This is the first single study of the relationship between John Ruskin and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and the first to claim a similarity between their Aesthetic ideas. The assumption that Rossetti merely tolerated Ruskin for the sake of his patronage has discouraged the search for any significant intellectual exchange. No previous explanation has been sought for Ruskin's insistence, despite even Rossetti's opposition, that Rossetti was the intellectual leader of the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. This analysis reveals that Ruskin favoured Rossetti's art for qualities which he is not usually held to have admired in Pre-Raphaelitism, and which he began to emphasise soon after meeting Rossetti. Although Rossetti's reputed indifference to Ruskin is partly the result of the one-sided impression afforded by the imbalance of the extant correspondence it is also because all previous accounts of the relationship have been selective and have therefore perpetrated a superficial impression of conflict. A comprehensive and detailed examination of the correspondence has revealed that the particular disagreements were made possible by a fundamental sympathy. The relationship which emerged seems to have been, contrary to prevailing opinion, initiated by common aims, sustained by mutual professional respect, and dissolved by developing ideological differences. Having established the possibility of mutual influence between Ruskin and Rossetti, the thesis analyses the common theory of creativity underlying the work produced during their ten-year friendship. There follows a discussion of two aspects of Rossetti f s creative practice towards which Ruskin showed unequalled sensitivity, presumably as a result of his own artistic preoccupations: the Symbolic or Grotesque power, and the reliance upon Memory. Ruskin's collection of Rossettis;- is discussed, and an explanation offered for the apparent discrepancy between his public and private opinions of Rossetti's work. Finally it is claimed that Rossetti's affinity with Ruskin modifies his links with Aestheticism. This study hopes not only to justify the analysis of the Aesthetic ideas common to Ruskin and Rossetti, but also to consider its implications for both Pre-Raphaelitism and Aestheticism.

This thesis examines the reception of the works of Adam Ferguson, a major thinker of the Scottish Enlightenment, by a range of German readers in the late eighteenth century. It provides a survey of Ferguson's main political ideas, and argues that many of his prominent German readers did not come to terms with them. The thesis contrasts the political realities and concerns of Ferguson's Scotland with the profoundly different political concerns of his German readers, and their often vague and inaccurate ideas of Scotland, and of the British constitution. Their documented responses to Ferguson's works are brought as evidence for a cumulative and complex case of misreception. The terms in which Ferguson expressed his political ideas can be fruitfully analyzed as a political language, a vocabulary of recognizable and mutually complementing political terms. After a close examination of this particular vocabulary, the thesis proceeds to show in detail how Ferguson's German translators, commentators, reviewers and readers unwittingly dismantled this vocabulary, lost or ignored its republican and activist elements, and sometimes shifted it into other vocabularies which were far removed from the author's political intentions. However, the differences between the individual readers are emphasized, not only with respect to their varied intellectual backgrounds and works, but also touching on their personal profiles as readers and thinkers. The thesis aims especially to highlight three aspects of this Scottish- German encounter: the capacity of Ferguson's texts to be removed from their contexts and misread; the failure of civic humanist ideas to make a serious entry into German political discourse; and the merits of close textual analysis for supporting a type of explanation, which may supplement or counter-balance other explanations, about the limited effect of "imported" political ideas in eighteenth-century German discourse.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur det demokratiska ledarskapet utövas i den dagliga relationen mellan vuxna och barn. Tanken var även att genom forsningsfrågorna få syn på vad ett demokratiskt ledarskap är för pedagogerna, hur de uppfattar att barnen påverkas av inflytande och delaktighet, samt hur mycket barnen ges inflytande och möjlighet till delaktighet. Studiens tillvägagångssätt i att inhämta material bestod av skriftliga observationer, ljudupptagningar, videoupptagningar och ett fokusgruppsamtal. De skriftliga observationerna lästes igenom och lämpligt material som gav svar på mitt syfte valdes ut till resultatdelen och analysen. Allt annat material lyssnades igenom, transkriberades och de tillfällena som gav mig svar på mitt syfte valdes även de ut till resultatdelen och analysen. I studiens analys låg Vygotskijs sociokulturella teori och Maria Westling Allodis inflytandemodell till grund.  I resultatet framkom det att barnen i de observerade aktiviteterna gavs gott om talutrymme, blev lyssnade på och gjordes till aktiva deltagare. Här stod samtal och samspel i fokus. I fokusgruppsamtalet diskuterades där att det är viktigt att utgå från barns intressen vid planering av aktiviteter och att barn ska ses som medbestämmande individer. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att det demokratiska ledarskapet kännetecknas av ett gott samspel mellan vuxna- barn genom att barns tankar, idéer och intressen ska uppmuntras och utmanas, samt utgöra en del av förskolans verksamhet.

No description available.

Humans can only survive the low barometric pressure of altitudes above 6000m by making a complex series of adaptations. The energetics of human survival at such extreme altitudes have not been widely studied. Objectives were to compare the doubly labelled water (DLW) and intake-balance (IB) methods to estimate daily energy expenditure while climbing between 6000 and 8046m and to investigate the putative metabolic cost involved with the process of acclimatization to extreme altitude. Reliability of the DLW method to provide an accurate and portable means to measure human energy expenditure depends upon a series of assumptions regarding the flux of tracer and tracee across the physiological compartments of measurement. Additional objectives were to review and examine the proficiency of these assumptions to account for perturbations experienced while using DLW while climbing at extreme altitude. Findings suggest that the use of DLW at extreme altitudes requires special consideration towards elevated rates of fractional isotope loss, inter-subject isotope transfer, alterations in total body water, changes in background isotopic abundance, and choice of sampling technique. Revised strategies directed at achieving these aims are calculated. Results from extreme altitude indicate that IB and DLW techniques each provide similar estimates of group mean energy expenditure despite substantial changes in body weight and composition and that the metabolic cost for the process of acclimatization accounts for roughly 12% of total daily energy expenditure. Problems associated with maintaining energy balance while climbing at extreme altitude are related to low energy intakes, approximately only 70% of energy demands, and energy expenditure values that are comparable to those of highly trained endurance athletes at sea-level.

This work intends to show the extent of the influence of Voltaire's religion-related writings on Pigault-Lebrun, a famous 19$ rm sp{th}$ writer scarcely remembered today. / The subject is divided in two separate parts. The first part will demonstrate how the different clergy members described by Voltaire are rendered quite faithfully as the characters of the secular and the regular clergy found in the author's novels. In the second part, we will find out the extent to which Pigault-Lebrun has used the 18$ rm sp{th}$ century philosopher's writings in order to write Le Citateur, an anti-clerical essay used by Napoleon as a political weapon, which summarizes the history of christianism from the biblical era until the Enlightenment. / Our study clearly illustrates a broad range of borrowings from Voltaire's work and shows that Pigault-Lebrun played an important part in the diffusion of Voltaire's ideas in the 19$ rm sp{th}$ century.

No description available.

The nature and extent of classical rhetoric's influence on subsequent ages has been the focus of much recent study. Scholars have been concerned with how classical authors, particularly Cicero and Quintilian, emerged in educational and rhetorical theories of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and later centuries. Despite this flurry of research, a great deal of Quintilian's enduring legacy remains unknown, particularly in seventeenth-century England. "Quintilian's Influence on Obadiah Walker," then, extends our knowledge of Quintilian's influence into the seventeenth century by looking at one seventeenth-century thinker in particular, Obadiah Walker. More specifically, this thesis compares and analyzes the authors' primary works: Quintilian's Institutio oratoria and Walker's Some Instructions Concerning the Art of Oratory and Of Education, Especially of Young Gentlemen. This study investigates Quintilian's and Walker's similarities and differences within three comparable areas: their educational systems, their theories and placement of rhetoric in their systems, and their educational purposes. Within these areas, this study questions how and to what extent did Walker appropriate Quintilian's ideas when crafting his two educational/rhetorical treatises? The comparison of the primary texts manifests some specific and general conclusions. There are two specific conclusions. First, Walker is heavily indebted to Quintilian; he liberally adopts and modifies Quintilian's ideas in nearly every facet of his works. Second, Walker offers a seventeenth-century student a digest and modern version of Quintilian's Institutio. Moreover, this study offers some general conclusions. First, it demonstrates that Quintilian's influence extends into the late seventeenth century, at least in the works of one writer of the era. Next, it argues that if Quintilian's treatise lost favor, at least it did not do so completely. And finally, it contributes another story to classical rhetoric's incomplete history. / Graduation date: 1996

This study explored the current state of alcohol-impaired driving as well as the changes in alcohol-impaired driving over time among Albertans. Based on self-report data from the annual Alberta Surveys 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2009, this study also traced the shift in the impact of standard demographic factors on alcohol-impaired driving in the province. Furthermore, the study examined social influence in alcohol-impaired driving in a representative sample in Alberta. Results indicated that in the past 12 months, 4% of the respondents had driven a vehicle while impaired, and 6.1% of the respondents had been passengers in a vehicle driven by an impaired driver. Chi-square test indicated that male, single, employed, non-religious, and younger respondents were more likely to have driven while impaired. Logistic regression analyses showed that a one-unit increase in social influence was associated with 5.32 times greater odds of engaging in impaired driving (OR = 5.32, 95% CI = 3.069.24, p < .001), controlling for other variables in the model. Findings also showed that self-reported alcohol-impaired driving has decreased substantially over the years (10.6% in 1991, 8.4% in 1992, 7.2% in 1997, and 3.7% in 2009). However, there had been little changes in designated driving. In addition, there had been a shift in age-related impaired driving, i.e., people aged 55-65+ reported impaired driving more in 2009 (4.8%) compared to 1991 (2.0%) and 1992 (2.2%); while individuals aged 18-34 and 35-54 reported impaired driving less in 2009 (4.8% and 2.6%, respectively) compared to 1991 (12.7% and 13.0%, respectively). The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

The present study focuses on 24 personal narratives told by eight highly proficient bilingual L1-Russian, L2-English speakers (NRS) in comparison to 24 personal narratives told by eight native English speakers (NES) in an effort to not only discover any structural differences that may be revealed through statistical analysis, but also to discover evidence of previously documented Russian and American cultural schema in the narratives through qualitative inquiry and narrative analysis. Although much has been written concerning Russian culture, cross-linguistic differences between Russian and English, and Russian English language learners these concepts have never been synthesized and applied to a study of Russian-English bilingual narratives in English in order to discover if the cultural schema and linguistic tendencies from L1 are maintained in the second language. The statistical structural analysis included in this study did not reveal any differences between the NES and NRS narratives. On the other hand qualitative analysis of cultural schemas revealed significant transfer of Russian cultural schema in the Native Russian Speaker participants' L2 narrative production. The Russian speakers were found to maintain their distinctly Russian emotional expression. Influence of cultural schema on L2 production was also visible in the thematic differences between the two sets of stories. The NES responses to each prompt were thematically quite similar, and differed noticeably from the themes of the NRS stories. Similarly, Hofstede's dimensions of national culture also revealed some differences between the two groups. However, theRussian cultural schema proposed by Croft, triplicity, was not found to be moreprominent in the NRS narratives than in the NES ones. In conclusion, the Native Russian Speakers in this study showed significant transfer of their L1 cultural schema when speaking their L2. The findings of this study have revealed the high likelihood of influence and transfer of cultural schema, even when bilingual English language speakers have achieved a very high level of English language mastery. However, this cultural influence on L2 production does not impinge on competence of bilingual speakers when speaking English.