A collaborative approach to industry-environment issues is acknowledged as a key aspect of sustainable development. Sincerely, resource sharing among firms offers the potential to increase stability of operations, especially in supply-constrained areas, by ensuring that access to important inputs such as water, energy and raw materials are guaranteed. Industrial Symbiosis (IS), a sub-field of Industrial Ecology, is primarily concerned with the cyclical flow of resources through networks of industrial units as a means of cooperatively approaching environmentally sustainable industrial activity. In line with this principle, a critical assessment of the change in environmental performance brought about by industrial symbiosis (IS) was conducted in nineteen selected eco-industrial park case studies identified in all regions of the world with the exception of the African continent. Case study selection criteria were based on models of eco-industrial parks proposed by Chertow (2000). A description of the type of material exchanges that go on in each case study was carried out which revealed evidence of implemented synergies in respective case studies. A comparative assessment of cross-case patterns which is a semi-quantitative matrix used to quantify the degree of environmental performance showed that there was a clear evidence of improved environmental performance among respective case studies investigated where water, energy and material flows served as indicators. Results obtained from the study showed a common pattern of industrial presence in respective case studies reflecting the occurrence of heavy process industries such as oil refineries, cement industries, petrochemical industries, and steel industries. The principle of “anchor tenant” proposed by some experts in the field of industrial ecology was strongly supported by the obtained results. Symbiotic cooperation among participating firms in respective case studies were mainly on areas like cogeneration, re-use of materials, recycling and wastewater treatment and re-use.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é descrever e analisar tipos evolucionários de sistemas locais de produção que podem ser levados em conta por atores sociais tanto para a elaboração de estratégias como na execução de práticas socioambientais. As aglomerações produtivas têm sido objeto de análises e de políticas públicas nas últimas décadas graças à ocorrência de diversas experiências de sucesso em termos de desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas participantes de tais formas de interação extramercado. Ao mesmo tempo, restrições socioambientais crescentes fazem com que as empresas busquem resultados em triple bottom line. Nesse sentido, os sistemas locais de produção podem oferecer aos atores sociais estratégias e experiências de ações conjuntas que produzam resultados socioambientais importantes. Considerando isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso da cadeia produtiva petroquímica-plásticos da região do Grande ABC paulista, para explorar e avaliar as práticas socioambientais dos sistemas locais de produção com indicadores que se baseiam nos princípios da Economia Ecológica e Ecologia Industrial. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para o entendimento de um novo conceito de sistema local de produção verde, a partir do qual empresas e os atores locais desenvolvam projetos cooperativos voltados também para as dimensões social e ambiental da sustentabilidade. / The main objective of this research is to describe and analyze evolucionary ways of the clusters that can be take into account by the social actors both in the elaboration of strategies as in the execution of socio-environmental practices. The productive agglomerations have been object of analysis and of public policies in the last decades due the occurrence of diverse experiences of success in terms of performance economic-financial of the participants companies of such forms of interaction extramarket. At the same time, socio-environmental restrictions increasing make that the companies search results on triple bottom line. In this sense, the local production systems can provide to the social actors, strategies and experiences of joint actions that produce socio-environmental important results. Considering this, a case study of a petrochemical-plastics cluster was prepared for exploring and assess the socio-environmental practices of the local production systems with indicators that are based in the principles of the Ecological Economy and Industrial Ecology. Therefore, are expected to contribute for the understanding of a new concept of \"green\" local production system, from which companies and local actors develop cooperative projects focused both on the social dimensions and the sustainability environment.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Industrial symbiosis is an industrial concept that points to the exchange of resources between companies. Among several cases around the world as Kalundborg, TEDA and Styria none of these had a program on a national level encouraged by the government. In the United Kingdom the concept was funding from 2005 to 2014. The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) born in 2000 by International Synergies Ltd and has excellent results in economic, environmental and social space. The British institutional context has become highly competitive and ever more dependent on others in a continue changing, so this work aims to understand if institutional dynamics in the UK support or impede the development of industrial symbiosis? Based on this research question the study followed the general objective of understanding the development of industrial symbiosis in the UK overtime influenced by institutional context. The study was conducted as a case study of industrial symbiosis in the UK using a series of open-end interviews with the actors involved. Through a content analysis were individuated key categories and concepts related to them which resulted in the construction of a conceptual framework for UK industrial symbiosis. The UK institutional context encouraged the creation of NISP which produces with satisfactory results the development of industrial symbiosis participating in the development of institutional capacities between organizations involved, although they were not completely fomented. Industrial symbiosis in the UK is struggling to move forward because the government is not financing the NISP and a short-term view of the companies made this batch process and probably for a review of development mechanisms. This study has appointed to a strengthening of cooperation between government and company accompanied by cultural change of the waste management as source of opportunity for companies, so an educational process that promotes this is fundamental to the future of industrial symbiosis in the UK. Finally, this study has appointed to the continuation of funding by government and the dissemination and sharing of results and practices at the national level for the institutionalization of industrial symbiosis. / A simbiose industrial à um conceito industrial que aponta à troca de recursos entre empresas. Entre vÃrios casos ao redor do mundo como Kalundborg, TEDA e Styria nenhum desses teve um programa em nÃvel nacional fomentado pelo governo. No Reino Unido a simbiose industrial foi financiada pelo governo desde 2005 atà 2014. Em 2000 nasceu o Programa Nacional de Simbiose Industrial (NISP) pela International Synergies Ltd. Desde 2000, o NISP teve excelentes resultados na Ãrea econÃmica, ambiental e social. O ambiente institucional britÃnico à altamente competitivo e sempre mais dependente de outros em continua mudanÃas, portanto esse trabalho visa responder de que forma as dinÃmicas institucionais no Reino Unido suportam ou impedem o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial? Com base nessa pergunta de pesquisa o estudo seguiu o objetivo geral de entender o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido ao longo dos anos influenciado pelo contexto institucional. O estudo foi desenvolvido como estudo de caso da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido utilizando uma serie de entrevistas semiabertas com os atores envolvidos. Mediante uma analise de conteÃdo foram individuadas as categorias chaves e os conceitos ligados a elas que resultaram na construÃÃo de um framework conceptual de simbiose industrial do Reino Unido. O contexto institucional incentivou a criaÃÃo do NISP que promoveu com resultados satisfatÃrios o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial participando do desenvolvimento das capacidades institucionais entre as organizaÃÃes envolvidas, embora com algumas dificuldades na atraÃÃo de novas firmas no processo. A simbiose industrial no Reino Unido està tendo dificuldade de avanÃar, pois o governo nÃo esta mais financiando o NISP e uma visÃo em curto prazo das empresas tornou esse processo descontinuo e provavelmente destinado a uma revisÃo dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento. Esse estudo aponta para um fortalecimento da colaboraÃÃo entre o governo e empresa acompanhada de uma mudanÃa cultural do gerenciamento do resÃduo como fonte de oportunidade para as empresas, portanto um processo educacional que promovesse isso à fundamental para o futuro da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido. Por fim, esse estudo aponta para a continuaÃÃo do financiamento por parte do governo e a divulgaÃÃo e compartilhamento dos resultados e praticas em nÃvel nacional para que a simbiose industrial possa se institucionalizar.

This thesis project is a proposal of a scenario of an industrial collaboration that could become the basis for the development of an Eco-Industrial Park inside the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology using the water desalination plant as the foundation of this network. It is defined why the university is a suitable place for a development of this type; what industrial networks can be formed and what environmental, economic and social benefits could be achieved if the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia implemented this project around the country. An Eco-Industrial Park is a collaboration between industries where they share resources and create an exchange network of wastes and by-products with the objective of obtaining positive environmental, economic and social impacts. In the proposed scenario, the initial collaboration is between a PV solar plant and the water desalination located inside the university. With the use of solar energy there are savings of CO2 emissions, which turn into positive impacts on the environment. The idea is that this initial collaboration could be extended in the future to provide the entire energy consumption of the KAUST community. The project also provides an insight into how an industrial symbiosis could be formed taking as a base this industrial collaboration. However, further studies and analysis are required in order to provide more solid information regarding the development of an Eco-Industrial Park.

Aim: The aim of this thesis is to describe possible steps of how circular partnerships can be formed, and how they can connect the different steps of a material loop, such as design and recycling. The focus of the empirical study within this thesis is the reconnection of recycling, design and production within the household goods industry. By this we will answer the following research question:“What are the rationales and circumstances needed for separate organizations to develop a sustainability-oriented innovative partnership in the context of the Circular Economy?” The Case: This research project is based on a case study of a collaboration between Stena Recycling AB, a Swedish recycling company, and Electrolux AB, a global appliances producer. Together those two companies formed a pilot project, called the “Infinity Project”, whose goal is to produce a vacuum cleaner which is made out of 100% post-consumer recycled materials, and is 100% recyclable. Methodology: The researchers participated in the meetings of the Infinity Project, and interviewed the people who were involved in the beginning of the collaboration. The research is done in an abductive process, as literature was analyzed that explained the findings made in our observations. From the theory and our findings we created a model, which helps explain the what, why, and how of Stena Recycling AB and Electrolux AB reconnecting recycling with design and production processes. Key findings: Through industrial symbiotic lenses and a corporate social innovation mindset the two companies recognized the enormous amount of waste as a problem of linear business models. With a mindset driven by corporate social innovation, they saw the potential of a collaboration in order to achieve a shared competitive advantage. By selecting each other as a partner for this circular economic collaboration, they identified how they could combine their respective knowledge and resources to reach their mutual goals. Through a long term strategic approach with a clear and shared vision, clear targets from the directing management, and a team with complementary skills, many program synergies have been realized, with potentially outsized successes for each organization. This setting also created an environment of trust and a common identity within the project, which was fundamental to create social innovation and to find successful ways to reconnect recycling with design and production. Additionally, the existence of the project within each organization seemed to function as a talent magnet, attracting like-minded sustainability-motivated talent who would best perform towards the goals of the project.

The relationship between international commerce and sustainable development is the subject of much controversy that is exacerbated by geographic boundaries that are co-jointly developed, shaped, and sustained by regional trade agreements. The outcomes of three Americas trade agreements - NAFTA, CAFTA, and USPTPA - are analyzed across three dimensions: economic, ecological, and labor. The three dimensions collectively form for each trade region a specific ECOL niche that is concurrently subject to national variation. We propose and find that low-ECOL niches in the Americas appear to attract more foreign trade with investment. Nevertheless, this tentative finding seems not to hold for those corporations that seek out strong ECOL niche countries like Costa Rica.

In collaboration with Afry, the focus of this thesis is to facilitate the transition from an Industrial park into an Eco-park using industrial symbiosis strategy, in the industrial harbor of Malmö. To transition into a collaboration where physical exchanges of energy, waste, materials and other by-products between different facilities takes place. Some of the keys to an industrial symbiosis are proximity, government planning and self-organization. The aim of the thesis is to create a digital platform that can facilitate the connectivity between facilities and organizations and to inspire a social transition. Therefore, this thesis uses transition design as an approach, touching upon topics such as organizational collaboration, industrial symbiosis strategy and knowledge sharing. Whilst using Research through design for designing a technology that can inspire collective transition into a more sustainable future. Design methodology from Service design and Interaction design, such as user researching, customer journey mapping and prototyping, is used when designing for a somewhat unexplored area in Sweden.

O aspecto ambiental está cada vez mais presente no cotidiano das empresas, as quais necessitam reduzir custos e diminuir seus impactos ambientais sempre, concomitantemente a isso tem a necessidade de diminuir a disposição de resíduos na natureza e a extração desenfreada de recursos naturais finitos. Um conceito importante encontrado na literatura é a Simbiose Industrial (SI), a qual busca reutilizar resíduos para obter um sistema fechado com a diminuição de impactos ambientais. A SI ocorre entre empresas e estas são preferíveis que estejam dentro de um parque para maior eficiência, portanto pode-se considerar que a proximidade geográfica influencia no sucesso dela e que o arranjo físico do parque deve ser planejado para atingir melhores resultados. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento composto por seis passos, baseados principalmente no modelo Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) de Muther (1973) para planejar o layout de empresas que participam da SI dentro de um sistema com limites definidos, de forma a encontrar o melhor arranjo físico que favoreça as trocas simbióticas e os relacionamentos criados. O procedimento proposto direciona desde a coleta de dados, passando pelo matching, análise e fluxo, até o estabelecimento das inter-relações das empresas dentro do espaço. Para demonstrar a aplicação do procedimento e os possíveis resultados, realizou-se uma aplicação deste através da coleta de dados de empresas que irão participar de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram utilizados e o procedimento resultou em um arranjo físico das empresas, com foco naquelas que realizam trocas simbióticas. O resultado foi analisado teoricamente, principalmente em relação a SI, que necessita ser o centro do layout final, sendo considerado satisfatório por atender o objetivo proposto, além disso foram colocadas algumas ideias para melhorar a questão da proximidade geográfica ao máximo. Os trabalhos futuros necessitam considerar o fluxo de produtos, em caso da presença de uma cadeia logística no parque e a necessidade de implementação do resultado para maiores análises. / The environmental aspect is increasingly present in daily companies routine, these companies always need to reduce costs and decrease their environmental impacts, concomitantly to that there is the need to reduce the residue disposal in the nature and the unbridled extraction of finite natural resources. An important concept found in literature is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which seeks to reuse residues to obtain a closed system with the environment impacts diminution. The IS occurs between companies and they are preferable to be inside a park for more efficiency, so it can be considered that geographical proximity influences in its success and that the park layout must be well planned to reach better results. This research proposes a procedure composed by six steps mainly based on Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) model from Muther (1973) to plan the layout of companies which participate in IS inside a system with defined limits, to find the best layout that favors the symbiotic exchanges and the created relationships. The proposed procedure directs since the data collection, passing by the matching, the flow analysis, until the establishment of the companies interrelationships inside the space. To demonstrate the procedure application and the possible results, this research held an application of the procedure through the data collection in the companies that are going to participate at an ecological park within the state of São Paulo. The data was used and the procedure resulted in the layout of the companies, focusing on that ones which perform symbiotic exchanges. The result was theoretically analyzed, mainly in relation to the IS, which needs to be the center of the final layout, it was considered satisfactory because attended the proposed objective, furthermore some ideas were given to improve the question of the geographic proximity to the maximum. The future researches need to consider the products flow, in case of the presence of a logistic chain in the park and the necessity of the implementation of the results to better analysis.

O aspecto ambiental está cada vez mais presente no cotidiano das empresas, as quais necessitam reduzir custos e diminuir seus impactos ambientais sempre, concomitantemente a isso tem a necessidade de diminuir a disposição de resíduos na natureza e a extração desenfreada de recursos naturais finitos. Um conceito importante encontrado na literatura é a Simbiose Industrial (SI), a qual busca reutilizar resíduos para obter um sistema fechado com a diminuição de impactos ambientais. A SI ocorre entre empresas e estas são preferíveis que estejam dentro de um parque para maior eficiência, portanto pode-se considerar que a proximidade geográfica influencia no sucesso dela e que o arranjo físico do parque deve ser planejado para atingir melhores resultados. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento composto por seis passos, baseados principalmente no modelo Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) de Muther (1973) para planejar o layout de empresas que participam da SI dentro de um sistema com limites definidos, de forma a encontrar o melhor arranjo físico que favoreça as trocas simbióticas e os relacionamentos criados. O procedimento proposto direciona desde a coleta de dados, passando pelo matching, análise e fluxo, até o estabelecimento das inter-relações das empresas dentro do espaço. Para demonstrar a aplicação do procedimento e os possíveis resultados, realizou-se uma aplicação deste através da coleta de dados de empresas que irão participar de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram utilizados e o procedimento resultou em um arranjo físico das empresas, com foco naquelas que realizam trocas simbióticas. O resultado foi analisado teoricamente, principalmente em relação a SI, que necessita ser o centro do layout final, sendo considerado satisfatório por atender o objetivo proposto, além disso foram colocadas algumas ideias para melhorar a questão da proximidade geográfica ao máximo. Os trabalhos futuros necessitam considerar o fluxo de produtos, em caso da presença de uma cadeia logística no parque e a necessidade de implementação do resultado para maiores análises. / The environmental aspect is increasingly present in daily companies routine, these companies always need to reduce costs and decrease their environmental impacts, concomitantly to that there is the need to reduce the residue disposal in the nature and the unbridled extraction of finite natural resources. An important concept found in literature is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which seeks to reuse residues to obtain a closed system with the environment impacts diminution. The IS occurs between companies and they are preferable to be inside a park for more efficiency, so it can be considered that geographical proximity influences in its success and that the park layout must be well planned to reach better results. This research proposes a procedure composed by six steps mainly based on Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) model from Muther (1973) to plan the layout of companies which participate in IS inside a system with defined limits, to find the best layout that favors the symbiotic exchanges and the created relationships. The proposed procedure directs since the data collection, passing by the matching, the flow analysis, until the establishment of the companies interrelationships inside the space. To demonstrate the procedure application and the possible results, this research held an application of the procedure through the data collection in the companies that are going to participate at an ecological park within the state of São Paulo. The data was used and the procedure resulted in the layout of the companies, focusing on that ones which perform symbiotic exchanges. The result was theoretically analyzed, mainly in relation to the IS, which needs to be the center of the final layout, it was considered satisfactory because attended the proposed objective, furthermore some ideas were given to improve the question of the geographic proximity to the maximum. The future researches need to consider the products flow, in case of the presence of a logistic chain in the park and the necessity of the implementation of the results to better analysis.

Industrial operations have been attributed to causing social and environmental problems such as: acid rain; greenhouse gas emissions, air, water and soil pollution; plus health problems to neighbourhood communities. With the 3P (people, planet, profit) approach for sustainability as the background, there have been movements to establish the concept of eco-industrial development in existing or new industrial areas from the planning stage onwards. Industrial ecology (IE) is the operation of an industrial ecosystem which is based on the principles of operation of a natural ecosystem. Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the principal applications of IE, is defined as inter-firm collaboration, where a network of industries collaborates in exchange of products, by-products, information, resources and wastes to reduce their collective environmental footprint to achieve mutual benefits. / Industrial symbiosis is a collaborative process of industries geographically located in an industrial park, which facilitates and enables an exchange of products, by-products and wastes to reduce the collective adverse impacts of the emission during the operation of these industries. However, IS faces a number of barriers. Importantly, it has been identified that there is a critical impediment to implementing future IS practices in the area. This is because of the number of barriers such as technical, regulatory, commercial as well as informational. In addition, there is an absence of a proven and well established evaluation methodology to identify the benefits of such practice. The true implications of IS might therefore remain underestimated, thereby failing to convince industry, government and the community to realize the opportunities IS can bring in attaining goals of sustainability in their operations. / The aim of this PhD research was to develop and trial a method for capturing the life cycle environmental, social and economic implications of industrial symbiosis in heavy industrial areas. This research was based on multi-disciplinary approach of examining environmental, social and financial aspects to develop an integrated method. In the Kwinana industrial Area (KIA), the primary research area in Western Australia, the opportunities were significant for such industrial symbiosis to happen because of the co-location of diverse industries. The research hypothesis that informs this thesis is that the assessment of implications of present IS might bring further opportunities for enhancing symbiosis between industries. Though the primary emphasis of the research was in the Kwinana Industrial Area, this approach could be applied to other heavy industrial areas. This site could be significant both nationally and internationally in providing a platform for business responses to regional sustainable development challenges, by documenting best practice and improving approaches for implementing industrial symbiosis. / This research addressed the objectives by using the developed Six Capitals Model (SCM) for identifying environmental, social and economic benefits. The values under these dimensions were analysed with regard to natural, ecosystem, human, social, financial and manufactured capitals for a project of wastewater reclamation for industrial use. Under the environmental dimension, the model revealed that resource conservation and resource security were achieved as a result of the operation of this project. These results are in line with the argument that industrial symbiosis secures and conserves resources due to the possibility of reclaiming the resources that were once discarded. Water contamination has been reduced as a result of the operation of this project. This indicator shows that there is an improvement in maintaining the ecosystem capital. / In terms of human capital, sharing information between industries and opportunities of sharing infrastructure and technology has been improved. Regarding community capital, sharing of information between industries and communities, has increased as a result of this project. Collaboration of government bodies, level of understanding about IS projects due to increasing communication between various stakeholders, and increase of employment opportunities are notable, as value has been generated for community capital since the project started. In terms of financial capital of the project, the majority of the participants did not gain any financial savings in terms of direct costs but rather accrued short term costs. This was due to the infrastructure cost involved as part of installation of pipes and pumps. It was also due to the high cost of the reclaimed water than the scheme water. In addition, the analysis showed that most of the participants of the project did not gain any savings in the indirect costs such as hidden and legal costs, such as permit costs, compliance costs, future fines and penalties. However, as part of manufactured capital, there were savings due to improved business opportunities as well as infrastructure, for business and community collectively. / The results of this thesis show that broader benefits of symbiosis can be achieved, not only from operation of the project, but also from the influence of processes of symbiosis. Among them are connection, communication and collaboration between the project partners. There has been a substantial increase in the networking of industries and formation of multi groups for addressing various issues faced by industry and community in the Kwinana. There has also been a further increase in the transparency of information dissemination and communication through industries council’s website. In addition, there has been an improvement in the rate of participation of community members and groups in the Communities and Industries Forum (CIF) which resulted in the formation of further stakeholder groups by industries council as a platform for addressing the issues of industries and communities. / IS practices strengthen the EIP concept and increase the chances of sustainable industrial development regionally due to collaboration of community of businesses and local and regional community. IS also increases the reputation and license to operate in the community. There are many advantages for using the Model developed in the thesis to assess the benefits of IS. First, the values of ecosystem values maintained are able to be accounted for in addition to natural capital values. The Six Capital Model can also account human capital values in addition to community capital. The Model also accounted the manufactured capital in addition to financial capital and it gives an opportunity to identify the value generated towards community and companies. / Finally, the Model enables a calculation of the internal costs and external costs and benefits so that industries are able to understand the real cost of the projects. One of the main advantages of this method is that with, right indicators, the intangible values of the IS process can also be assessed and reported.