No description available.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / Refer to the document

Dans les années 1990, l’Australie met en place une politique de réconciliation s’étalant sur dix ans et visant à développer une meilleure relation entre Australiens aborigènes et non-aborigènes. Cette politique est fondée sur la reconnaissance de l’existence continue de tensions entre les deux communautés, et ce malgré une plus grande reconnaissance de la place des Aborigènes en Australie depuis les années 1970. La relation complexe entre Australiens aborigènes et non-aborigènes – en particulier "blancs" et dont les origines sont anglo-celtes – est le résultat du processus de colonisation, des politiques ultérieures conçues pour contrôler la population aborigène, et de la domination des Aborigènes par l’Australie "blanche" au cours de l’histoire. Du fait des politiques discriminatoires, de nombreuses familles aborigènes décidèrent de cacher leurs origines et de se faire passer pour blanches. De nombreux enfants métisses à la peau claire furent enlevés à leurs familles et perdirent leurs liens avec leurs familles aborigènes. Aujourd’hui, un nombre grandissant d’Australiens choisissent de revendiquer leur identité Aborigène et de reprendre possession d’un héritage dont ils ont été privés. Mais si avoir des origines aborigènes n’est plus source de honte, en revanche, le chemin à parcourir pour retrouver son identité aborigène peut être difficile. Cette étude analyse les parcours identitaires de onze Australiens élevés dans une culture "blanche" anglo-celte et qui ont des origines aborigènes. L’analyse de leurs perceptions de l’identité aborigène révèle la prédominance des discours "blancs" sur les Aborigènes en Australie aujourd’hui, mais aussi la présence de discours essentialistes restreignant la définition de l’identité aborigène, et maintenant utilisés par la communauté aborigène afin de contrôler cette définition. L’analyse de la relation d’opposition entre Aborigènes et Australiens "blancs" dans l’Australie contemporaine révèle la difficulté à revendiquer à la fois des origines "blanches" et "noires", ainsi que des identités multiples. / In the 1990s, Australia set up a ten-year policy of reconciliation aiming at developing a better relationship between Indigenous people and the wider Australian community. This policy was based on the recognition of the enduring dichotomy between both communities despite an increasing acknowledgement of the place of Indigenous people in Australia since the 1970s. The complex relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians – and especially ‘white’ Anglo-Celtic Australians – is the result of the process of colonisation, of the subsequent policies designed to control Indigenous people, and of the historical domination of ‘white’ Australia over Indigenous people. As a result of discriminatory policies, many Indigenous families decided to hide their heritage and ‘passed’ into ‘white’ society. Many mixed-race and fair-skinned children were taken from their families and lost their connection with their Indigenous relatives. Today, an increasing number of Australians choose to identify as Indigenous and to reclaim a heritage they were deprived of. But although having Indigenous heritage is no longer regarded as shameful, the road back to Indigeneity can be a difficult one. This study is the analysis of the identity journeys of eleven Australians who were raised in a ‘white’, Anglo-Celtic Australian culture and who have Indigenous heritage. Their perceptions of Indigeneity are analysed to reveal the dominance of ‘white’ discourses about Indigeneity in today’s Australia, but also the presence of restricting essentialist discourses now used by the Indigenous community to keep control over the definition of Indigenous identity. The analysis of the oppositional relationship between Indigenous and ‘white’ Australians in contemporary Australia reveals the difficulty of embracing both ‘white’ and ‘black’ heritages and of claiming multiple identities.

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in developing countries. In Guyana, factors associated with increasing cervical cancer cases among Indigenous Amerindian women (IAW), Afro- women (AGW), and Indo-Guyanese women (IGW) have not been fully examined. In this comparative cross-sectional study, 5,800 cervical cancer cases were selected from Guyanese women age 13 and above for ethnicity (Indigenous Amerindian, Afro- and Indo Guyanese women), geographical region, marital status, and year and stage at diagnosis. Secondary data from Guyana Cancer Registry for the 2000-2012 study periods were analyzed using chi-square test, multinomial logistic regression, poisson regression, and relative risk. Geographical region was a strong predictor of cervical cancer cases for all three ethnic groups (p < 0.05). The relative risk for cervical cancer for IAW in Regions 2 (RR = 1.2) and 6 (RR = 1.07) was greater than for IAW in Region 4, the reference group for the study period. Comparatively, the relative risk for cervical cancer for AGW in Region 4 was greater than AGW in all other regions except Region 3 (RR = 1.05). Additionally, the relative risk for cervical cancer for IGW in Region 3 (RR = 1.03) was greater than that of IGW in all other regions. Single IAW (1.05) have a higher risk of getting cervical cancer than their married counterparts as compared to AGW (0.96) and IGW (1.00). Implications for social change include development of tailored programs which utilize a socio-ecological model to address cervical cancer issues at the individual, interpersonal, cultural, and community levels. Future research should focus on understanding the epidemiology of cervical cancer and the social factors among the ethnic groups of women.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Limpopo, 2010. / The role of indigenous healers and spiritual faith healers in managing various conditions of ill-health has been studied and debated. The aim of this study was to determine how indigenous healers and spiritual faith healers understand and define HIV/AIDS stigma and to explore the role that indigenous healers and faith healers play in reducing or reinforcing HIV/AIDS stigma in their communities. In this study, a qualitative approach and in particular, the grounded theory methodology was used. Grounded theory is described as a research method in which theory is developed from data, rather than the other way round. The application of this methodology included personal interviews with thirty-nine practising indigenous healers and spiritual faith healers in the Limpopo Province, while additional information was gleaned from the literature review. The researcher focused on the participants‟ conceptualisation of HIV stigma, from the context of the African world view in order to gain insight into their roles as healers. The findings indicate that indigenous healers‟ cultural beliefs prevented them from having a deeper understanding of HIV stigma when compared to the faith healers. Indigenous healers were generally found to have a positive attitude towards People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA), while spiritual faith healers showed a less positive attitude towards PLWA. The study further found that „HIV secrecy clause‟ contained in the South African National Policy on HIV/AIDS for Learners and Educators (August 1999) prevents traditional and spiritual faith healers, the affected and infected, the family and society at large from disclosing the HIV status of those infected. It is suggested that the tendency not to disclose has the potential to encourage stigmatization and discrimination whilst at the same time hindering efforts to find solutions to the problem. The study is concluded by suggesting that HIV testing must be compulsory for every person who consults in a hospital. Such a policy move could contribute positively in terms of health promotion. / Medical Research Council

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Ten experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy to protein ratio level on growth and productivity of indigenous Venda chickens raised in closed confinement from day-old up to thirteen weeks of age. The ten experiments were based on five different energy levels of 12.2, 13, 13.2, 13.4 and 14 MJ ME/kg DM. Each dietary energy level had five different levels of protein concentrations of 220, 190, 180, 170 and 160 g/kg DM, thus ending up with twenty five different dietary energy to protein ratio levels. Experiments 1 to 5 examined the effect of dietary energy to protein ratio on productivity of unsexed Venda chickens aged one to six weeks. Experiments 1 to 5 each commenced with 160 unsexed day-old indigenous Venda chicks with an initial weight of 25 ± 2 g per bird and each lasted for a period of six weeks. In each experiment, the chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each having eight birds. Thus, 20 floor pens (1.5 m2 /pen) were used in total for each experiment. All the five experiments were carried out around the same time. A complete randomized design was used for each experiment. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the ratios for optimum feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention in each experiment while a linear model was used to determine the relationship between optimal responses in the above variables and dietary energy to protein ratio levels. Dietary energy to protein ratio level for optimal response for any variable was relative and depended on the energy to protein ratio values of the diet. Energy to protein ratios of 63, 67, 70, 74 and 78 MJ ME/kg protein promoted optimal live weights of 415, 408, 370, 365 and 344 g at six weeks of age for diet energy levels of 12.2, 13, 13.2, 13.4 and 14 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively. However, optimal response trends for different variables were also influenced by the dietary energy to crude protein ratio. Optimal feed intake increased linearly with increasing dietary energy to protein ratio levels. Similarly, optimal metabolisable energy level increased linearly with increasing dietary energy to protein ratio levels without any increase in live weight. On the other hand, increasing dietary energy to protein ratio level decreased growth rate with a linear deteriorating feed conversion ratio,thus, negatively affecting live weight of the chickens at six weeks of age. However, increasing dietary energy to protein ratio levels improved efficiency of protein utilization with a linear deteriorating metabolisable energy utilization. In experiments 1 to 5, correlation analysis indicated that optimal feed intake, feed conversion ratio and metabolisable energy level were positively and strongly correlated with dietary energy to protein ratio levels while optimal live weight, growth rate and nitrogen retention were negatively and strongly correlated with dietary energy to protein ratio levels. The study indicated that a diet containing a crude protein content level of 178 g/kg DM and an energy level of 14 MJ ME/kg DM allowed for optimal utilization of absorbed protein and energy for growth in unsexed indigenous Venda chickens aged between one and six weeks. Experiments 6 to 10 examined the effect of dietary energy to protein ratio level on productivity of male Indigenous Venda chickens raised in closed confinement from seven up to 13 weeks of age. Each experiment commenced with 100 seven-week old male Venda chickens with an initial weight of 320 ± 2 g per bird. In each experiment, the chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each having five birds. Thus, 20 floor pens (1.5 m2/pen) were used in total for each experiment. All the five experiments were carried out around the same time and for a period of seven weeks. A complete randomized design wasused for each experiment. A quadratic regression model was used to determine energy to protein ratios for optimum feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio,live weight, metabolisable energy, nitrogen retention, carcass yield, breast meatyield and fat pad deposition in each experiment while a linear model was used to determine the relationship between optimal responses of the above variables and dietary energy to protein ratio levels. Energy to protein ratios of 60, 71, 66, 72 and 71 MJ ME/kg protein promoted optimal live weights of 1167, 950, 983, 1235 and 1172 g at thirteen weeks of age for diet energy levels of 12.2, 13, 13.2, 13.4 and 14 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively. Optimal response trends in feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention, and metabolisable energy intakes in male Venda chickens tended to increase with increase in dietary energy to protein ratio level. In contrast, optimal carcass and breast meat yield tended to decrease with increasing dietary energy to protein ratio level. However, optimal live weight and fat pad remained unchanged with increase in dietary energy to protein ratio value. Additionally, increasing dietary energy to protein ratio level improved efficiency of protein utilization with deteriorating metabolisable energy utilization.On the other hand, experiments 6 to 10 showed that optimal feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy level, nitrogen retention and fat pad were positively and poorly correlated with dietary energy to protein ratio levels while optimal carcass weight and breast meat yield were negatively and poorly correlated with dietary energy to protein ratio levels This study indicated that a diet containing 193 g CP/kg DM and an energy level of 14 MJ ME/kg DM allowed for optimal utilization of absorbed protein and energy for growth in male indigenous Venda chickens aged between seven and thirteen weeks.It is, therefore, concluded that optimal response trends for different variables in growing unsexed Venda chickens offered diets differing in optimal dietary energy to protein ratio levels are influenced by the diet crude protein content rather than the feed energy level per se. Diets containing decreased dietary energy to protein ratio levels may promote improved growth rate and efficient feed conversion ratio while naturally restricting feed intake. Diets containing increased dietary energy to protein ratio levels favoured efficient utilization of consumed dietary protein. However, with such diets, protein became limiting and birds increased their feed intake attempting thereby to obtain more of the limiting protein in order to meet their protein requirement regardless of the energy value of the diet.It is, also, concluded that growing male Venda chickens increased their feed intake with increase in dietary energy to protein ratio. This is contrary to what has been observed in broiler chickens which decrease their intake with increase in diet energy value. It is suggested that this might reflect the differences between indigenous and broiler chickens in terms of their genetic and physiological abilities to regulate their feed intakes according to dietary energy levels. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / This study was carried out to investigate antioxidant and antibacterial properties of 9 indigenous medicinal plants, viz., Euclea undulata (mogweregwere), Momordica balsamia (mogapu badimo), sefapa badimo, Senecio asperulus (makgonatšohle), Stiburus alopecuroides (mošalašuping), serolana, Euphorbia inaequilatera (kgama-maswana), mokgagapitsi and Clerodendrum glabrum (mohlokohloko) and to further isolate compounds that relate to these properties. Four extracting solvents with varying polarities viz. n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol were used to extract the bioactive compounds from the ground powdered plant materials. The TLC plates, developed in three solvent systems viz., benzene, ethanol and ammonia (BEA, 18:10:0.2, v/v/v); ethyl acetate, methanol and water (EMW, 10:1.35:1, v/v/v) and chloroform, ethyl acetate and formic acid (CEF, 10:8:2, v/v/v), were visualised using DPPH, vanillin-sulphuric acid, visible light at 366 nm, UV light at 254 nm and bioautography for the presence of potential antioxidant and antibacterial compounds. The results of the screening process showed that only four plants possessed antioxidant compound(s) while six plants had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Euclea undulata “MKK” was observed to possess both antibacterial and antioxidant active compounds. Two antioxidant active compounds were isolated from two plants, viz., Euphorbia inaequilatera and Dicerocaryum senecioides. Solvent-solvent extraction, column chromatography and preparative TLC were used to further isolate and characterise target compounds. The antioxidant active compounds were found to separate well under EMW, an indication that the compounds are polar and intermediate-polar. The NMR spectra of the compound isolated from the D. senecioides revealed that the compound is a stilbenoid. For the first time, we report that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferation properties of the D. senecioides reported by other studies performed in this laboratory could be due to this isolated stilbenoid compound. However, further studies are still necessary to confirm this assertion.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Plant Protection)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / Global withdrawal of synthetic fumigant nematicides like methyl bromide due to their eco-unfriendliness resulted in serious consequences in production of crops which do not have genotypes that are resistant to plant-parasitic nematodes. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one such crop, where infection by highly aggressive root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) invariably results into as high as 50% yield loss, with occasional total crop failures. Initial screening for nematode resistance in Cucumis species indigenous to South Africa suggested the possibility of the existence of nematode resistance, with the probability of these species being compatible with Citrullus species in inter-generic grafting technology. Uses of indigenous genera in Cucurbitaceae family as nematode-resistant seedling rootstocks in watermelon production could promote the South African watermelon industry as outlined in ISO 9001 certification guidelines to have competitive advantage in lucrative watermelon export markets. The objectives of this study were to determine the: (1) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 2 under various conditions, (2) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 4 and M. javanica, including the resistance form in these plant species, at least, under selected environmental conditions, (3) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 2 with multi-nematode xxviii infestations in order to establish whether the observed nematode resistance was sustainable when the plant was attacked by various pests at the root system level, (4) compatibility of inter-generic grafting of Citrullus and Cucumis seedlings in order to establish the potential uses of Cucumis species in olericulture, and (5) influence of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurode vaporariorum) infection on resistance of C. africanus to Meloidogyne species in order to establish whether the observed nematode resistance was sustainable when the plant was attacked by pests on complimentary organs. Reliability of measured variables was ensured by using statistical levels of significance (P ≤ 0.05) and coefficient of determination (R2), with validity being ensured by conducting experiments at the same location over two seasons or conducting one experiment during one season at two different locations, viz. the University of Limpopo and the Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Industrial Crops, and/or by setting up factorial treatments. Results consistently demonstrated that C. africanus and C. myriocarpus were non-hosts to M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica, without the test nematodes inflicting any damage to plants, which in plant-parasitic nematodes is described as nematode resistance. Quadratic relationships between RF values and log10(Pi + 1) transformations, in addition to confirming the density-dependent growth patterns of plant-parasitic nematodes, also suggested that chemical compounds responsible for suppression of nematodes in the two Cucumis species were different. The two Cucumis species were resistant to M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica, regardless of the environment under which the experiments were conducted. In field studies, the xxix two Cucumis species supported the ring nematodes (Criconema mutabile) and the spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus dihystera), without these exo-parasitic nematodes inflicting any damage to plants, which in plant-parasitic nematodes is described as tolerance. Interactions among Meloidogyne species, C. mutabile and H. dihystera were either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on whether Meloidogyne species were in the soil or inside the roots. Mechanisms of nematode resistance in the two Cucumis species were different, with C. africanus and C. myriocarpus depicting pre-infectional and post-infectional forms of resistance, respectively, without any sign of hypersensitivity in roots. When, seeds of Citrullus species were primed in water to hasten germination. Using the developed technology, survival of grafts improved from 36% to 100%, translating to relative improvement of 178%, with nematode-resistant rootstocks retaining their nematode resistant capabilities, while watermelon scions flowered earlier, with relatively higher fruit yield, without any deleterious effect on accumulation abilities of essential nutrient elements in leaves. Resistance of C. africanus to M. javanica was invariably broken by the greenhouse whitefly infection at high population levels, possibly through loss of non-structural carbohydrates, which are essential in synthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. Cucumis africanus and C. myriocarpus contain cucurbitacin B (C32H48O8) and cucurbitacin A [cucumin (C27H40O9), leptodermin (C27H38O8)], respectively, which have high demand for carbon and energy. Consequently, the efficacy of indigenous Cucumis species as nematode-resistant rootstocks in suppression of Meloidogyne species would be dependent upon the management of the xxx greenhouse whitefly population densities. In conclusion, C. africanus and C. myriocarpus have the potential for use as nematode-resistant rootstocks in the production of watermelon cultivars ‘Congo’ and ‘Charleston Gray’ in South Africa, where nematode population densities of M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica are widely distributed and are highly injurious to watermelons. Although nematode resistance in the two Cucumis species had attributes of sustainability, populations of the greenhouse whitefly broke the resistance. Proposed future research areas included influence of cucurbitacins in fruit quality of watermelons and protocols for mass culturing the nematode-resistant Cucumis rootstocks using tissue culture technology. / the National Research Foundation,the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the Landbank Chair of Agriculture-University of Limpopo

Thesis (M.Sc. Agric. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / The mineral nutrition of indigenous crop species is not well documented like other known crop species, thus making it difficult for one to know how to plant and maintain the crops. Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri), which, happens to be a wild crop, is one of the indigenous trees of interest to the Discipline of Plant Production, University of Limpopo. The current study gives baseline information that will be important in various environmental physiology studies of this plant. Physiological studies will be necessary to assess the importance of “limiting” mineral nutrients in the accumulation of certain mineral nutrients in Mmupudu in relation to its productivity. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial in RCBD, with the first and second factors being time of sampling and location, respectively. The three locations where data were collected were Chuenespoort, Bochum and Sekgosese. In each location, the experiment was replicated 10 times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using the least significant difference test. The two-factor interaction was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.10) for both pH and electrical conductivity. Soil pH was not affected by time in all three locations suggesting that abscised flowers and fruitlets have no effect on pH. Leaf K experienced an increase of 65% at Chuenespoort and a decrease of soil K after fruiting by 44%. Leaf and soil P decreased after fruiting in all locations as was the case with Cu. Chuenespoort and Sekgosese experienced a decrease in leaf Mn after fruiting while soil Mn decreased in all whereas leaf Mg decreased in all locations. / the National Research Foundation and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Orientador: Edmundo Antonio Peggion / Banca: Paride Bolletin / Banca: Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden / Banca: Renata Medeiros Paoiello / Banca: Edgar Teodoro da Cunha / Resumo: Busquei construir nesta tese uma reflexão sobre as formas de resistência indígena presentes no final do século XX e o fenômeno da liderança Tupi-Kagwahiva que se reatualiza, se reconfigura politicamente na primeira década do século XXI e que serve de modelo e experiências sociais para outros povos da região do Sul do Amazonas. Para além disso, dediquei-me ao entendimento das formas segundo as quais os povos indígenas, sobretudo os Tenharin, Parintintin, Jiahui e Mura se relacionaram com a empresa extrativista, com respeito a seus territórios. Inicialmente marcadas por enfretamento físico, a partir de correrias e guerras, as próprias estratégias étnicas foram se modificando ao longo dos anos. Nesse processo de territorialização em que se deu o esbulho do território indígena, novos processos de intrusão foram surgindo, como a presença do Serviço de Proteção Indígena - SPI, em 1920. A relação direta com o não indígena permitiu traçar novas estratégias de resistência indígena na contemporaneidade. Nesse aspecto, foi preciso compreender a relação da castanha com os Kagwahiva, com os comerciantes, desde o processo de transformação em mercadoria no tempo do patrão até o momento contemporâneo, pois a transformação não ocorre somente com o agenciamento da castanha. Todos se transformam nesta relação política e simbólica da circularidade de Nhanhã. Nesta perspectiva, procurei, aqui, contextualizar como as lideranças Kagwahiva concebem e vivenciam a presença da estrada - a Transamazônic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Résumé: J'ai cherché à développer sur cette thèse une réflexion sur les formes de résistance indigènes présentes à la fin du XXe siècle et le phénomène de la direction Tupi- Kagwahiva qui est rétabli, reconfigure politiquement dans la première décennie du XXIe siècle et sert de modèle et d'expériences sociales à d'autres peuples. du sud de l'Amazonie. En outre, je me suis attaché à comprendre les liens entre les peuples autochtones, notamment les Tenharin, les Parintintin, les Jiahui et les Mura, dans le secteur de l'extraction de leurs territoires. Initialement marquées par des affrontements physiques lors de raids et de guerres, les stratégies ethniques elles-mêmes ont évolué au fil des ans. Dans ce processus de territorialisation au cours duquel le territoire autochtone a été créé, de nouveaux processus d'intrusion ont commencé à émerger, tels que la présence du Service de protection des peuples autochtones (SPI) en 1920. La relation directe avec les non-autochtones a permis d'élaborer de nouvelles stratégies de résistance autochtone. contemporanéité. À cet égard, il était nécessaire de comprendre la relation entre le châtaignier et le Kagwahiva, avec les commerçants, depuis le processus de transformation en marchandise du temps du patron jusqu'à l'époque contemporaine, car la transformation ne se produit pas seulement avec l'agence du châtaignier, mais tout se transforme relation politique et symbolique de la circularité de Nhanha. Dans cette perspective, j'ai essayé ici de conte... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor