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This dissertation assesses the impact of modem art on the so-called heroic period of modem architecture, dated for the purposes ofthis thesis from 1917 to 1933. The study is premised on two principal arguments: firstly, modem art - Cubism, in particular - was the seminal influence on the codification of a modem architectural vocabulary. Secondly, the increasing preoccupation with utilitarian tenets obscured and ultimately undermined the semantic significance ofmodem architecture that was derived from the visual arts. A general introduction to the tumultuous history of 20th century architecture substantiates these presuppositions and contextualizes the current interest in the aesthetic intent of the pioneering Modernists. For the sake of reviewing the genesis of the modem aesthetic, the classical ideal of beauty is briefly reflected upon. This is followed by a review of the alternating depiction of pictorial depth and its extraordinary symbiotic relationship with the expression ofplastic space. The cubist-induced perception and experience of space is preceded by the catalytic role of the mechanization ofvision on the rejection ofthe classical canons of beauty. An in-depth analysis of Cubism, coupled with its derivatives that spawned architectural equivalents, reinforces the volumetric incarnation of modem art, exemplified by Purism, Constructivism and Neo-Plasticism. This study is concluded with an assessment of the adopted prerruses and a reflection on the longer-term objectives of this study. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Although research has shown that mental health interventions are effective, many people who are afflicted with a mental disorder or emotional distress do not seek services (e.g., Wang et al., 2005). Perceived stigma, the belief that an individual will be devalued and discriminated against for seeking psychological assistance, is a barrier to seeking mental health services, as some people avoid these services in order to avoid the associated stigma. Another barrier to mental health service utilization is mental health literacy, which refers to how well-versed people are in information regarding mental illness and treatment (Jorm et al., 1997). Low levels of mental health literacy may inhibit people from seeking help as they may not recognize their need for services and may not be aware that effective services are available. The first of two studies examined a social influence intervention aimed at reducing perceived stigma and increasing intentions to seek counselling. One hundred and sixty-six undergraduate students watched videos of ingroup or outgroup speakers discussing their non-stigmatizing experience with therapy or speakers discussing a control topic. No significant differences were found between the groups after the intervention. The second study investigated an educational intervention aimed at improving mental health knowledge and increasing intentions to seek counselling. One hundred and fifty-five undergraduate participants listened to either a control lecture or a lecture about mental illness and treatment with or without a testimonial by the lecturer about her positive experience with therapy. The participants who listened to the lecture and testimonial had higher relevant mental health knowledge and intentions to seek counselling compared to the control condition. No differences were found between the education only and control conditions on intentions to seek counselling. The main finding of this project was that a combination of social influence and educational approaches has the most potential of improving intentions to seek mental health services, as each of these components does not appear to be effective independently.

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Tyrimo objektas – inovacijų įtaka sporto organizacijų veiklai. Problema. Mokslo raida parodė, kad inovacijos turi teigiamos įtakos organizacijų veiklai (Jakubavičius ir kt., 2008), inovacijos didina organizacijos efektyvumą ir sustiprina konkurencinį pranašumą (Inaunen & Schenker-Wicki, 2011; Hossein et al., 2011), tačiau kaip jos diegiamos ir kaip efektyviai panaudojamos sporto organizacijose pasigendama (Hossein et al., 2011). Todėl magistrinio darbe keliamas toks probleminis klausimas: Kaip yra taikomos inovacijos sporto organizacijoje ir kokia jų įtaka organizacijos veiklai? Darbo tikslas – nustatyti inovacijų įtaką sporto organizacijų veiklai. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti sporto organizacijos valdymo specifiką. 2. Išsiaiškinti kas yra inovacija ir apibrėžti jos įtaką sporto organizacijų veiklai. 3. Išanalizuoti Lietuvos lengvosios atletikos federacijos veiklą ir valdymo struktūrą. 4. Ištirti kokios inovacijos yra taikomos Lietuvos lengvosios atletikos federacijoje, bei kokie veiksniai lemia jų taikymą ir pateikti tolimesnes jų taikymo galimybes. Išvados: Sporto organizacija yra sporto reiškinio įgyvendintoja ir vystytoja, ji rengia sporto produktus rinkai bei daro įtaką tų produktų vartojimui. Inovacijų taikymas sporto organizacijose yra nenutrūkstamas procesas, kuris integruojamas į visą sporto organizacijos veiklą. LLAF veiklos siekis yra populiarinti lengvosios atletikos sporto šaką. LLAF koordinuoja sporto šakos apraiškas bei sporto produktus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of research: the influence of innovations for sport organizations. Problem. Scientific developments have shown that innovations has a positive influence for organizations (Jakubavičius et al., 2008), innovations increases the efficiency of the organization and enhance competitive advantage (Schenker & Inaunen-wick, 2011, Hossein et al., 2011), but how they are implemented and effectively used for sport organizations are lacked (Hossein et al., 2011). Therefore, the master at work raises the problematic question: How is applied the innovations in sport organization and what their influence for the organization's activities? The aim of work: to indentify the influence of innovations for sport organizations. The task of work: 1. To analyze and summarize the specifics of the management of sport organizations. 2. To find out what is the definition of innovation and define the influence of innovations for sport organizations. 3. To analyze Lithuanian athletics federation activities and management structure. 4. To investigate what kind of innovations are applied in Lithuanian athletics federation and what factors determine their application and provide further opportunities for their application. Conclusions: Innovations in sport organizations are continuous process that is integrated into the whole sports organization activities. Lithuanian athletics federation activities goal is to promote athletics sport. Lithuanian athletics federation coordinate sports products and... [to full text]

The precautionary principle has emerged as one of the most contentious international norms within international environmental law. Yet, despite the vexing conceptual uncertainties confronting the precautionary principle, it is repeatedly invoked by policy makers and incorporated within international and domestic environmental law and agreements. This thesis explores how the international norm of precaution comes to be translated from the international sphere to domestic public policy. The research utilizes the pathways framework, which suggests that there are three additional pathways in additional to the direct implementation of international rules in national law and policy - international norms and discourse, markets and direct access - through which actors, institutions and interests can influence domestic and firm-level policy change. The findings propose an explanation of why Canada came to adopt a particular version of the precautionary principle, also revealing the complex nature of norm transfer, the significance of multiple causal pathways of influence and the interactions arising along these pathways.

From the middle of the seventeenth century until 1853, the Japanese shogunal government virtually isolated Japan from the rest of the world. Only the Chinese and the Dutch were allowed to maintain a trading post in the harbour of Nagasaki. All dealings with the Dutch traders were subject to strict controls, and the interpreters that were trained to liaise with them had to swear a blood oath to secrecy. Nevertheless, information regarding the scientific and technological advances that were made in the West during this period managed to penetrate this barrier, and eventually grew, to some extent with official sanction, into a popular branch of scholarship known as rengeku, literally 'Dutch learning'. Since nearly all of the academic knowledge that reached Japan from the West arrived in written Dutch, the Dutch language became the language of science in Japan during this period, and a necessary subject of study for allrangaku scholars. This thesis is the first study in English that examines the development of the study of the Dutch language in Japan during the period through an analysis of the textbooks and dictionaries that were produced in Japan. The works selected for this study are those considered to be representative of, or significant to, the development of the study of Dutch and attendant increase of awareness of Western linguistic concepts, many of which were imposed, for better or worse, on the Japanese language. Other, less influential documents, are occasionally also discussed, to demonstrate the false trails and misunderstandings that can emerge when a foreign language is presented to students without the benefit of demonstrated current and practical usage. Initially Dutch language study was restricted to the development of skills among the Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki, who compiled word lists for personal use. These lists developed from primitive and limited glossaries into relatively sophisticated Chinesestyle lexicons and finally evolved into the large-scale Haruma dictionaries of the early nineteenth century. Early attempts at understanding the structures of the Dutch language, both by interpreters and academics, failed to provide practical insights. An important i breakthrough was achieved when retired interpreter Shizuki Tadao (1760-1806) began to produce translations of Nederduytsche Spraakkonst('Dutch Grammar') by William Sewel, and applied Western linguistic concepts to the Japanese language. This new understanding gave rise to a consistent structural approach to the study of Dutch, as a result of which language study became more consistent and translations more sophisticated. Although the end of national isolation in the middle of the nineteenth century meant that the study of Dutch was soon abandoned in favour of other European languages, many words in the Japanese language, particularly in relation to science and technology, are of Dutch origin. More importantly, many of the principles and terminology the Japanese use to define the structures of their language stem from the insights into Western linguistics gained during those final decades of the period of national isolation.

Les directrices de soins infirmiers (DSI) doivent être en mesure d'exercer de l'influence dans les établissements de santé afin d'accomplir efficacement leur mandat et atteindre leurs objectifs. En 2005, à la suite de la réorganisation du réseau de la santé, les DSI ont vu leur rôle évoluer et se profiler différemment en passant d'un rôle d'autorité hiérarchique à un rôle conseil dans la majorité des établissements de santé au Québec. La présente étude a pour but de décrire la perception de DSI concernant l'exercice de leur influence dans diverses structures de gouverne des soins infirmiers. De façon plus spécifique, l'étude vise à décrire leur contexte et leurs perceptions en regard des manifestations de l'influence, identifier certains facteurs et enfin, présenter le processus de l'exercice de l'influence tel que décrit par les participantes. Une étude de cas multiples a permis d'analyser les particularités et la complexité du phénomène de l'exercice de l'influence des DSI dans son contexte. L'échantillon intentionnel était formé de trois DSI, soit d'une DSI pour chacun des trois principaux modèles actuels de gouverne des soins infirmiers : hiérarchique, rôle conseil et hybride. Par conséquent, chacun des modèles de gouverne représentait un cas dont l'unité d'analyse était la DSI. Une recherche documentaire ainsi que deux entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de ces trois DSI ont constitué la stratégie de collecte des données. L'analyse qualitative inductive selon Miles et Huberman a été réalisée à l'aide d'une grille initiale d'analyse et les données ont été analysées au fur et à mesure par les membres de l'équipe. Bien que les DSI oeuvraient dans trois modèles de gouverne qui leur conféraient un statut et un rôle différent, les résultats révèlent que les stratégies déployées pour exercer de l'influence sont les mêmes à bien des égards. Plusieurs nuances ont tout de même été soulevées selon le modèle de gouverne en place. En effet, les DSI dans un modèle de gouverne hiérarchique et hybride utilisaient davantage des stratégies relevant du pouvoir fonctionnel, comme la prise de décision concernant la gestion des ressources et la circulation de l'information. Pour sa part, la DSI dans un modèle de rôle conseil employait surtout des stratégies qui relevaient du pouvoir personnel, telles la création de partenariat et l'utilisation de ses connaissances. Aussi, divers facteurs facilitaient l'exercice de l'influence d'une DSI, comme sa crédibilité dans l'organisation alors que d'autres, tels que la multiplicité des paliers organisationnels, étaient plus contraignants. Enfin, les DSI nous ont permis d'illustrer le processus de leur influence. Il est intéressant de constater que ce processus semble être similaire, peu importe le modèle de gouverne des soins infirmiers en place dans l'organisation. Les résultats de la présente étude renseignent donc les milieux cliniques sur diverses réalités associées à la gouverne des soins infirmiers et sur les conditions favorisant l'exercice de l'influence des DSI dans une organisation. L'ébauche du processus de l'influence, tel que perçu par ces DSI, tracera la voie pour des recherches ultérieures qui permettraient le développement d'un modèle illustrant l'exercice de l'influence des DSI au Québec.

Delay of gratification is the ability to forego an immediate indulgence in lieu of a later, greater reward. Past research has shown that using behavioral strategies may help children to delay gratification longer. The current project tests whether children can learn one such strategy, covering the eyes, through imitation. Four-year-olds saw a model delay gratification using a strategy, using no strategy, or saw no model. They then participated in an accumulation task, where they could earn an incremental sticker reward. Children who saw a strategy showed evidence of imitation by covering their eyes. Unexpectedly, however, this had an adverse influence on their ability to delay gratification. Thus, although children can apply a strategy, its effectiveness may be limited by the type of task used (accumulation) or from an incomplete understanding of the strategy’s function. Additional research is needed to investigate whether delay performance can be promoted by a social example.

The thesis begins by acknowledging the writer's status as a fan. The stimulus for the enquiry emerges from the discrepancy the writer encounters between his fan experience and the ways in which the academy conceptualises fandom. Such theories serve to position the fan at extremes of the field of reader response: as either a passive, cultural dupe or as a radical, textual freedom fighter. By contrast, this thesis aims to take the diversity of fan response into consideration, and situate its analysis in very real concepts of people's lives. In the first of three parts, a typology is developed that examines the contested and disputed nature of fandom. Reference points are drawn from academic writing, popular media and a focus group session with fans of diverse interests. The second part is devoted to fieldwork. Fan conversations, observations and reflections are combined to create six intimate pen-portraits that convey differing ideas of fandom. Topics covered include fans of Doctor Who, The Adventure Game, Sheffield Wednesday football club; the users of archive TV website The Mausoleum Club; attendees at a Kirsty MacColl get-together;Panopticon( a Doctor Who convention); Forbidden Planet (a collector's shop). The final part, `Fandom and Modem Life', draws together the ideas of the thesis to propose a series of maxims on how fandom operates that emphasise complexity, diversity, the significance of emotional attachment, and fandom's interrelation to capitalism (of it, but not about it). Fandom's role is considered in relation to notions of religiosity and sexuality. Fandom is defined ultimately as a form of social identity possible in contemporary western society. The thesis concludes by speculating on how fandom may evolve in the future.