Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Gabriel de Melo Rico.pdf: 1637174 bytes, checksum: a9ab3f284960c75cb6055be0489822e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Given that the fight against corruption in Democratic Law States depends greatly on the ability and cooperation between organs of the state itself to prevent unlawful acts, this research focuses on one of these institutions from the perspective of "checks and balances", trying to understand their role in the Web of Accountability Institutions of Brazil. Established in 2003 as an advisory body to the Presidency and composed of servers of the careers in internal control, CGU emerged relatively quickly in the Brazilian scene as a typical anti-corruption agency. With skills to prevent corruption, promote administrative accountabilities, ombudsman ( ouvidorias ) and internal control, this body had direct or indirect participation in deepening democratic control of the state activities. Among them include a significant increase of administrative sanctions under the federal executive branch, establishing systematic cooperation with other institutions of horizontal accountability, the contribution in the development of related laws, and participation in international forums. In this exhibition, apart from finding the main results achieved, we intend to understand how and why those results were obtained. We advocate the interpretation that, for this, CGU catalyzed previously existing devices, the main one being the new internal control system of the Federal Executive, which starts with the creation of the Federal Bureau of Internal Control (SFC) in 1994. CGU would instrumental part of these works to the topic discussed here, so that audits of internal control would subsidize the improvement of prevention, of administrative penalties and also of the investigative work of other bodies of horizontal accountability. In the last two chapters, we still problematize the seemingly unusual fact of an organ of internal control exercising such an important role in the role of checks and balances of the Brazilian State / Dado que o combate à corrupção em Estados Democráticos de Direito depende profundamente da habilidade e da cooperação entre órgãos do próprio Estado para prevenirem e responsabilizarem atos ilícitos, esta pesquisa foca uma destas instituições sob a ótica dos freios e contrapesos , tentando compreender seu papel no chamado Sistema de Integridade Brasileiro. Criada em 2003 enquanto órgão assessor da Presidência da República e composta por servidores das carreiras de controle interno, a Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) emergiu com relativa rapidez no cenário brasileiro como uma típica agência anticorrupção. Com competências para trabalhos de prevenção da corrupção, promoção de responsabilizações administrativas, ouvidoria e controle interno, este órgão teve participação direta ou indireta em atividades de aprofundamento dos controles democráticos do Estado. Entre os resultados atingidos, figuram um expressivo crescimento de sanções administrativas no âmbito do Poder Executivo Federal, o estabelecimento de uma sistemática cooperação com outras instituições de accountability horizontal, a contribuição na elaboração de leis relacionadas, e a participação em fóruns internacionais. Nesta exposição, além de observar tais atividades, pretendemos compreender como e por quê tais resultados foram obtidos. Defendemos a interpretação de que, para isso, a CGU catalisou dispositivos já anteriormente existentes, sendo o principal deles o novo sistema de controle interno do Executivo Federal, inaugurado com a criação da Secretaria Federal de Controle Interno (SFC) em 1994. A CGU teria instrumentalizado parte desses trabalhos para o tema aqui abordado, de modo que as auditorias do controle interno passariam a subsidiar o aprimoramento da prevenção, sanções administrativas e também trabalhos investigativos de outros órgãos de accountability horizontal. Nos dois últimos capítulos, problematiza-se ainda o fato aparentemente incomum de um órgão tipicamente de controle interno passar a exercer tão importante papel no cenário de freios e contrapesos do Estado Brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Gabriel de Melo Rico.pdf: 1637174 bytes, checksum: a9ab3f284960c75cb6055be0489822e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Given that the fight against corruption in Democratic Law States depends greatly on the ability and cooperation between organs of the state itself to prevent unlawful acts, this research focuses on one of these institutions from the perspective of "checks and balances", trying to understand their role in the Web of Accountability Institutions of Brazil. Established in 2003 as an advisory body to the Presidency and composed of servers of the careers in internal control, CGU emerged relatively quickly in the Brazilian scene as a typical anti-corruption agency. With skills to prevent corruption, promote administrative accountabilities, ombudsman ( ouvidorias ) and internal control, this body had direct or indirect participation in deepening democratic control of the state activities. Among them include a significant increase of administrative sanctions under the federal executive branch, establishing systematic cooperation with other institutions of horizontal accountability, the contribution in the development of related laws, and participation in international forums. In this exhibition, apart from finding the main results achieved, we intend to understand how and why those results were obtained. We advocate the interpretation that, for this, CGU catalyzed previously existing devices, the main one being the new internal control system of the Federal Executive, which starts with the creation of the Federal Bureau of Internal Control (SFC) in 1994. CGU would instrumental part of these works to the topic discussed here, so that audits of internal control would subsidize the improvement of prevention, of administrative penalties and also of the investigative work of other bodies of horizontal accountability. In the last two chapters, we still problematize the seemingly unusual fact of an organ of internal control exercising such an important role in the role of checks and balances of the Brazilian State / Dado que o combate à corrupção em Estados Democráticos de Direito depende profundamente da habilidade e da cooperação entre órgãos do próprio Estado para prevenirem e responsabilizarem atos ilícitos, esta pesquisa foca uma destas instituições sob a ótica dos freios e contrapesos , tentando compreender seu papel no chamado Sistema de Integridade Brasileiro. Criada em 2003 enquanto órgão assessor da Presidência da República e composta por servidores das carreiras de controle interno, a Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) emergiu com relativa rapidez no cenário brasileiro como uma típica agência anticorrupção. Com competências para trabalhos de prevenção da corrupção, promoção de responsabilizações administrativas, ouvidoria e controle interno, este órgão teve participação direta ou indireta em atividades de aprofundamento dos controles democráticos do Estado. Entre os resultados atingidos, figuram um expressivo crescimento de sanções administrativas no âmbito do Poder Executivo Federal, o estabelecimento de uma sistemática cooperação com outras instituições de accountability horizontal, a contribuição na elaboração de leis relacionadas, e a participação em fóruns internacionais. Nesta exposição, além de observar tais atividades, pretendemos compreender como e por quê tais resultados foram obtidos. Defendemos a interpretação de que, para isso, a CGU catalisou dispositivos já anteriormente existentes, sendo o principal deles o novo sistema de controle interno do Executivo Federal, inaugurado com a criação da Secretaria Federal de Controle Interno (SFC) em 1994. A CGU teria instrumentalizado parte desses trabalhos para o tema aqui abordado, de modo que as auditorias do controle interno passariam a subsidiar o aprimoramento da prevenção, sanções administrativas e também trabalhos investigativos de outros órgãos de accountability horizontal. Nos dois últimos capítulos, problematiza-se ainda o fato aparentemente incomum de um órgão tipicamente de controle interno passar a exercer tão importante papel no cenário de freios e contrapesos do Estado Brasileiro

On average, a small business could lose $150,000 a year due to employee fraud schemes. For most of the small businesses affected by employee fraud schemes, the average $150,000 loss could be detrimental to the small business, causing the business to close. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the internal controls small business owners apply to detect and prevent fraud from occurring in the business. The population for the study consisted of 3 small business owners located in Hartsville, South Carolina who implemented effective internal fraud controls in their business. The conceptual framework guiding the study was the fraud triangle theory. Data were collected and triangulated through semistructured interviews, company internal control policy and procedure documents, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission internal control framework, and the Small Business Administration internal control good practices. Data were analyzed through coding. There were 3 themes which emerged in relation to addressing the central research question: cash collection, separation of duties, and attentiveness and awareness. The findings could contribute to positive social change by providing best practices for small business owners to mitigate the components of the fraud triangle and subsequently decrease, if not eliminate, fraud from occurring in small businesses.

財務再保險係屬於新興的風險移轉方式之一，除了可以移轉傳統再保險之核保風險外，更可以將保險公司有很多無法以傳統再保險獲得分散的風險，如時間風險、投資風險等財務風險移轉出去。財務再保險可以增加保險公司的盈餘及提升經理人的績效，同時能減少潛在的危險暴露，避免準備金提存不足的問題，並且可以增加保險公司的承保能量，資助新契約的成長，兼具風險管理與財務規劃的新興工具。 相對的，財務再保險的實施，也延伸出相關的問題，如財務再保險係為融資借貸關係，而非實質危險轉移；因為準備金提存不足，無法支付未來重大的損失；為了掩飾盈虧，而誤導投資大眾。HIH與AIG集團涉及以財務再保險契約粉飾財務報表的行為，顯示財務再保險契約所造成的監理漏洞，另一方面，保險公司若不注重其企業本身營運的風險管理，而是以財務再保險契約尋求穩定公司收益的財務揭露，對於保險公司的長期經營並不是一件好事，同時對於投資人、監理機關的管理亦影響甚鉅。 除了監理機關對於財務再保險應加以規範外，保險公司內部之內部控制與內部稽核在企業中亦扮演重要角色。本研究就HIH與AIG集團兩個案之財務再保險問題，收集截至2005年HIH相關人員被澳洲保險監理機關起訴之起訴理由，與AIG被美國監理機關起訴人員的相關資料，分析這些被起訴原因之內部控制缺失，強調財務再保險內部控制與內部稽核的重要性，最後，針對保險公司實施財務再保險提出建議，同時對保險監理機關監管財務再保險也提出建議，希望對國內保險業者實施財務再保險有所助益，同時，也作為保險監理機關監管財務再保險的參考。 / Financial reinsurance is one of the alternative risk transfer arrangements. Unlike the traditional reinsurance arrangement where only the underwriting risk is transferred, other risks such as time risk and investment risk may also be transferred through such arrangement. Financial reinsurance increases an insurance company’s earning and the managers’ performance, and hence decreases the exposures of reserve inadequacy. Additionally, it is also a new tool for risk management and financial planning for its positive impact on new business growth through the enhancement on the company’s underwriting capability. On the other side, the use of financial reinsurance also leads to some problems. Specifically, when it is structured as a financial lease without any physical transfer of risks and used to window-dress poor financial performance in order to mislead the investors. Two international insurance companies, namely HIH (Health International Holdings) and AIG (American International Group), have tried to use the financial reinsurance arrangements to window-dress their financial statements in order to deceive the regulators. From a long term perspective, financial reinsurance arrangements used for stabilizing the financial results instead of enhancing risk management would certainly be detrimental to investors and insurance regulators. Besides the regulators who need to set up the regulations on financial reinsurance, the internal controls and internal auditing functions within insurance company also play an important role in terms of supervision. This thesis focused on two real life cases related to HIH and AIG by studying their problems with financial reinsurance and colleting the people being prosecuted by Australia regulator (APRA) and SEC as of the end of 2005, the internal control weaknesses caused by them and finally emphasizing the important of internal controls and internal audit function. Lastly, after studies these two cases, recommendations are made to insurance companies and local regulator on how to manage the use of financial reinsurance. Hopefully these suggestions would be helpful to them.

A crescente onda de escândalos surgidos nos Estados Unidos na virada da década de 90, relacionados às demonstrações contábeis trouxeram uma importante mudança na ótica que se tinha dos controle internos. Podemos afirmar que 2002, com a promulgação da Sarbanes-Oxley Act transformou-se em um marco histórico dentro do âmbito empresarial americano, no que tange a controles internos, sendo o divisor de águas do que existia antes e depois em termos de forma de encarar a necessidade de as empresas possuírem uma estrutura de controles internos. Os controles internos passaram, sob o prisma de muitas empresas, de meros procedimentos de formalização de atividades e processos à condição de exigência legal. A nova Lei traz através da obrigatoriedade de apresentação de formulários específicos que devem ser assinados pelos altos representantes das empresas e a aplicação de sanções para quem não o faz ou faz de forma falsa, a conseqüente implementação de uma estrutura de controles internos que deverá ser monitorada, aperfeiçoada e enriquecida sempre que aparecer algum novo risco ou a empresa desenvolver uma operação. / The growing number of accounting scandals that have taken place in the USA at the turn of the 90's brought about an important change in how internal controls are understood. One could say that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 was a landmark in the American corporate world as far as internal controls are concerned. It was a turning point in the way companies face the need for a structure of internal controls, which for many of them have changed from mere formalizing procedures to a legal requirement. This new law requires specific forms to be filled out which have to bear the signature of the company's top management. Forgery or failure to comply involves penalties. The new law makes it necessary to implement an internal controls structure which is to be monitored and improved whenever a new risk is at play or when the company has a new operation.

A crescente onda de escândalos surgidos nos Estados Unidos na virada da década de 90, relacionados às demonstrações contábeis trouxeram uma importante mudança na ótica que se tinha dos controle internos. Podemos afirmar que 2002, com a promulgação da Sarbanes-Oxley Act transformou-se em um marco histórico dentro do âmbito empresarial americano, no que tange a controles internos, sendo o divisor de águas do que existia antes e depois em termos de forma de encarar a necessidade de as empresas possuírem uma estrutura de controles internos. Os controles internos passaram, sob o prisma de muitas empresas, de meros procedimentos de formalização de atividades e processos à condição de exigência legal. A nova Lei traz através da obrigatoriedade de apresentação de formulários específicos que devem ser assinados pelos altos representantes das empresas e a aplicação de sanções para quem não o faz ou faz de forma falsa, a conseqüente implementação de uma estrutura de controles internos que deverá ser monitorada, aperfeiçoada e enriquecida sempre que aparecer algum novo risco ou a empresa desenvolver uma operação. / The growing number of accounting scandals that have taken place in the USA at the turn of the 90's brought about an important change in how internal controls are understood. One could say that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 was a landmark in the American corporate world as far as internal controls are concerned. It was a turning point in the way companies face the need for a structure of internal controls, which for many of them have changed from mere formalizing procedures to a legal requirement. This new law requires specific forms to be filled out which have to bear the signature of the company's top management. Forgery or failure to comply involves penalties. The new law makes it necessary to implement an internal controls structure which is to be monitored and improved whenever a new risk is at play or when the company has a new operation.

A crescente onda de escândalos surgidos nos Estados Unidos na virada da década de 90, relacionados às demonstrações contábeis trouxeram uma importante mudança na ótica que se tinha dos controle internos. Podemos afirmar que 2002, com a promulgação da Sarbanes-Oxley Act transformou-se em um marco histórico dentro do âmbito empresarial americano, no que tange a controles internos, sendo o divisor de águas do que existia antes e depois em termos de forma de encarar a necessidade de as empresas possuírem uma estrutura de controles internos. Os controles internos passaram, sob o prisma de muitas empresas, de meros procedimentos de formalização de atividades e processos à condição de exigência legal. A nova Lei traz através da obrigatoriedade de apresentação de formulários específicos que devem ser assinados pelos altos representantes das empresas e a aplicação de sanções para quem não o faz ou faz de forma falsa, a conseqüente implementação de uma estrutura de controles internos que deverá ser monitorada, aperfeiçoada e enriquecida sempre que aparecer algum novo risco ou a empresa desenvolver uma operação. / The growing number of accounting scandals that have taken place in the USA at the turn of the 90's brought about an important change in how internal controls are understood. One could say that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 was a landmark in the American corporate world as far as internal controls are concerned. It was a turning point in the way companies face the need for a structure of internal controls, which for many of them have changed from mere formalizing procedures to a legal requirement. This new law requires specific forms to be filled out which have to bear the signature of the company's top management. Forgery or failure to comply involves penalties. The new law makes it necessary to implement an internal controls structure which is to be monitored and improved whenever a new risk is at play or when the company has a new operation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge da Silva Krening.pdf: 839422 bytes, checksum: 55407cba3675d45dbd4436f048b32596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Since its creation in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the credit union has played an essential role in the global economy. Due to actions based on the less favoured class in the past, the cooperatives have always embraced the idea of solidarity and unity, something that is deeply rooted in its principles. Throughout its history, there was the need for improvement, maturity and evolution in its way of managing and directing, mainly due to the big growth of the segment which occurred after the mid-1990. By having the financial intermediation as their main focus, the credit unions keep playing a fundamental role in the sustainable development of Brazil, particularly because of their ability to fund consumption and production. Some issues such as the huge dependence on the spread in order to cover operational costs, and also its vulnerabilities, contribute to make the cooperatives become less competitive if compared to the other institutions. Some particularities involving its structure and culture end up creating some conflicting interests, mainly among cooperative members (owners) and managers. In order to describe the legal structure that rules the credit unions in Brazil regarding the decision on the internal controls model, Resolution CMN 2.554/98 and Government Circular CMN 3.467/09 has been drawn up. Both are considered as clear and formal in the acceptance of conceptual structure COSO as internal controls framework. It is clear that the action of Central Bank of Brazil in following up the international trends that involve standardization through international recommendations imply in their compliance and observance. This study is aimed at investigating the acceptance by the credit unions of Sao Paolo state to the government Circular CMN 3.467/09. The answers to the matter have been searched: Are the cooperatives of Sao Paulo state checking the relevant aspects contained in the Government Circular CMN 3.467/09? By using qualitative and quantitative approaches, interviews and data colleting have been conducted through an electronic form on the internet. Using the qualitative approach, agents and people in charge of internal control were interviewed in 8 of a 159 credit unions affiliated to Sicoob Central Cecresp, since they have been considered as large ones if using the criteria established by this Central. By using the quantitative approach, the 151 cooperatives have received an electronic form. Based on the effected analysis, we conclude that the researched credit unions adopt the relevant and intrinsic aspects of Circular CMN 3.467/09. Through the quantitative analysis, it was possible to evidence the adherence of the control components. Finally, in the qualitative aspects, we perceive the need for a more involvement of the management particularly concerning question of control culture and formalizing policies and procedures. / Desde sua criação no início do século dezenove que o cooperativismo de crédito vem desempenhando papel fundamental na economia mundial. Apoiado em ações voltadas para uma classe menos favorecida no passado, o cooperativismo sempre empunhou a bandeira da solidariedade e união, algo enraizado de forma profunda em seus princípios. Durante sua trajetória, houve a necessidade de aprimoramento, amadurecimento e evolução da sua forma de gestão e administração, muito em função do grande crescimento do segmento, que ocorreu principalmente a partir de meados dos anos noventa. Tendo como foco principal a intermediação financeira, as cooperativas de crédito continuam exercendo um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento sustentável do Brasil, muito em função da sua capacidade de financiar o consumo e a produção. Alguns problemas como a voraz dependência do spread para cobrir custos operacionais, e ainda, fragilidades inerentes, contribuem para que as cooperativas se tornem menos competitivas, comparado as demais instituições. Particularidades envolvendo sua estrutura e culturas acabam por gerar alguns conflitos de interesse, principalmente entre os cooperados (proprietários) e gestores. Para descrever o arcabouço legal que rege as cooperativas de crédito no Brasil no que tange à determinação do modelo de controles internos, recorre-se a Resolução CMN 2.554/98 e Circular CMN 3.467/09. Ambas são tidas como exemplos claros e formais da adoção da estrutura conceitual COSO como framework de controles internos. Ficam evidentes as ações do Banco Central do Brasil em acompanhar as tendências internacionais que envolvem padronização, através das recomendações internacionais, implicando seu cumprimento e observância. Esse estudo objetivou investigar a adoção pelas cooperativas de crédito do estado de São Paulo à Circular CMN 3.467/09. Buscaram-se respostas quanto à indagação: As cooperativas do estado de São Paulo estão observando os aspectos relevantes contidos na Circular CMN 3.467/09? Adotando-se um enfoque quantitativo e qualitativo, foram realizadas entrevistas e coleta de dados por meio de formulário eletrônico via web. De forma qualitativa foram entrevistados agentes e responsáveis pelos controles internos em oito das cento e cinquenta e nove cooperativas de crédito, filiadas a Sicoob Central Cecresp, por serem consideradas de grande porte, por critérios estabelecidos por esta Central. Com base nas análises efetuadas conclui-se que as cooperativas pesquisadas estão adotando os aspectos relevantes e intrínsecos contidos na Circular CMN 3.467/09. Através da análise, quantitativamente, foi possível estabelecer a aderência dos componentes de controle. Finalmente, dos aspectos qualitativos, percebe-se a necessidade de um maior envolvimento da administração, principalmente no quesito cultura de controle e formalização de políticas e procedimentos.

The objective of this master's thesis is to describe and analyze role of risk management in corporate governance. Specifically, a thesis focuses on comparison of existing practices in chosen states and examines whether quality of risk management in corporate governance is different in large and mid capitalaization companies. The thesis is divided into several parts: firstly, theory of corporate governance and risk management are introduced with explanation of their interconnection, which also contain defined list of methods and tools for evaluation of risk management and corporate governance quality. In the analytical part of the thesis, comparative analysis of risk management practices in different states is applied with evaluation of their quality, methods of statistical analysis are employed to test the hypothesis about difference of risk management quality in companies with large and mid capitalization and strength and weaknesses of corporate governance and risk management in particular states are summarized.

Between 2007 and 2009, the United States experienced a financial crisis. Many businesses experienced difficulties obtaining funds for projects and working capital due to the great recession. As a result, many business owners filed for bankruptcy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that some small business owners in the construction industry used when implementing internal control processes to improve profits. The study population entailed 6 individuals in the southeast region of the United States who successfully implemented internal control processes to improve profits. The data collected were from face-to-face interviews, analysis of company documents, and observation. The data analysis process included coding the information to develop patterns and themes. The themes identified in the study included operational strategies, methods to measure the effectiveness of internal controls, barriers to implementing internal controls, and ways internal controls improved profits. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide construction business owners with effective strategies to implement internal control processes that may lead to increasing employment opportunities for individuals in local communities.