicações importantes para programas de saúde bucal em áreas indígenas e para a produção de indicadores válidos nos serviços de atenção à saúde indígena. As estratégias de intervenções e parcerias com instituições privadas e públicas identificadas para melhorar a organização dos serviços, a equidade e o acesso da população indígena à saúde bucal, buscaram diminuir os entraves burocráticos e as iniquidades de saúde. A busca da integralidade da atenção através de parcerias com a própria comunidade e com outros setores foi realizada através de estratégias sensíveis às especificidades locais. Os resultados refletem uma tendência de diminuição da cárie nos dentes permanentes, apresentando um declínio da média de CPO-D no grupo etário de 15 a 19 anos e de avanços do programa. A efetiva diferenciação proposta nas conferências nacionais e nas políticas direcionadas aos povos indígenas, não tem se concretizado integralmente. O direito e o acesso à saúde para os povos indígenas são grandes desafios, sendo ainda tratados de forma homogênea e não diferenciada. Sugere-se a incorporação efetiva da realização de levantamentos epidemiológicos de saúde bucal que sejam específicos para cada realidade e que os programas busquem tecnologias, determinantes e especificidades no cotidiano do trabalho, para buscar minimizar os impactos que a sociedade nacional envolvente vem produzindo na saúde indígena. / Introduction - Since the creation of the Unified Health System (SUS), many changes have taken place in public policies related to indigenous population in Brazil. The intense struggle of the indigenous movements supported the proposal of the creation and organization of the Subsystem of the Indigenous Healthcare in 1999. The National Health Foundation (FUNASA) has been designated as manager and executor of actions indigenous health in the country, from 1999 to 2010. After 2010, responsibility for indigenous health was awarded the Indigenous Health Special Secretariat (SESAI). In 2011, the National Oral Health Policy defined the reorganization of the oral health care model for indigenous population, proposing that it be planned from a diagnosis of the health-disease conditions and subsidized by the epidemiology and information on the indigenous territory, monitor the impact of actions through appropriate indicators. Objective Analyze oral health component of the National Indigenous Health Policy focused on attention of oral health of the Xingu Indigenous Park, considering the trends of tooth decay among children and youth and the actions from 2004 to 2013. Method - research with quali-quantitative approach, the case study type, using secondary data from the Xingu Indigenous Special Sanitary District and the Xingu Project at the Federal University of São Paulo, from which evaluation indicators were generated. It was analyzed the evolution of the first programmatic dental consultation coverage indicators, basic dental treatment finished, extraction of proportion in relation to the procedures, average collective action of supervised toothbrushing the Lower, Middle and East Xingu. The indices of dental caries experience (DMFT and dmft) were used for ages 5 and 12 years and those aged 15-19 years from epidemiological surveys conducted in 2007 and 2013, using the standardization recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). To contextualize the indicators, a review of scientific literature on oral health of indigenous population in Brazil from 1999 to 2014 was carried out and an analysis of proposals related to the oral health of indigenous population in five National Conference of Indigenous Health (1986 to 2013), the 3rd National Conference on Oral Health (2004) and the 13th and 14th National Health Conferences (2007 and 2011). Results - It was observed a cover of first programmatic dental consultation greater than 60 per cent in all years studied, except in 2009 and 2010 with a cover of 44.68 per cent and 53.41 per cent , respectively. The basic dental treatment finished indicator showed a significant increase between 2006 and 2008, from 44.89 to 79.93. The proportion of extraction for procedures faced decrease of 24.26 in 2004 to 3.84 in 2011. The average of collective action of supervised toothbrushing was the indicator with the highest variability (1.25 to 23.27) among years. The values of dmft and DMFT showed different patterns of dental caries between groups. 368 patients were examined in 2007 and 423 in 2013. At 5 years old, performed an average of dmft of 6.43 in 2007 and 5.85 in 2013. At 12 years old, a DMFT average of 2.54 in 2007 and 2.78 in 2013. In the age group 15-19 years of 6.89 in 2007 and 4.65 in 2013, the only group with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The Dental Care index decreased in all groups between 2007 and 2013, and to 5 years old there was a decrease of 21.74 per cent to 7.14 per cent , to 12 years old 44.09 per cent to 16.35 per cent and 63 14 per cent to 41.14 per cent in the age group 15-19 years. Conclusion - This study shows progress and difficulties in the implementation of oral health program in the Lower, Middle and East Xingu, with important implications for oral health programs in indigenous territories and to produce valid indicators in care services for indigenous health. The strategies of interventions and partnerships with private and public institutions identified to improve the organization of services, equity and access of the indigenous population to oral health, sought to reduce the bureaucratic barriers and health inequities. The pursuit of integrality care through partnerships with the community and other sectors was conducted through sensitive strategies to local conditions. The results reflect a trend of reduction in decay in permanent teeth, showing a decline in DMFT average in the age group 15-19 years and the progress of the program. The effective differentiation proposed in national conferences and targeted policies on indigenous population, has not fully realized. The right and access to health care for indigenous population are major challenges still being treated evenly and undifferentiated. It is suggested the effective incorporation to carry out epidemiological surveys of oral health that are specific to each reality and that programs seek technologies, and specific determinants in daily work, to seek to minimize the impacts that nacional society surrounding has produced in indigenous health.

Introdução: Ao longo do século XX, temos registros de diversos povos indígenas dizimados por epidemias de varíola, sarampo e outras doenças que se deram através do contato com a sociedade envolvente. A estratégia de vacinação foi imprescindível para a manutenção de muitas etnias, evitando que fossem acometidas por doenças imunopreveníveis ao longo dos anos. Até a década de 90 não havia ações sistemáticas de imunização para os povos indígenas. Até então, a vacinação limitava-se a ações pontuais no controle de epidemias e a algumas experiências isoladas. No Parque Indígena do Xingu (PIX), desde 1965, as atividades de imunização foram estabelecidas na rotina da assistência por meio de parceria com a Escola Paulista de Medicina, da UNIFESP. E, antes disso, pelo Serviço de Unidades Sanitárias Aéreas, criada pelo sanitarista Noel Nutels, com o objetivo de levar ações básicas de saúde a populações vivendo em áreas rurais de difícil acesso. Entre essas ações destacavam-se o diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose, em articulação com o Serviço Nacional de Tuberculose (SNT), a imunização e as extrações dentárias. A prática de vacinação das populações indígenas está vinculada à estratégia de campanha, especialmente nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do país. Em aldeias adjacentes a centros urbanos, situação comum nas regiões Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul do país, com disponibilidade de energia elétrica em tempo contínuo e com uma maior facilidade de acesso dos profissionais de saúde, é comum encontrar-se as ações de imunização integradas à rotina dos serviços de saúde. Objetivo Geral: Analisar as atividades de imunização realizadas no PIX, uma área de difícil acesso, no que se refere aos aspectos do planejamento, execução, monitoramento e avaliação do Programa de Imunização no período de 2007 a 2015, para elaboração de um Guia de boas práticas de imunização em áreas remotas. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma sistematização de experiência, conforme propõe Oscar Jara Holliday, descritiva e qualitativa. As informações foram obtidas a partir de relatórios de trabalho, banco de dados, diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Considerações Finais: O transporte e manuseio de vacinas com qualidade em áreas de difícil acesso é desafiador e complexo, necessitando de estratégias singulares e de um planejamento cuidadoso devido às condições locais, que vão desde um ambiente com temperaturas médias elevadas, longas viagens em barcos sem proteção para o sol, à indisponibilidade de energia elétrica de forma contínua, o que cria uma série de particularidades, obrigando à utilização de diferentes estratégias para manutenção da cadeia de frio. O presente trabalho deu origem à elaboração de um Guia de boas práticas de imunização em áreas remotas. O impacto do Programa de Imunização desenvolvido no PIX é evidenciado pela redução da mortalidade entre as crianças- em especial por doenças preveníveis por vacinas- que não ocorre no PIX há pelo menos 4 décadas. Essas evidências permitem afirmar que o programa de imunização no Xingu tem atingido plenamente os objetivos de proteger a população contra as doenças para as quais existem vacinas disponíveis. / Introduction: Throughout the twentieth century, we have records of several indigenous peoples decimated by smallpox, measles and other epidemics diseases that occurred by the contact with the surrounding society. The vaccination strategy was essential for maintenance of many ethnic groups, preventing lots of them there were affected by vaccine preventable diseases over the years. Until the 90s, there was no systematic actions de immunization for these people. Until this period, vaccination was limited at specific actions to control of epidemics and some isolated experiences. In the Xingu Indigenous Park (PIX), since 1965, immunization activities already were established in routine care, through partnerships with universities (UNIFESP) in times of immunization campaigns. The Sanitarian Noel Nutels, in order to bring basic health care to these populations, especially in difficult access rural areas. These actions included the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, in conjunction with the National Service of Tuberculosis (SNT), immunization and dental extractions. The practice of vaccination to indigenous peoples is linked to the campaign strategy, especially in the North and Midwest regions of the country. In adjacent villages to urban centers, a common situation in the Northeast, Southeast and South of the country, with continuous time electricity and with greater easy access of health professionals, it is common to find immunization actions integrated to routine of health services. Objective: This study aimed to systematize the immunization activities in the Xingu Indigenous Park - PIX, an area of difficult access, searching to describe aspects of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Immunization Program from 2007 and 2015, building on the experience and documentary records accumulated over the years and interviews. Methodology: It is a systematization of experience, descriptive and qualitative, according to Oscar Jara Holliday. The information was obtained from the work reports, database, field diaries and semi-structured interview. Final Thoughts: The transport and handling of vaccines with quality, in difficult access areas is challenging and complex, requiring singular strategies and careful planning, due to local conditions that range since an environment with high average temperatures, long trips in boats with no sun protection to a continuous electricity unavailability, which creates a number of special features, requiring the use of different strategies for cold chain maintenance. The present work gave rise to the elaboration of a \"Guide to good immunization practices in remote areas\". The impact of the immunization program developed in PIX is evidenced by its mortality reduction among children, especially for vaccine-preventable diseases, which do not occur in PIX for at least four decades. This evidence allows us to affirm that the immunization program in the Xingu has fully achieved the objectives of protecting the population against diseases for which there are available vaccines.

Orientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes / Resumo: As políticas indigenistas sofreram inúmeras transformações em meio aos interesses dos grupos hegemônicos. Neste contexto, os povos indígenas foram escravizados, aculturados e até mesmo exterminados. Destaca-se a criação da aldeia indígena Vanuíre, como resultante de um processo que visava favorecer os interesses desses grupos. Considerando as mudanças que ocorreram neste âmbito, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as transformações das políticas públicas indigenistas na aldeia indígena Vanuíre (Arco Íris/SP). Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa cujos objetivos foram exploratório-descritivos. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram o estudo de caso e o levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Constatou-se que os povos indígenas sempre estiveram à margem do processo de formulação de políticas públicas e que a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, passaram a ocupar um espaço diferenciado no âmbito legal, entretanto, ainda perpassam por dificuldades de ordem prática quanto ao cumprimento do que é previsto na mesma. Quanto a aldeia indígena, evidenciou-se que sua criação ocorreu em um momento em que os povos indígenas exerciam uma cidadania de baixa intensidade, entretanto, hoje trata-se de um espaço cuja convivência é embasada no contexto de comunidade, cujas necessidades nos âmbitos fundiários, de saúde e educação são atendidas pelos órgãos governamentais federais, estaduais e municipais. Notou-se que o suporte desses órgãos especialmente do munícipio jun... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Indigenist policies have undergone numerous transformations amid the interests of hegemonic groups. In this context, indigenous peoples were enslaved, acculturated and even exterminated. The creation of the Vanuíre indigenous village is the result of a process aimed at favoring the interests of these groups. Considering the changes that occurred in this scope, this research had the aim of analyzing the transformations of indigenous public policies in the indigenous village Vanuíre (Arco Íris / SP). For that, a qualitative research was carried out whose objectives were exploratory-descriptive. The methodological procedures involved the case study and the bibliographic survey. It was pointed out that indigenous peoples have always been on the margins of the process of formulating public policies and that since the 1988 Federal Constitution, they have come to occupy a different space in the legislative sphere, however, they still face practical difficulties regarding compliance than provided for therein. As for the indigenous village, it was evidenced that its creation occurred at a time when indigenous peoples exercised a citizenship of low intensity, however, today it is a space whose coexistence is based in the context of community, whose needs in the scope areas, health and education are attended by federal, state and municipal government agencies. It was noted that the support of these organs, especially of the municipality near the village is effective, that the population studied has been a participant in the public policy processes, but there are still many challenges, especially those focused on promoting and enhancing indigenous culture / Mestre

This thesis examines Dayak identity constructions and how they have been and are currently being used to assert customary land rights in forested areas of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Indonesian state has required that customary land claims include proof that communities have maintained their indigenous institutions. Drawing from government and NGO reports, academic research, and Indonesian law, a few questions thus are explored: What aspects of identity must be maintained in order to be sufficient to claim customary land rights under Indonesian law? How has recent Dayak mobilization fed into a resurgence in Dayak identity and pride, and vice versa? What opportunities does this hold for conservation and development? This thesis emphasizes the necessity of the subsequent transfer of ownership following the recognition of customary rights, which would protect indigenous land more permanently, increase Dayak community involvement and self-perceptions as active agents in forestry, and in doing so, aid in improving security of indigenous livelihoods and protecting biodiversity in Indonesia’s forests.