Doctor Legum - LLD / South Africa

Objective: Public projects are used to deliver policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO). Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews.

Ce travail porte sur le processus de parentification des enfants au Burundi. Il s’inscrit dans un contexte de dislocations familiales multiformes dues à des situations de crises sociopolitiques cycliques souvent à caractère ethnique et politique. Son objectif est de comprendre comment ce processus se met en place, quels sont ses effets sur les enfants parentifiés, et quel dispositif d’accompagnement faut-il envisager. 14 enfants et adolescents âgés de 7 à 17 ans, 7 parents et 1 éducatrice dans un orphelinat ont été rencontrés, à travers essentiellement l’entretien semi-directif et le modelage pour les enfants âgés de 7 à10 ans. Les résultats de notre recherche révèlent que le processus de parentification se présente chez les enfants burundais sous trois aspects principaux : l’exercice de l’autorité parentale, le maternage et le soutien affectif au parent fragilisé. Les enfants parentifiés assument beaucoup de responsabilités qui dépassent leur niveau de développement physique et psychique. Ces multiples responsabilités les empêchent d’avoir le temps de s’amuser comme les autres enfants, mais aussi les empêchent d’avoir de bons résultats scolaires. La parentification des adolescents dits « chefs de ménages » correspond à une sorte de résilience pour pouvoir survivre. Pour y arriver, ils disposent des ressources notamment les images, les paroles, les souhaits hérités des parents constituent des éléments d’étayage sur lesquels ces adolescents s’appuient pour pouvoir prendre en charge leurs fratries. Nos analyses qualitatives montrent que les enfants parentifiés exercent une parentalité précoce. Ils occupent une place parentale sans y être préparés et n’ont pas pu vivre tout ce qu’un enfant peut vivre. / This work concerns the process of parentification of Burundian children. It occurs in a context of family breakdown due to varied situations following the recurring sociopolitical crises mostly with ethnic and political backgrounds. The thesis aims at understanding how the process takes place, what are its effects on parentified children and which kind of support mechanism could be of some help to them. 14 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17, 7 parents and 1 orphanage educator were met, trough essentially the semi-structured interview and the modeling for children 7- 10 years- old. The results of our research reveal that the parentification process for Burundian children is experienced in three ways: exercising parental authority, carering for other children, and providing affective support for frail parents. Parentified children assume many responsibilities that are beyond their age and their level of physical and psychological development. These multiple responsibilities prevent them from having time to care for themselves as children, but also lead to their school education failure. Parentification for so-called “heads of households” teenagers constitutes a resilience mechanism for survival. To achieve this, they resort to different resources, including images, words and wishes inherited from their late parents which provide them with the strength to raise their siblings. Our qualitative analyzes show that parentified children experience early parenthood. They assume a parental position for which they are not prepared but also they miss their own childhood.

Direct studies of speciation are possible in the superspecies complex of Drosophila paulistorum, which consists of six different semispecies undergoing incipient speciation. Strict maternal inheritance of mitochondria is the most common pattern of mitochondrial inheritance in animals. Here I show that paternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA occurs in the heteroplasmic Orinocan semispecies and is not limited to hybrid offspring. Inheritance of one mitotype is mainly maternal while the other is mainly paternal; a highly unusual pattern of mitochondrial inheritance. I used absolute quantification real-time PCR on DNA extracted from eggs and imagoes from the Amazonian and Orinocan semispecies, as well as hybrids between these two semispecies. In crosses performed between F1 hybrids with a combination of mitotypes not found in any of the parents, no F2 hybrids were acquired. One possible explanation for this is that differences in mitotypes and inheritance patterns of mitochondrial DNA may cause incompatibilities between the genomes of D. paulistorum. This may be one cause of hybrid inviability and genetic isolation between semispecies, a necessary part of the speciation process. This further complicates the story of the ongoing speciation process in the D. paulistorum superspecies complex, which offers much to learn about speciation, mitochondrial inheritance and interactions between multiple genomes in the same organism.

O uso de inseticidas do grupo das espinosinas tem sido crescente no manejo de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi fornecer subsídios para a implementação de estratégias de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI), mediante a condução de estudos de monitoramento e de padrão de herança da resistência de S. frugiperda a spinetoram. Inicialmente foram realizadas linhas-básica de suscetibilidade para definições de concentrações diagnósticas para o monitoramento da resistência, e posteriormente foram conduzidos estudos para estimar a frequência do alelo que confere resistência a este inseticida de S. frugiperda a spinetoram. A caracterização da suscetibilidade foi realizada por meio bioensaio de ingestão mediante tratamento superficial da dieta com o inseticida. Os valores de CL50 estimadas variaram de 0,97 a 2,98 μg de spinetoram /mL (variação de 3 vezes) entre as populações de S. frugiperda testadas. A concentração diagnóstica baseada na CL99 foi de 5,6 μg de spinetoram /mL. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas nas suscetibilidades das populações de S. frugiperda nas safras 2016/17 e 2017/18, com sobrevivência variando de 0 a 30,2% na concentração diagnóstica. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o aumento da sobrevivência de S. frugiperda a spinetoram ao longo das safras, com maiores sobrevivências registradas em populações coletadas na região Oeste do estado da Bahia. As frequências do alelo que confere resistência a spinetoram, estimadas pelo método de F2 screen, variaram de 0,0107 a 0,1688 nas populações testadas. A linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a spinetoram foi isolada a partir do método de F2 screen realizado em uma população proveniente da cultura do milho da região Oeste da Bahia coletada na safra de 2016. Os valores de CL50 (95% IC) obtidos pelos bioensaios de concentração-resposta foram de 0,635 (0,555 - 0,730) μg de spinetoram /mL para a linhagem suscetível (SUS) e de 1170,96 (1041,61 - 1323,89) μg de spinetoram/mL para a linhagem resistente a spinetoram (SPT-R), resultando em uma razão de resistência de 1844 vezes. A população SPT-R apresentou alta resistência cruzada com spinosad. Os cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens SUS e SPT-R revelaram que a resistência de S. frugiperda a spinetoram é autossômica e incompletamente recessiva. Os retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 com a linhagem SPT-R evidenciaram que a resistência possui efeito poligênico. A estimativa do número efetivo de loci com contribuições iguais de efeito para a resistência foi de 1,18 a 1,76, sugerindo que a resistência de S. frugiperda a spinetoram está associada a poucos genes. Os resultados apresentados nesse estudo fornecem subsídios para elaboração de programas de MRI para preservar a vida útil de spinetoram para o manejo de S. frugiperda no Brasil. / The use of spynosin insecticides has increased to manage Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Brazil. Then, the objective of this study was to provide information to implement Insect Resistance Management (IRM) by conducting studies to characterize the baseline susceptibility to spinetoram in Brazilian populations of S. frugiperda, to conduct resistance monitoring and to understand the inheritance of the resistance. Initially, baseline susceptibility studies were conducted to define diagnostic concentration for resistance monitoring, and then we conducted to estimate the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to this insecticide in S. frugiperda. The baseline susceptibility was performed by feeding bioassays using diet-overly treatment with the insecticide. The LC50 values ranged from 0.97 to 2.98 μg spinetoram / mL (3-fold variation). The diagnostic concentration based on LC99 was 5.6 μg spinetoram / mL. There were significant differences in the susceptibilities of S. frugiperda populations in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons, with survival rates varying from 0 to 30.2%. These results showed the increase in survival of S. frugiperda to spinetoram across the growing seasons, with highest survival rates in populations of S. frugiperda collected in the Western region of Bahia state. The frequency of alleles conferring resistance to spinetoram, estimated by F2 screen, varied from 0.0107 to 0.1688 in tested S. frugiperda populations. The spinetoram-resistant strain was selected using F2 screen method in a maize field-collected population from Western Bahia region during 2016 growing season. LC50 values (95% CI) obtained from concentration-response bioassays were 0.63 (0.55-0.73) μg spinetoram/mL for the susceptible strain (SUS) and 1170.96 (1041,61 - 1323.89) μg spinetoram/mL for the SPT-R strain, resulting in a resistance ratio of 1,844-fold. The SPT-R strain showed high cross-resistance to spinosad. The reciprocal crosses between SUS and SPT-R showed that the S. frugiperda resistance to spinetoram is autosomal and incompletely recessive. The backcrossing of the progeny F1 with the SPT-R strain showed that the resistance has a polygenic effect. The estimation of the effective number of loci with equal resistance effect contributions was from 1.18 to 1.76, suggesting that the resistance of S. frugiperda to spinetoram is associated to few genes. The results obtained in this study provide information to implement IRM strategies to preserve the lifetime of spinetoram for managing S. frugiperda in Brazil.

El presente proyecto es una propuesta arquitectónica con la finalidad de plantear un espacio dedicado a rescatar la herencia cultural aportada por la colonia de italianos en el Perú. El sincretismo cultural en el Perú actual es resultado de los aportes de diversas culturas; sin embargo, la relevancia de la colonia de italianos en el Perú ayudó a definir el rumbo de crecimiento económico y el desarrollo del país, sobre todo después de la guerra del Pacífico, con aportes tales como económicos, negocios, gastronomía, culturales e institucionales. Actualmente existen pocas entidades dedicadas a preservar esta herencia, como el museo del BCP (Antiguo banco italiano) o el Centro di Cultura Italiana, pero estos se limitan a ciertos aspectos como el económico y cultural (Respectivamente). El presente proyecto plantea un museo dedicado a promover, conservar y exponer los distintos aportes, huellas y herencia, que en conjunto forman el legado de esta colonia de italianos. El proyecto consta de tres niveles y un sótano, con múltiples espacios enfocados a brindar una experiencia vivencial de lo que significa este legado. Se apela a las sensaciones provocadas por el manejo de espacios, formas y arquitectura de manera tal que el usuario pueda experimentar de primera mano lo que muchos descendientes de italianos hemos presenciado desde casa. Los ruidos, sabores, olores, formas y sensaciones son los elementos clave del proyecto para lograr que la visita a este museo vaya más allá de ser solo una experiencia, sino también una vivencia de lo que significa ser ítalo-peruano. / This project is an architectural proposal with the purpose of creating a space dedicated to rescuing the cultural heritage contributed by the Italian colony in Peru. The cultural syncretism in Peru is the result of the contributions of different cultures; However, the relevance of the Italian colony in Peru helped define the course of economic growth and development of the country, especially after the War of the Pacific, with contributions such as economics, business, gastronomy, cultural and institutional. Currently there are few entities dedicated to preserving this heritage, such as the BCP museum (Old Italian bank) or the Italian Culture Center, but they are limited to certain aspects such as economic and cultural (In order). This project proposes a museum dedicated to promoting, preserving and exhibiting the different contributions, print and heritage, which together form the legacy of this colony of Italians in the country. The project consists of three levels and a basement, with multiple spaces focused on providing a sensorial experience of what this legacy means. The sensations caused by the handling of spaces, shapes and architecture are appealed to in such a way that the user can experience first-hand what many descendants of Italians have witnessed from home. Noises, flavors, smells, shapes and sensations are the key elements of the project to ensure that the visit to this museum goes beyond just being an experience, but also an experience of what it means to be Italian-Peruvian. / Tesis

The thesis focuses on the settlement of real estate in probate proceedings, which describes the various stages of progress, účastků relationship management and sharing of evidence that are part of the process. The theoretical part of chapter three model situations concerning the valuation of real estate appraisal expert, real estate price trends, and the settlement of a member's interest in cooperative housing, both in terms of marital property and from a more heirs.

When two alleles carried by a heterozygote are transmitted unequally to the zygote at the time of fertilization, transmission ratio distortion occurs. The best studied example of this phenomenon in mammals is t-haplotype in mice. The mouse t-haplotype is a selfish variant region on chromosome 17, in nature transmitted as a unit. Male mice homozygous for t haplotype are sterile, but heterozygotes transmit the t haplotype up to 99% of their progeny. This is believed to be caused by motility differences between sperm carrying the t haplotype and wild-type sperm from the same heterozygous male. The concrete mechanism of the postulated sperm competition in favour of t haplotype carrying sperm was so far not fully illuminated. During this project, we worked with the hypothesis that the differences in sperm motility putatively responsible for transmission ratio distortion are triggered, at least in part, by metabolic causes. Our results from ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) comparison indeed suggest that there are metabolic dissimilarities in sperm from the different genotypes of t (t/t, t/+, +/+). Specifically, our data show that there is significantly less ATP in t/t sperm when compared to the other two genotypes. Likewise, sperm from t/t mice also seem to have lower MMP, suggesting that...

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PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC HAPLOTYPING IN GENETICALLY RISK FAMILIES Abstract of Irena Borgulova's PhD study Page 1/1 ABSTRACT Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is at the intersection of assisted reproduction and clinical genetics. PGD precedes prenatal diagnosis because consists in biopsy of a single embryonic cell and its examination excluding genetic risks before embryo transfer back to mother uterus. Methods within PGD can offer all spectrums of possible investigations of a single cell, whether focused on monogenic disorders, chromosomal aberration or abnormality of whole genome. Monogenic diseases in embryos can be detected by direct or indirect linkage analysis. Indirect linkage analysis has the advantage compared to direct analysis that it is able to indentify pertinent aberration of examined chromosome. Indirect linkage analysis is characterised by preimplantation genetic haplotyping (PGH) which is prime and important constituent of PGD cycle. PGH is based on family anamnesis for determination of pathologic/ high-risk (mutation-associated) haplotype and healthy/ low-risk (without mutation) haplotype by comparison with the haplotypes of other family members. PGD cycle requires in vitro fertilisation (IVF). IVF cycle includes hormonal stimulation, biopsy of oocytes and their fertilisation outside...