Orientador: Wilson Suzigan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T07:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoselinoJunior_JoseEduardodeSalles_D.pdf: 1832026 bytes, checksum: 0abbcda0f9a9f301224412f0c2503856 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: As atividades de software foram eleitas como opção estratégica da Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior ¿ PITCE a partir da identificação de seu papel crescentemente crucial para o desenvolvimento das mais diversas atividades. A política setorial vem sendo desenhada com o objetivo de alcançar duas metas principais: elevar as exportações brasileiras de software e ampliar a participação das empresas nacionais no mercado doméstico. A tese apresenta um panorama da indústria brasileira de software que permite discutir a adequação dos objetivos traçados para a política industrial. As características da indústria brasileira de software são compreendidas a partir de uma perspectiva comparada com as configurações existentes em outras nações não-centrais que lograram desenvolver importantes indústrias de software (Índia, Irlanda e China). A abordagem desenvolvida identifica a expressiva presença das empresas de capital nacional em todos os segmentos considerados, ainda que exibindo grandes assimetrias com relação às empresas de capital estrangeiro. O quadro apresentado sugere que o enfoque da política deveria se centrar no reforço aos aspectos virtuosos já existentes na indústria brasileira de software, concentrando a ação das políticas na consolidação das empresas nacionais para o enfrentamento de um mercado crescentemente competitivo / Abstract: The software activities have been chosen as a strategic option for the Technology, Trade and Industrial Policy ¿ PITCE following the recognition of its increasingly crucial role on the development of others activities. The sectorial policy has been shaped by two main goals: to raise the Brazilian software exports and to increase the market-share of national firms on the domestic market. The aspects of the Brazilian software industry are understood from a comparative approach, alongside to others experiences of developing significant software industries in non-central economies (India, Ireland and China). This thesis displays an overview of the Brazilian software industry that favors some questioning about the adequacy of the goals chosen for the industrial policy. This approach identifies an expressive attendance of the Brazilian firms in all considered sectors, despite the existence of important asymmetries between the national and foreign companies. The picture observed suggests that the policy should focus on the reinforcement of virtuous aspects that already can be found in the Brazilian Software Industry, orienting the policy action on the strengthening of the national companies to face an increasingly competitive market / Doutorado / Politica Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

A análise das influências institucionais sobre a conduta empresarial tem, segundo Eggertsson (1990) e Black (2000), espaço para uso de novos ferramentais analíticos e de abordagens quantitativas. Estes autores apontam deficiências a sanar: a incipiente coleta de dados institucionais, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento e a complexidade de uma análise institucional comparada. O objetivo deste estudo é buscar indícios na literatura e evidências nas pesquisas quantitativas de que as regras institucionais influenciaram a estrutura do setor industrial, a conduta dos agentes e o desenvolvimento econômico nas duas amostras estudadas, a da econometria e a do laboratório. A literatura avançou com Williamson (1985) e Kliksberg (1994), entre outros, no que tange a instituições e com Sauaia (1995, 2006, 2008, 2010) no que tange a simulações e experimentos. Foram adotadas abordagens metodológicas complementares por meio da econometria de dados em painel, com o exame de dados secundários de 24 países da América Latina em 17 anos de observação e do Laboratório de Gestão com dados primários de dois experimentos onde 105 empresas reunidas em 12 setores industriais (2009 e 2010) operaram em 2 diferentes ambientes institucionais desenhados para a aprendizagem de estudantes de graduação na FEA/USP. Com a econometria foram identificadas as variáveis institucionais que melhor explicaram o desempenho do PIB industrial dos países. Três delas que apresentaram significância estatística foram adotadas nos experimentos: a efetividade da ação governamental (+) com sinal positivo, ou seja, quanto maior a aplicação de leis, melhor o desempenho econômico; a regulação pública no país (-) com sinal negativo, isto é, quanto maior a regulação, menor o desempenho econômico; o consumo público (-) com sinal negativo, pois quanto maior o consumo do governo, maior a concorrência com o setor privado. No Laboratório de Gestão os agentes iniciaram operações em condições idênticas. Entretanto, as diferentes regras institucionais induziram distintas condutas quanto às iniciativas, estratégias e pró-atividade. Observaram-se resultados desiguais nas eficiências mercadológica, operacional e financeira, assim como nos lucros e taxas internas de retorno. Mesmo partindo de premissas teóricas distintas, Scherer (1970) e Gonçalves (2003) também encontraram resultados semelhantes corroborando os efeitos positivos de ações governamentais e de desenhos institucionais sobre o desempenho setorial, nos EUA e no Brasil. Tais resultados evidenciaram os benefícios propiciado por um Estado misto, particularmente em períodos de crise, tendo os gestores significante papel na construção da relação Estado-Empresas-Sociedade e em sua contínua evolução. / The analysis of institutional influences on corporate behavior has, according to Eggertsson (1990) and Black (2000), space for new analytical tools, with greater use of quantitative approaches. They point deficiencies to remedy: the incipient institutional data collection, especially in developing countries, and the complexity of a comparative institutional analysis. The aim of this study is to seek indications in the literature and evidences in quantitative research that institutional rules affect the structure of the industrial sector, the conduct of agents, and economic development in both studied samples, the econometrics\' and the laboratory\'s. The literature has advanced with Williamson (1985) and Kliksberg (1994), among others, regarding to institutions and with Sauaia (1995, 2006, 2008, 2010) regarding the simulations and experiments. Complementary methodological approaches were adopted by the econometrics of panel data, with the examination of secondary data from 24 countries in Latin America in 17 years, and by the Management Laboratory using primary data from 12 industries simulated, where 105 companies from two semesters (2009 and 2010) operated in two differents institutional environments designed for undergraduates learning at FEA / USP. With econometrics we identified the variables most relevant for explaining the performance of industrial countries\' GDP, and these were included in the experiments. Appeared statistically significant: the effectiveness of government action (+) with positive sign, that is, the more law enforcement, better economic performance, public regulation in the country (-) with negative sign, that is, the greater the regulation, the lower the performance. As for public consumption, we obtained the expected result (-) with negative sign, because the higher government consumption, increased competition with the private sector. Regarding corruption there was the expected sign (-) negative, representing a major cost for businesses. In the Laboratory Management agents began operations under identical conditions. However, different institutional rules induced different behavior on initiatives, strategies and pro-activity. Mixed results were observerd in marketing efficiencies, operational and financial, as well as in profits and internal rates of return. Even starting from different theoretical assumptions, Scherer (1970) and Gonçalves (2003) also found similar results confirming positive effects of government actions and institutional designs in the industry performance in the U.S. and Brazil. These results show the benefit of the mixed state, particularly in times of crisis, where managers play a significant role in building the relationship between State-Business-Society and in its continuing evolution.

M.A. / A stable environment for future economic growth in South Africa will depend on curbing violence, crime and poverty. Government has started to address the development backlog by initiating programmes such as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). Urgent problems such as housing shortages, the education crisis, unemployment, violence and poverty are receiving priority. This has had a further effect on the policy of service delivery in the field of Social Work, hence there is a paradigm shift towards development social work as emphasized in the White paper for Social Welfare (Government Gazette, 1997). Communities establish development projects with the aim of creating jobs, etc but are not aware of the process involved (e.g. management) for such a project to be successful. For this reason the researcher is of the opinion that many community development projects fail due to the fact that they are not managed properly. The main goal of the study is to develop guidelines on how to manage development projects in deprived communities. A qualitative exploratory study was used to address the following main question: “How do you manage your project?” A non-probability sampling procedure was used to select two projects that were under study. The data collection methods that were employed were face-to-face and focus group interviews, observation and the analysis of project documents. The method of data analysis utilized was data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. The following main themes were identified as important entities in the management of community development projects: teamwork, planning, implementation, monitoring and control, leadership and evaluation. All these themes are considered to be very important in ensuring project success. / Prof. J.B.S Nel

The research problem addressed in this study was to analyse and report on the development of the Coega Industrial Development Zone as an infrastructure for renewed entrepreneurial activity and profitable management of existing firms in the Eastern Cape. To achieve this objective, a literature study was undertaken to assess the potential benefits achieved at similar industrial development zones around the world and what could be learnt from these developments which will make the Coega Industrial Development Zone workable. The Empirical results obtained, indicate that most local companies are confident that the Coega industrial Development Zone will be beneficial to the region. In conclusion, various recommendations have been made with regard to the findings ascertained in the Empirical Study.

Manufacturing Revolutions - Industrial Policy and Networks in South Korea. This chapter uses a historic big push intervention and newly digitized data from South Korea to study the effects of industrial policy on industrial development. In 1973 South Korea transitioned to a military dictatorship and drastically changed their development strategy. I find industries targeted by the regime's big push grew significantly more than non-targeted industries along several key dimensions of industrial development. These developmental effects persisted after industrial policies were retrenched, following the 1979 assassination of the president. Furthermore, I estimate the spillovers of the industrial policies using exogenous variation in the exposure to the policy across the input-output network. I find evidence of persistent pecuniary externalities like those posited by big push development theorists, such as Albert Hirschman. In other words, I find that South Korea's controversial industrial policy was successful in producing industrial development, the benefits of which persisted through time and in industries not directly targeted by the policies. Waiting for the Great Leap Forward - The Green Revolution and Structural Change in the Philippines. This study explores the short- and long-run impacts of the green revolution on structural transformation. The setting is the revolution’s home country: the Philippines. In 1966, the Philippine’s experienced the widespread introduction of so-called “miracle rice” varieties, invented at the International Rice Research Institute in Los Banos, Laguna. The island republic experienced large gains to agricultural productivity as a result. Using a newly constructed panel of Philippine municipalities, I show that growth in agricultural productivity led to unexpected patterns of structural transformation. In the short-run, the green revolution translated into labor-absorbing technological change, reallocating labor into HYV-intensive rice economies. However, in the long-run, the rising relative cost of labor, meant that rice farms mechanized and displaced the Philippine peasantry into the service sector. The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and Economic Development in Vietnam. This study examines how the historical state conditions long-run development, using Vietnam as a laboratory. Northern Vietnam (Dai Viet) was ruled by a strong centralized state in which the village was the fundamental administrative unit. Southern Vietnam was a peripheral tributary of the Khmer (Cambodian) Empire, which followed a patron-client model with weaker, more personalized power relations and no village intermediation. Using a regression discontinuity design across the Dai Viet-Khmer boundary, the study shows that areas historically under a strong state have higher living standards today and better economic outcomes over the past 150 years. Rich historical data document that in villages with a strong historical state, citizens have been better able to organize for public goods and redistribution through civil society and local government. This suggests that the strong historical state crowded in village-level collective action and that these norms persisted long after the original state disappeared.

M.A. / South Africa has more than 450 rural towns where 10% of the population, comprising about 80% of the country's poorest of the poor, live. To promote development and prevent the residents of these towns and the surrounding rural areas from migrating to the larger towns and cities in search of jobs (thereby putting more strain on the resources available there), it was imperative that these towns and the rural areas be developed. This was the ideal aspired to in the seventies and eighties. After two previous attempts the government stepped in and launched the S.A. Regional Industrial Development Plan (RIDP) in 1982. The plan identified several smaller towns as potential recipients of special government incentives, to attract investments from the cities to these communities. Nkowankowa was one of these towns that was declared as an industrial development point (IDP). The plan had both economic and political objectives. On the economic side the plan was an attempt at fostering economic growth and job creation to the benefit of the local communities, while at the same time alleviating the pressure of urban growth experienced by larger cities. On the political side, it was an attempt to contain the Black population within the Homelands. As in the case of similar programmes implemented in other countries, this programme was less successful in South Africa. Most of the IDP's that showed some early success, soon failed. Nkowankowa was one of them, It started off well but soon stagnated and even declined. Data collected from industrialists and Gazankulu Development Corporation (GDC) were analysed using a frequency and tabulation programme. Most industries were established between 1982 and 1985. From 1986 the rate of industrial establishment declined, This show that industrial development in Nkowankowa was less than originally planned. The high failure rate of industries at Nkowankowa is due to the heavy dependence on incentives, agricultural and wood inputs. Periods of protracted droughts negatively affected processing industries in Nkowankowa. The decrease in the amount of incentives also forced firms to close or relocate to metropolitan areas. It is recommended that the community in Ritavi district should be assisted with necessary skills to enable them to gain control over their own economic future. They should become more involved in the economic development and job creation of this area. More jobs can also be created by expanding agricultural activities and enlisting the help of tertiary institutions in supporting, training and advising this community.

This treatise revisits the process of the implementation of the Coega Project and discusses political economic issues which emerge therein locating them in the political economic context of post-1994 South Africa. Based on an in-depth study of the “Coega Story”, and three years of observing the Coega Development Corporation engaging in the political economic space to implement the project, key themes which are relevant in understanding the nature of politics in the country are highlighted and discussed with a view to drawing lessons for future implementers of economic development projects and policy makers. Key discussions in the study include a critical analysis of the symbiotic relationship between politics and development (or broadly the economy) – where emphasis is made about the centrality of politics in implementing economic development projects; the developmental state – where key characteristics of a developmental state are highlighted; the transition from apartheid to democracy and its implications on the nature of political relations post-apartheid; industrial development as a growth strategy and the interplay of social forces in the post- 1994 political economic space. The Coega Project is located within the broader context of the ruling party seeking to advance what is called the second and, perhaps the ultimate task of the liberation struggle, socio-economic liberation. Its strategic fit in that task is discussed critically taking into account paths to industrialisation as they have been observed from Newly Industrialising Countries and South Africa’s attempts at industrialisation before and after 1994.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The MOZAL aluminium smelter in Maputo is the largest-ever foreign direct investment in Mozambique. South Africa's state-owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) owns 24% shares in MOZAL and the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) and Eskom provided road and power supply infrastructure to ensure the success of the smelter. BHP Billiton is the majority shareholder, the other being Mitsubishi. MOZAL is the flagship of South Africa's foreign policy for regional integration in southern Africa and economic reconstruction in Mozambique: a practical manifestation of the African Renaissance. This thesis is a case study of MOZAL as an example of cross-border industrial development and its implications for development in Mozambique. Using an eclectic multidisciplinary Critical Global Political Economy (critical GPE) theoretical framework, a survey of relevant literature and a series of selected open interviews, it examines how development based on the assumptions of industrialisation and neo-modernisation espoused by the governments and private sector champions of MOZAL impact on class, gender, environmental and social justice in Mozambique. The research identifies the socio-economic development dimensions of MOZAL for Mozambique and how the cost and benefits are distributed among the various social groups and actors directly and/or indirectly involved with the MOZAL aluminium smelter. The main findings are that MOZAL as a private sector FDI project is a qualified success. On the positive side, it contributes to economic growth. However, the benefits to Mozambique are exaggerated and are not broadly distributed. On the negative side, it contributes to increasing the economic dependence of Mozambique on the South African economy. Instead of narrowing the development gap, the smelter has contributed to increased differentiation between companies in South Africa and Mozambique and, within Mozambique, between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as among MOZAL employees and the majority of the population in Maputo. The implications are that the development benefits from foreign direct investment cross-border industrial development projects may, at least in the short-term, lead to uneven regional integration and development enjoyed by a few. / South Africa

Industrial revenue bonds (IRBs) possess special tax characteristics which provide an opportunity to test the interest tax shield hypothesis of Modigliani and Miller [1963]. The announcement day excess returns for IRB issues reflect a positive significant market reaction. However, this excess return is unrelated to the tax shield on the debt. Nor is it a function of non-debt tax shields, a proxy for an interior optimal capital structure, or the risk of the issue. It is consistent, however, with the argument that lRBs provide a subsidy to issuing firms. Miller's [1977] equilibrium model predicts that the tax rate of the marginal buyer of debt will be equal to the corporate tax rate. The Miller hypothesis is tested by comparing the yield spread between IRBs and taxable corporate debt. The empirical estimation indicates a segmentation of the market for tax-exempt debt. For short-term issues, the implied tax rate is not significantly different from the corporate tax rate, consistent with Miller’s prediction. For 1ong·term issues, the implied tax rate is significantly less than the corporate tax rate and decreases with maturity. This is consistent with the excess supply of tax-exempts being purchased by individuals in increasingly lower tax brackets. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Coega Development Corporation