Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--VTT Micronova, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gianelli_bf_me_bauru.pdf: 728578 bytes, checksum: 08bd745e090c422288e1a15f08401cdf (MD5) / O acúmulo de sais na superfície de isoladores acarreta a formação de arcos sobre os mesmos, aumentando o processo de corrosão por ácido nítrico. Essa corrosão pode iniciar uma falha da cadeia de isoladores. Atualmente o principal método para análise da corrosão em isoladores, baseia-se em câmaras térmicas e não se tem mostrado adequado para a detecção de defeitos por poluição salínica em seus estágios iniciais. Esse projeto propõe, a adoção de câmeras corona que operam em um comprimento de onda variando entre 240 - 280 nm, filtrando totalmente os raios solares UVA e UVB e permitindo a detecção do ponto aonde se encontra presente a anomalia. Embora as câmeras corona tenham sido amplamente utilizadas, principalmente em linhas de 135 kV até 500 kV, poucos experimentos foram realizados com as mesmas em tensões de 69 kV, tensão padrão da empresa patrocinadora do projeto. Nossa proposta é a de apresentar uma nova metodologia de inspeção utilizando esses equipamentos e possibilitando à empresa incrementar as suas atividades de inspeção. / The accumulation of salt on the surface of insulators causes the formation of arcs, increasing the corrosion process by nitric acid. This corrosion can start a fault of the insulators chain. Presently the main method for corrosion analysis of insulators is based on thermal cameras and is not adequated to detect defects caused by salt pollution on initial stages. This project proposes the adoption of corona cameras operating in wavelengths ranging from 240 to 280 nm, with filters to block UVA and UVB from sunrays and allowing the detection of anomalous spots. Although the corona cameras have been widely used, especially in lines of 135 kV to 500 kV, few experiments have been performed with such an instrument at 69 kV, that is the standard voltage of the company sponsoring of the project. Our proposal is to present a new methodology for inspection using such instrument that enables the company to improve its inspection activities.

The physics of two-phase systems is explored here, particularly magneto-transport and low temperature d.c. conductivity in thin films. The extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) effect was analysed in the context of previous experimental and theoretical considerations. The magnetoresistance (MR) may be enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude by changing the geometry. This was investigated using finite element analysis. Thin film samples consisting of a layered structure of Germanium-Tin-Germanium (Ge-Sn-Ge) were created in collaboration with Shandong University in China. Ge layers were kept at a constant thickness across all samples, with variable Sn thickness. Regions of Sn form island-like shapes ten times larger than the average film thickness, as is seen in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Raman spectroscopy was conducted on these samples, from which it is concluded that the Ge layers are amorphous in nature. It was seen that there is a relationship between the electrical resistance and the film thickness which is indicative of a metal-insulator transition (MIT). The temperature dependence of resistivity was subsequently investigated. The temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of the samples is seen to become negative as the thickness of the Sn layer is reduced below a certain critical thickness. Depending on their thickness, samples were designated as metallic or insulator, and various models associated with metals and insulators fitted to the data. While it is impossible to be absolutely certain of the validity of each of the models, some are a better fit than others. The same temperature dependence of resistivity was measured with an applied magnetic field. This is compared with the previous EMR investigation, however the MR of the samples is only of the order of a few percent which corresponds to ordinary MR, seen in most metals. The magnetic field measurements suppress a resistivity down-turn at very low temperatures (T < 10K) which suggests the presence of superconductivity. Analysis of dr=dT shows that the onset of superconductivity is lower for samples with a lower Sn thickness. Additionally, the deposition rate of the Sn layer affects the resistivity significantly; a higher deposition rate causes a decrease in resistivity. It is supposed that this is due to a change in the microstructure of the film. Finally, piezo-resistivity was considered by applying mechanical compression to the samples. The added pressure causes a drop in resistivity.

Les isolants topologiques 3D sont un nouvel état de la matière décrit par un volume iso-lant électriquement et recouvert par des états de surface métalliques. Une jonction Joseph-son topologique (TJJ) formée autour de ces états de surface peut théoriquement contenirun mode lié d’Andreev ayant une périodicité doublée par rapport aux modes liés d’An-dreev conventionnels 2p périodiques. Le mode d’Andreev 4p périodique serait la briqueélémentaire de l’ordinateur quantique topologique. Ainsi, nous étudions la dynamique dece mode particulier lors de mesures de Shapiro sur des jonctions Josephson fabriquées surdes isolants topologiques à base de bismuth.A?n d’identi?er les e?ets d’un mode 4p-périodique dans une mesure de Shapiro, nousutilisons un model phénoménologique permettant de simuler la caractéristique courant-tension d’une TJJ lors de telles mesures. Nous prédisons deux signatures du mode 4p-périodique et estimons leur robustesse face aux e?ets de chau?age par e?et Joule et face àun modèle d’empoisonnement thermiquement activé du mode 4p-périodique.Par des mesures de Shapiro, nous étudions la dynamique des TJJ basées sur le matériausimple qu’est le Bi2Se3. L’observation des deux mêmes signatures précédemment anticipéespar nos simulations, à savoir un ordre d’apparition non conventionnel des pas de Shapiroainsi que la persistance d’un supercourant à la fermeture du plateau de Shapiro n = 0prouve la présence d’un mode 4p-périodique.Notre étude s’est également portée sur un autre isolant topologique le BiSbTeSe2. Nousavons e?ectué sa croissance par cristallisation liquide-solide et avons mis en évidence,par des mesures d’interférométrie supraconductrice une supraconductivité de surface sanstransport électronique par le volume. / Three dimensional topological insulators (3D TI) are a new state of matter composedof an electrically insulating bulk covered by metallic surface states. Theoretically, a topo-logical Josephson junction composed of these surface states can host an Andreev Boundstate (ABS) that has twice the periodicity of the conventional 2p periodic ABSs. The4p periodic ABS is expected to be the building block of topological quantum computing.Therefore, we study the dynamic of this particular ABS by performing Shapiro measure-ment on Josephson junctions built with bismuth based 3D TI.To identify the e?ects of a 4p periodic ABS in a Shapiro measurement, we use a phe-nomenological model that simulates the voltage-current characteristics of a TJJ. We predicttwo signatures of the 4p periodic ABS and estimate their robustness against Joule heatingand thermally activated quasiparticle poisoning of the 4p periodic mode.We study the Josephson junctions dynamics by performing Shapiro measurements onjunctions built on Bi2Se3. We observe the two previously anticipated signatures, whichare the non-conventional appearance order of the Shapiro steps and the remaining of asupercurrent at the closing of the Shapiro step n = 0. They prove the presence of a 4pperiodic ABS.We also study the topological insulator BiSbTeSe2 that we have grown by using themelting growth method. By superconducting interferometric measurements, we show asuperconducting surface transport without bulk electronic conduction.

Une des propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux diélectriques est d'accumuler des charges électriques sous l'action de contraintes extérieures (température, champ électrique...). Ce phénomène utile dans certaines applications (mémoires non volatiles...), demeure en général une cause de défaillance (microsystèmes...). Il convient donc de disposer d'une méthode permettant de mesurer cette densité de charges aux échelles pertinentes pour le système. Du fait de la miniaturisation, les méthodes classiques de mesure de charge d'espace (PEA, FLIMM,...) ne sont plus adaptées, car leurs résolutions latérales de quelques micromètres est bien supérieure aux dimensions nanométriques des systèmes. Une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la charge d'espace basée sur la microscopie à champ proche, et plus particulièrement la mesure de potentiel de surface par microscopie à sonde de Kelvin (KPFM), permet d'obtenir des informations sur l'état de charge du matériau avec une résolution nanométrique. Notre objectif est d'étudier les phénomènes d'injection et de rétention de charges dans des diélectriques minces. Pour cela deux voies ont été explorées. La première consiste à injecter localement des charges à la surface d'une couche mince de SiOxNy d'épaisseur variable (entre 6nm et 130nm) et à mesurer les modifications du potentiel de surface induit par les charges. Les mesures de potentiel de surface (KPFM) et de courant (C-AFM) couplées à des simulations du champ électrique par éléments finis (COMSOL) ont mis en évidence que deux mécanismes sont en jeu lors de l'injection de charges : le piégeage dans la couche et la conduction au travers de la couche. Pour les épaisseurs les plus fines la conduction est le mécanisme majoritaire (ce qui limite la quantité de charges piégées) alors que pour les films plus épais le piégeage est majoritaire. Pour les films d'épaisseur intermédiaire les deux mécanismes sont en compétition. Une fois les charges injectées leur dissipation se fait majoritairement dans le volume selon une dynamique indépendante de l'épaisseur de la couche. La seconde voie consiste à étudier l'injection et le déplacement de charges entre deux électrodes latérales enfouies dans le diélectrique. Cette structure permet de s'affranchir du manque de sensibilité de la mesure KPFM à la profondeur des charges dans le volume et d'étudier les phénomènes d'injection aux interfaces et le transport de charges sous champ électrique. Le champ électrique induit entre les deux électrodes polarisées a été simulé par éléments finis sous COMSOL et comparé aux mesures de potentiel KPFM. Nous avons ainsi pu caractériser l'injection à l'interface métal/diélectrique et nous avons montré la faisabilité d'utiliser ce type de structure pour étudier la mobilité des charges au sein d'une couche diélectrique. / One of the intrinsic properties of dielectrics is to accumulate electrical charges when subjected to external stresses (temperature, electrical field ...). This property can be helpful for some applications (DRAM...), but leads generally to failure of the device (micro-system...). Thus, a charge density measurement technics is mandatory for the scale of relevance according to the observed system. However due to miniaturization, the measurement technics classically used are helpless to study tiny systems of a few tens nanometers thick, as their spatial resolution is of the order a few micrometers. A new measurement technics represented by KPFM (Kelvin Probe Microscopy) and based on near field microscopy technology, can measure charges on a material with nanoscale lateral resolution. Our purpose here is to characterize charges injection and decay mechanisms in thin SiOxNy and SiNx film deposited by plasma process, thanks to near field microscopy. To achieve this goal, two approaches have been explored. The first one consists in localized injection of electrical charges at the surface of a thin SiOxNy layer of variable thickness (between 6 nm and 130nm) and to measure surface potential modification induced by injected charges. Surface potential (KPFM) and current (C-AFM) measurements coupled to electric field simulation by finite element (COMSOL(r)) emphasizes that two mechanisms are involved during charges injection: trapping and conduction through the layer. For thinner layers, conduction mechanism is predominant (which limits trapped charges amount); while for thicker films trapping is the main mechanism. For intermediate thickness films both mechanisms are in competition. Once the charges injected, dissipation in volume appears to be the predominant mechanism for any thickness. The second approach is the study of charges injection and transport between two embedded lateral electrodes. This structure allows overcoming the lack of in-depth sensitivity of the KPFM measurement toward the position of charges in the volume, to study injection phenomena at interfaces and transport of charges within the volume under electrical field constraint. The electric field induced between the two polarized electrodes was simulated by finite element using COMSOL and compared to surface potential measured by KFM. Results emphasize technical issues related to charges injection/transport between lateral electrodes. According to this analysis an experimental set up and data post-treatment protocol is developed which permits to characterized charges injection at interface. Besides, feasibility of charges mobility investigation using this type of structure was demonstrated.

abstract: Efficient separation techniques for organelles and bacteria in the micron- and sub-micron range are required for various analytical challenges. Mitochondria have a wide size range resulting from the sub-populations, some of which may be associated with diseases or aging. However, traditional methods can often not resolve within-species size variations. Strategies to separate mitochondrial sub-populations by size are thus needed to study the importance of this organelle in cellular functions. Additionally, challenges also exist in distinguishing the sub-populations of bio-species which differ in the surface charge while possessing similar size, such as Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella). The surface charge of Salmonella wild-type is altered upon environmental stimulations, influencing the bacterial survival and virulence within the host tissue. Therefore, it is important to explore methods to identify the sub-populations of Salmonella. This work exploits insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) for the manipulation of mitochondria and Salmonella. The iDEP migration and trapping of mitochondria were investigated under both DC and low-frequency AC conditions, establishing that mitochondria exhibit negative DEP. Also, the first realization of size-based iDEP sorting experiments of mitochondria were demonstrated. As for Salmonella, the preliminary study revealed positive DEP behavior. Distinct trapping potential thresholds were found for the sub-populations with different surface charges. Further, DEP was integrated with a non-intuitive migration mechanism termed absolute negative mobility (ANM), inducing a deterministic trapping component which allows the directed transport of µm- and sub-µm sized (bio)particles in microfluidic devices with a nonlinear post array under the periodic action of electrokinetic and dielectrophoretic forces. Regimes were revealed both numerically and experimentally in which larger particles migrate against the average applied force, whereas smaller particles show normal response. Moreover, this deterministic ANM (dANM) was characterized with polystyrene beads demonstrating improved migration speed at least two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous ANM systems with similar sized colloids. In addition, dANM was induced for mitochondria with an AC-overlaid waveform representing the first demonstration of ANM migration with biological species. Thus, it is envisioned that the efficient size selectivity of this novel migration mechanism can be employed in nanotechnology, organelle sub-population studies or fractionating protein nanocrystals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2015

abstract: Transmission voltages worldwide are increasing to accommodate higher power transfer from power generators to load centers. Insulator dimensions cannot increase linearly with the voltage, as supporting structures become too tall and heavy. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the insulator design considering all operating conditions including dry, wet and contaminated. In order to design insulators suitably, a better understanding of the insulator flashover is required, as it is a serious issue regarding the safe operation of power systems. However, it is not always feasible to conduct field and laboratory studies due to limited time and money. The desire to accurately predict the performance of insulator flashovers requires mathematical models. Dynamic models are more appropriate than static models in terms of the instantaneous variation of arc parameters. In this dissertation, a dynamic model including conditions for arc dynamics, arc re-ignition and arc motion with AC supply is first developed. For an AC power source, it is important to consider the equivalent shunt capacitance in addition to the short circuit current when evaluating pollution test results. By including the power source in dynamic models, the effects of source parameters on the leakage current waveform, the voltage drop and the flashover voltage were systematically investigated. It has been observed that for the same insulator under the same pollution level, there is a large difference among these flashover performances in high voltage laboratories and real power systems. Source strength is believed to be responsible for this discrepancy. Investigations of test source strength were conducted in this work in order to study its impact on different types of insulators with a variety of geometries. Traditional deterministic models which have been developed so far can only predict whether an insulator would flashover or withstand. In practice, insulator flashover is a statistical process, given that both pollution severity and flashover voltage are probabilistic variables. A probability approach to predict the insulator flashover likelihood is presented based on the newly developed dynamic model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2016

abstract: Overhead high voltage transmission lines are widely used around the world to deliver power to customers because of their low losses and high transmission capability. Well-coordinated insulation systems are capable of withstanding lightning and switching surge voltages. However, flashover is a serious issue to insulation systems, especially if the insulator is covered by a pollution layer. Many experiments in the laboratory have been conducted to investigate this issue. Since most experiments are time-consuming and costly, good mathematical models could contribute to predicting the insulator flashover performance as well as guide the experiments. This dissertation proposes a new statistical model to calculate the flashover probability of insulators under different supply voltages and contamination levels. An insulator model with water particles in the air is simulated to analyze the effects of rain and mist on flashover performance in reality. Additionally, insulator radius and number of sheds affect insulator surface resistivity and leakage distance. These two factors are studied to improve the efficiency of insulator design. This dissertation also discusses the impact of insulator surface hydrophobicity on flashover voltage. Because arc propagation is a stochastic process, an arc could travel on different paths based on the electric field distribution. Some arc paths jump between insulator sheds instead of travelling along the insulator surfaces. The arc jumping could shorten the leakage distance and intensify the electric field. Therefore, the probabilities of arc jumping at different locations of sheds are also calculated in this dissertation. The new simulation model is based on numerical electric field calculation and random walk theory. The electric field is calculated by the variable-grid finite difference method. The random walk theory from the Monte Carlo Method is utilized to describe the random propagation process of arc growth. This model will permit insulator engineers to design the reasonable geometry of insulators, to reduce the flashover phenomena under a wide range of operating conditions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Engineering 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dare_can_me_botfca.pdf: 1286130 bytes, checksum: 4b4b028a4c402a19072343642597f8c7 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho térmico de cinco tipos de subcoberturas para telhados, utilizados como isolante térmico. Para esta finalidade construiu-se modelos reduzidos de cobertura, com telhas cerâmicas, apoiadas em estrutura de madeira. Sob as telhas instalaram-se as subcoberturas. Para simular a radiação solar zenital incidente, foi utilizado um sistema constituído por duas lâmpadas incandescentes de 150watts de potência. Na determinação da taxa de transferência de calor, foram utilizados seis termopares localizados na parte superior, inferior e no ambiente externo do conjunto experimental. Estes termopares foram conectados em microprocessadores de alta resolução (registrador gráfico), permitindo o monitoramento das temperaturas de minuto a minuto, até alcançarem valores estáveis da radiação, conduzindo a resultados mais precisos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma eficiência média de 68,6% dos telhados com o uso de subcoberturas, em relação ao telhado sem subcobertura (referência), demonstrando assim a importância destas no desempenho térmico das construções rurais e urbanas. Além disso, o custo destas subcoberturas é significativamente inferior ao custo do telhado, não necessitando de mão-de-obra especializada, tendo a sua utilização otimizada, pois além de isolante térmico, contribui também para o isolamento acústico e hidráulico. / This work had as objective to evaluate the thermal performance of five types of subcoverings used as thermal insulator. For this purpose, reduced models of subcoverings was constructed, with ceramic tiles, supported by wood structures. Under the tiles there were placed the subcoverings. To simulate the incident zenithal solar radiation, it was utilized a system consisted by two incandescent lamps of 150 Watts power. To determine the rate of heat transference it was utilized six thermocouples placed on the upper, lower and on the external environment of the experimental model. These thermocouples are connected to high resolution microprocessor (graphic registry), allowing the control of the temperatures minute by minute, until reaching stable values of radiation, leading to more accurate result. The results obtained show an average efficiency to 68,6% of roofs with subcovering in relation of roofs without subcovering (reference), demonstrating, then, the importance of the use of subcovering on the thermic performance of the rural or urban constructions. Besides, the cost of these sub covering is much lower than the cost of the roof and do not need specialized manual work, optimizing its use, because, beyond the thermic insulator, also contributes to the acoustic and hydraulic insulator.