Accompanied with the trend of free market economy and the rapid development of transportation and information technology, the international investment become more and more vigorous. This has caused the ongoing establishment and integration of the global collaborative system and supply chain. Every industry seeks the way to improve their competitiveness under the ever changing market environment. In the logistic industry, the trend goes from point to point transmission to supply chain management. The purpose is to offer integrated logistic service to fit customers¡¦ need. The developed countries set up the international distribution center in the airports and harbors to support the global logistic system. Domestic logistic service providers face the new challenge of global logistics. They need the aids of information technology to improve their international competitiveness. However, the implementation of logistics e-business solution require a holistic policy perspective because that the multifaceted channel function and the considerable process complexity are involved. This research, first discusses the impact of information technology to logistic organization. The case research methodology is employed to study the relationship between information technology and logistic organization. The result of this case study shows that information technology is closely associated with international logistics. From the perspective of integration and agility, applying information technology can improve the international logistic organization¡¦s core competence. Second, this research focused on the e-business strategy for international logistics. The development of international logistics is often adhered to the global trend, and its course of e-business is moving toward logistic e-marketplace. This research first addressed the appropriability of e-marketplace and then formulated the e-business strategy for the logistic industry.. From the analysis of appropriability of e-business, the e-marketplace can offer effective solution to the international e-logistics. The goal of logistic e-marketplace is the globalization and to simplify the transaction mechanism. It can aggregate all kinds of logistic vendors to form the whole supply chain of logistic service. At the same time it can lay emphasis on the improvement of logistic operation process. Also, it can enhance the logistic operation process and efficiency of information delivery. The use of e-marketplace is a social phenomena; hence, the social influence model of technology use is adopt to illustrate the policy aspects of e-marketplace. In this model, the use of e-marketplace will be influenced by the five factors when the development of e-marketplace in Taiwan¡Gthe experience and ability, evaluation of logistic task, trust mechanism, evaluation of e-marketplace and situational factors. Furthermore, we address the strategy of carrying out the international logistic e-marketplace which can be the reference when government and the logistic industry want to carry out the e-business.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cortes_acc_me_guara_parcial.pdf: 108934 bytes, checksum: 14d32916b929013c7cc44dcd44e45513 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-25T13:00:58Z: cortes_acc_me_guara_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-25T13:03:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000631159_20151231.pdf: 102608 bytes, checksum: f30b15ce23e02c0e75a6b54836678bbe (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-01-04T10:26:46Z: 000631159_20151231.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-04T10:28:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000631159.pdf: 1402612 bytes, checksum: 5bdb1ed1925105fb65ec088cad6f87dc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O uso da Internet facilita e agiliza as comunicações entre empresas, por mais distantes que estejam. Tal fato, aliado aos avanços nos sistemas e processos dos operadores logísticos globais, fez com que o comércio internacional deixasse de ser lugar somente para multinacionais, mas também para pequenas e médias empresas. O objetivo central deste trabalho é mapear o processo de seleção de fornecedores através de marketplaces e a logística de importação da China, pela caracterização e análise dos processos e custos logísticos, compreendendo desde a fase de prospecção de fabricantes, a aplicação do método AHP para seleção de fornecedores, aspectos das negociações e a gestão da cadeia logística internacional. Foi desenvolvido, também, um roteiro que pode ser utilizado como manual de importações da China por pequenos e médios empresários. A premissa é a possibilidade de se aproveitar oportunidades de negócios advindos da oferta de produtos chineses com preços baixos e qualidade satisfatória para empreendedores do comércio exterior. Cabe destacar, como resultado importante deste estudo, a ferramenta (software) desenvolvida para seleção de modal e Incoterms, que considera, além dos custos logísticos do comércio exterior, o custo de oportunidade do capital (estoques), para uma correta avaliação do custo total de importação / Internet improves communication and information for all companies worldwide, this fact and development of logistics providers processes and systems support a strong growing for global trade, including participation of small and medium enterprises. The central objective of this study is to map processes of supplier selection via marketplaces in China and the logistics management of imported materials to Brazil. This study qualifies and analyses processes and logistics costs on importations from China to Brazil, apply AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process to select suppliers, analyses negotiation and global logistics management processes. The main result is to offer a complete guide to attend small and medium enterprises to manage importations from China, considered the main industrial country in the world with low costs and good quality products. The final and important part of study presents a new tool (software) to select more economic transportation mode and Incoterms, considering characteristics of materials imported from China to Brazil, to support the tool are discussed the logistics costs related to global trade, oportunity cost capital (inventory) and total importation cost

Resumo: O uso da Internet facilita e agiliza as comunicações entre empresas, por mais distantes que estejam. Tal fato, aliado aos avanços nos sistemas e processos dos operadores logísticos globais, fez com que o comércio internacional deixasse de ser lugar somente para multinacionais, mas também para pequenas e médias empresas. O objetivo central deste trabalho é mapear o processo de seleção de fornecedores através de marketplaces e a logística de importação da China, pela caracterização e análise dos processos e custos logísticos, compreendendo desde a fase de prospecção de fabricantes, a aplicação do método AHP para seleção de fornecedores, aspectos das negociações e a gestão da cadeia logística internacional. Foi desenvolvido, também, um roteiro que pode ser utilizado como manual de importações da China por pequenos e médios empresários. A premissa é a possibilidade de se aproveitar oportunidades de negócios advindos da oferta de produtos chineses com preços baixos e qualidade satisfatória para empreendedores do comércio exterior. Cabe destacar, como resultado importante deste estudo, a ferramenta (software) desenvolvida para seleção de modal e Incoterms, que considera, além dos custos logísticos do comércio exterior, o custo de oportunidade do capital (estoques), para uma correta avaliação do custo total de importação / Abstract: Internet improves communication and information for all companies worldwide, this fact and development of logistics providers processes and systems support a strong growing for global trade, including participation of small and medium enterprises. The central objective of this study is to map processes of supplier selection via marketplaces in China and the logistics management of imported materials to Brazil. This study qualifies and analyses processes and logistics costs on importations from China to Brazil, apply AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process to select suppliers, analyses negotiation and global logistics management processes. The main result is to offer a complete guide to attend small and medium enterprises to manage importations from China, considered the main industrial country in the world with low costs and good quality products. The final and important part of study presents a new tool (software) to select more economic transportation mode and Incoterms, considering characteristics of materials imported from China to Brazil, to support the tool are discussed the logistics costs related to global trade, oportunity cost capital (inventory) and total importation cost / Orientador: Fernando Augusto Silva Marins / Coorientador: Leo Tadeu Robles / Banca: Ubirajara Rocha Ferreira / Banca: Anderson Ribeiro Correia / Mestre

This dissertation consists of three independent sections: In the first part, focusing on the auto industry we look at the challenges and solution strategies of employing build-to-order (BTO) with global supply. We consider some familiar tools for managing domestic supply and exploit them for managing international supply, and propose new methods. We study frequency of supply as a way to improve performance. We study the impact of forecast accuracy, and conclude that improvements there alone may not be sufficient to obtain desired savings. Within this perspective we look at a new shipping policy, 'Ship-to-Average", which prescribes sending a fixed quantity, based on the long term average forecast, with each shipment and making adjustments only if the inventory strays outside a prescribed range. In the second part we look at a Brownian control problem. When a manufacturer places repeated orders with a supplier to meet changing production requirements, he faces the challenge of finding the right balance between holding costs and the operational costs involved in adjusting the shipment sizes. Consider a storage system whose content fluctuates as a Brownian motion in the absence of control. A linear holding cost is incurred continuously. Inventory level can be adjusted by any quantity at a fixed plus proportional cost. We show control band policies are optimal for the average cost problem and calculate the optimal policy parameters. This form of policy is described by three parameters q, Q, S. When the inventory falls to 0 (rises to S), the controller expedites (curtails) shipments to return it to q (Q). Developing techniques based on Lagrangian relaxation we show that this type of policy is optimal even with constraints on the size of adjustments and on the maximum inventory level. The Brownian Control problem can be viewed as an idealization --without delivery delays, of the problem of supplying BTO operations, and provides some theoretical explanation for the Ship-to-Average policies. In fact, Ship-to-Average policies are a practical implementation of Control Band policies in the setting with delivery delays. Finally, we explore the power and applicability of the Lagrangian approach developed in the second part.

This paper is directed at discussing some of the management issues, problems and solutions of logistics in the context of offshored productive activities The introduction includes a discussion of the logistics topics and an introduction of the economic logic of offshoring. The main part analyses the logistics topics with regard to the internationally fragmented production. The topics of logistics include: Information flow and integration, transportation, inventory management, warehousing and materials management, packaging management, customer service, risk management, logistics strategies and supply chain design. For each of the discussed topics a company or industry example is given to illustrate the applications. The analysis is based on a review of the existing academic literature in each of these fields.

El presente trabajo de investigación se enfoca enla implementación de un área logística internacional en Tintas Fluidas Barnices SAC para la optimización de procesos. La empresa carece de una estructura organizacional del área logística internacional que permita el control y fluidez de información en la cadena de suministros con el fin de ser más competitivos en el mercado internacional. El primer capítulo se refiere al marco teórico de la investigación en donde se detalla los cambios ocurridos a lo largo del tiempo en la logística internacional y cómo actualmente impacta de manera positiva en las empresas del sector. En el segundo capítulo, se plantea el problema principal, la hipótesis general y cuáles son los objetivos a cumplir. Asimismo, en el tercer y cuarto capítulo se especifica el método de investigación para la extracción de información relevante en la empresa y se desarrolla la encuesta logística de manera cualitativa y una encuesta de clima laboral cuantitativa a los trabajadores. En el quinto y sexto capítulo se analizan los resultados obtenidos y conclusiones y recomendaciones, con el fin de ser aplicados en TINFLUBA SAC. Finalmente, implementar un área logística genera resultados positivos como la reducción de costos y la eficiencia en los procesos logísticos. / This research has it approach on the implementation of an international logistics area in Tintas Fluidas Barnices SAC for the processes optimization. The company lacks of an organizational structure of the logistics area that allows the control and information flow in the supply chain with the final purpose of being more competitive in the international market. The first chapter refers to the research theoretical framework which details the changes occurred over the years in international logistics and how it currently has a positive impact on companies in the sector. In the second chapter, the main problem, the general hypothesis and the objectives to be fulfilled are explained. Likewise, in the third and fourth chapter, the research method for the extraction of relevant information in the organization is specified and a qualitative logistic survey and a quantitative labor climate survey are developed for the workers. The fifth and sixth chapters analyze the results obtained and provide conclusions and recommendations, in order to be applied in TINFLUBA SAC. Finally, implementing a logistics area generates positive results such as cost reduction and efficiency in logistics processes. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Submitted by Vanessa Nunes (vnunes) on 2015-07-27T16:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Balthazar.pdf: 943281 bytes, checksum: 9c1a495a3effcebc8e3c6a0a1b38e242 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T16:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Balthazar.pdf: 943281 bytes, checksum: 9c1a495a3effcebc8e3c6a0a1b38e242 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-26 / Nenhuma / Frente à dificuldade das indústrias brasileiras em projetar os custos logísticos envolvidos nos processos de exportação e importação e sendo o frete internacional responsável pela maior fatia destes custos, é necessário que os gestores de logística conheçam os motivos que fazem o valor do frete marítimo se manter estável ou com constantes oscilações. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as variáveis que contribuem na precificação do frete marítimo internacional das exportações e importações brasileiras de cargas secas conteinerizadas. Foi realizado um estudo de campo exploratório dos trades da costa leste dos Estados Unidos, norte da Europa e Ásia com o Brasil através de pesquisas qualitativa e quantitativa e com a utilização de dados de pesquisa bibliográfica assim como dados secundários de análise documental. A coleta de dados qualitativos por sua vez foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e conduzidas com um painel de experts formado por gestores responsáveis pela precificação do frete marítimo internacional nas suas empresas. Apesar da impossibilidade de proceder com a análise sistêmica devido à falta de significância estatística nos testes realizados, os resultados encontrados foram levados ao julgamento de um painel de experts que delimitaram as variáveis que de fato contribuem na precificação do frete marítimo. Considerando os trades estudados, observou-se que a relação entre a oferta e a demanda com o valor do frete são as variáveis que mais interferem na flutuação do frete marítimo porém outras variáveis são simultaneamente analisadas no processo de precificação do frete. Capacidade dos navios, custos operacionais, concorrência e alteração nos serviços ofertados estão entre as variáveis que os especialistas identificaram como as que mais interferem neste processo. / Based on the difficulty of Brazilian industries in providing a forecast of logistic costs involved in the export and import processes and being the international freight responsible for the largest share of these costs, it is necessary for the logistic managers know the reasons that make the price of ocean freight remains stable or continuously changing. This study aimed to identify the variables that contribute to the pricing of international ocean freight of Brazilian exports and imports of containerized dry cargoes. It has been conducted by an exploratory field study of east cost of United States, northern Europe and Asia with Brazil through a qualitative and quantitative research and the use of bibliographic data as well as secondary data analysis of documents. The qualitative data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews and conducted with experts made up of managers in charge of the pricing of international ocean freight in their companies. Despite the impossibility of proceeding with systemic analysis due to lack of statistical significance in the tests, the results were taken out to the judgment of experts to delimit in fact the variables that contribute to the pricing of ocean freight. Considering the trades studied, it was noticed that the relation between supply and demand with the ocean freight are the variable that most influence the fluctuation of the freight, but other variables are simultaneously analyzed in the pricing process. Capacity of vessels, operating costs, competitors and changes in the services offered are among the variables that experts have identified as those most contribute in this process.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-06T16:52:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Vitorino Razzera_.pdf: 1279640 bytes, checksum: e2e6bd52fb501079f94aa2453e161fcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T16:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Vitorino Razzera_.pdf: 1279640 bytes, checksum: e2e6bd52fb501079f94aa2453e161fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Nenhuma / A partir da abertura comercial brasileira ocorrida nos anos 90, a participação das importações de bens obteve um considerável crescimento, em razão do desenvolvimento econômico e da própria globalização. Dentro da área de operações das organizações, a função de importação relaciona distintos agentes logísticos, no contexto da cadeia de suprimentos (supply chain), demandando soluções inovadoras, as quais necessariamente passam pelos prestadores de serviços logísticos terceirizados, ou third party logistics – TPL. Assim, o presente estudo buscou analisar o papel dos prestadores de serviços logísticos terceirizados, no desenvolvimento de soluções logísticas inovadoras em importação, no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo, com quatro prestadores de serviços logísticos no Brasil, elegidos por meio do ranking da instituição ILOS de 2014, referente aos prestadores de serviços logísticos que mais se destacaram no mercado brasileiro naquele ano. Por meio da estratégia de estudo de caso múltiplo, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com os prestadores de serviços logísticos e com um cliente destes. Após esta etapa, os dados coletados nas entrevistas foram compilados e triangulados, junto a apresentações e folders de serviços que foram disponibilizados e indicados como inovadores, além dos respectivos websites e informações provenientes da internet. O presente estudo multicascos, destaca o papel dos prestadores de serviços logísticos no desenvolvimento de soluções logísticas inovadoras do tipo tecnológicas. Os resultados encontrados, demonstram que as inovações são empurradas pelos direcionamentos dos clientes na maioria das vezes, porém puxadas, quando há uma abertura para as mudanças alicerçada em confiança, relacionamento, entendimento da cadeia de suprimentos dos importadores e de sua real necessidade, um trabalho interno e externo, minucioso e constante, comunicação, desenvolvimento de pessoas, background em logística, atuação institucional e pró-atividade. / From the Brazilian trade opening occurred in the 90s, the share of import goods achieved a considerable growth, as a result of the economic development and globalization. Within the operations area of the organizations, the import function relates different logistics agents in the context of the supply chain, requiring innovative solutions, which necessarily pass through the outsourced logistics service providers, or, third party logistics - TPL. The present research investigates the role of third party logistics service providers, in the development of innovative logistics solutions for imports in Brazil. Thus, a multiple case study was conducted with four logistics services providers in Brazil, chosen by the ranking of ILOS 2014 institution, related to the logistics service providers that stood out in the Brazilian market that year. Through a multiple case study strategy, depth interviews were conducted with the logistics service providers and a client of these. After this step, the data collected in the interviews was compiled and triangulated, along with presentations and brochures of services provided by the TPL’s and indicated as innovative, beyond the respective websites and information from the internet. This search highlights the role of logistics service providers, in the development of innovative logistics solutions of the technological type. The results show that innovations are driven by customer directions most of the time, but pulled when there is an opening for the change, based in trust, relationship, understanding of the importers supply chain and their real need, an internal and external work, thorough and constant, communication, people development, background in logistics, institutional action and proactivity.

Afin d’accélérer les flux de produits, de réduire les niveaux de stocks et de faire des économies de transport, les entreprises de presque toutes les industries ont mis en place des centres de crossdock. Ces centres sont un point intermédiaire de consolidation dans une chaîne logistique. Les constructeurs automobiles Renault et Nissan s’appuient sur un réseau international de plateformes crossdock pour lier des fournisseurs de pièces de première monte avec des usines de production lointaines, généralement en outre-mer. Dans un cadre d’un partenariat académique-industriel entre le laboratoire LIMOS et Renault, cette thèse est focalisée sur la planification et l’ordonnancement des activités dans ces centres de crossdock. Des études de terrain menées chez Renault et Nissan nous ont permis d’identifier les caractéristiques, les contraintes et les inducteurs de coûts des plateformes de crossdock, ainsi que de cibler notre revue de la littérature. Sur ces bases, nous proposons une approche d’optimisation séquentielle, comprenant deux modèles en programmation linéaire en nombres entiers, implémentés dans CPLEX et testés sur des données industrielles de deux plateformes Renault. Les résultats des expérimentations obtenus sur le premier modèle (planification) ont montré une nette amélioration en termes de coûts, par rapport à la méthode Renault. Fort de ce constat, une implémentation industrielle a été faite, avec des résultats aussi probants. Le deuxième modèle (ordonnancement) s’avère pertinent pour des instances de moyenne taille. L’approche proposée permet de répondre à la configuration actuelle des AILN Renault et nous considérons qu’elle est adaptable à d’autres industries. / In order to accelerate product flow, reduce inventory levels and make economies in transportation, companies in almost all industries have set up cross-dock centres. These centres are an intermediate point of consolidation in a supply chain. Car manufacturers Renault and Nissan rely on an international network of crossdock platforms to link suppliers of OEM parts with overseas production plants. In a framework of an academic-industrial partnership between the LIMOS laboratory and Renault, this thesis focuses on the activity planning and scheduling at these crossdock centres.Field studies conducted at Renault and Nissan allowed us to identify the characteristics, constraints and cost drivers of crossdock platforms, as well as to target our review of the literature. Based on this, we propose a sequential optimization approach, comprising two integer linear programming models, implemented in CPLEX and tested on industrial data of two Renault platforms. Numerical experiments’ results obtained on the first model (planning) showed a significant improvement in cost, compared to the Renault method. In light of this results, an industrial implementation was made, with such convincing results. The second model (scheduling) proved to be relevant for medium-sized instances. The proposed approach fits to the current configuration of AILN Renault and we consider that it is adaptable to other industries.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ester Felix.pdf: 2231712 bytes, checksum: 0557a4cbaa0a2520b66ae1a3d4a89c81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The international logistics perform an important role in the global supply chain due to the strong worldwide competition. In this context, a study was carried based on the rationale thinking of international logistics management authors and World Class Logistics model, with the purpose of analyzing the impact of the international logistics cycle activities and the World Class Logistics model competencies on Exporter Flow time. The study was divided into two stages. The first stage, from exploratory nature, of qualitative type, had as its objective to study this phenomenon more deeply and to be familiar with the objective of it. Data was collected through detailed interviews with seven businessmen from Brazilian exporters companies, by maritime modal, from the following sectors: sugar, capital equipment, coffee, paper and wood, and orange juice, treated by content analysis. The information of this analysis through interviews showed that the most important measurement variables, in the international logistics management of each construct of Exporter Logistics Process Cycle were: ―Costs‖, the most mentioned, by 41,6% of exporters interviewed, followed by the following variables: Quality, with 17,6%, Agility, with 14,6% and Confiability, with 11,2%. With the results of the first phase we moved to the second phase, of descriptive nature, of quantitative type, in which the purpose was to identify the correlations among the Exporter Logistics Process Cycle, the World Class Logistics model and the Exporter Flow time. A semi structured survey was used to collect information which was applied to the exporters from the following sectors: sugar, capital equipment, coffee, paper and wood and soya, with the return of 56 surveys answered. Data obtained had been treated through descriptive and multivariate statistics, proved that the Exporter Logistics Process Cycle activities and the World Class Logistics competencies are important to the International Logistics even though they were not statiscally meaningful in the level (α ≤ 0,05) in order to reduce Expoter Flow time. Due to the results obtained, we can conclude the Exporter Logistics Process Cycle activities and World Class Logistics competencies, still need to be worked in order to cause an impact in the time reduction of the Exporter Flow. / A logística internacional desempenha um importante papel na cadeia de suprimentos global face à forte competição universal. Neste contexto, realizou-se um estudo fundamentado na linha de pensamento de autores da gestão logística internacional e do modelo de Logística de Classe Mundial, com o objetivo de analisar o impacto das atividades do Ciclo do Processo Logístico de Exportação e das competências logísticas do modelo de Logística de Classe Mundial no tempo do Fluxo de Exportação. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. A primeira etapa, de natureza exploratória, do tipo qualitativo, objetivou estudar o fenômeno com maior profundidade e obter familiaridade com o objeto de estudo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade junto a sete executivos de empresas exportadoras brasileiras, via modal marítimo, dos setores de: açúcar, bens e capital mecânico, café, papel e celulose e suco de laranja, tratadas pela análise de conteúdo. As informações desta análise extraídas mediante entrevistas revelaram que, na gestão da logística internacional, as variáveis de desempenho mais importantes em cada constructo do Ciclo do Processo Logístico de Exportação, foram: ―Custos‖, como mais citada, por 41,6% exportadores entrevistados, seguido das seguintes variáveis: Qualidade com 17,6%, Agilidade com 14,6%, e Confiabilidade com 11,2%. De posse dos resultados da primeira etapa, prosseguiu-se para a segunda etapa, de natureza descritiva, do tipo quantitativo, em que se objetivou identificar as correlações entre o Ciclo do Processo Logístico de Exportação, o modelo de Logística de Classe Mundial e o tempo do Fluxo de Exportação. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado que foi aplicado junto aos exportadores dos seguintes segmentos: açúcar, bens e capital mecânico, carne, café, papel e celulose e soja, obtendo-se retorno de 56 questionários. Os dados obtidos tratados por meio da estatística descritiva e multivariada, evidenciaram que as atividades do Ciclo do Processo Logístico de Exportação e as competências do modelo de Logística de Classe Mundial são importantes na logística internacional, apesar de, não terem sido estaticamente significantes em nível (α ≤ 0,05) para influir na redução do tempo do Fluxo de Exportação. Por conta dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as contribuições das atividades do Ciclo do Processo Logístico de Exportação e das competências do modelo de Classe Mundial para que possam impactar na redução do tempo do fluxo de exportação, ainda, necessitam ser trabalhadas.