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In the last decade, microwave and millimeter-wave systems have gained importance in civil and security applications. Due to an increasing maturity and availability of circuits and components, these systems are getting more compact while being less expensive. Furthermore, quantitative imaging has been conducted at lower frequencies using computational intensive inverse problem algorithms. Due to the ill-posed character of the inverse problem, these algorithms are, in general, very sensitive to noise: the key to their successful application to experimental data is the precision of the measurement system. Only a few research teams investigate systems for imaging in the W-band. In this manuscript such a system is presented, designed to provide scattered field data to quantitative reconstruction algorithms. This manuscript is divided into six chapters. Chapter 2 describes the theory to compute numerically the scattered fields of known objects. In Chapter 3, the W-band measurement setup in the anechoic chamber is shown. Preliminary measurement results are analyzed. Relying on the measurement results, the error sources are studied and corrected by post-processing. The final results are used for the qualitative reconstruction of all three targets of interest and to image quantitatively the small cylinder. The reconstructed images are compared in detail in Chapter 4. Close range imaging has been investigated using a vector analyzer and a radar system. This is described in Chapter 5, based on a future application, which is the detection of FOD on airport runways. The conclusion is addressed in Chapter 6 and some future investigations are discussed.

The stable solution of ill-posed non-linear operator equations in Banach space requires regularization. One important approach is based on Tikhonov regularization, in which case a one-parameter family of regularized solutions is obtained. It is crucial to choose the parameter appropriately. Here, a variant of the discrepancy principle is analyzed. In many cases such parameter choice exhibits the feature, called regularization property below, that the chosen parameter tends to zero as the noise tends to zero, but slower than the noise level. Here we shall show such regularization property under two natural assumptions. First, exact penalization must be excluded, and secondly, the discrepancy principle must stop after a finite number of iterations. We conclude this study with a discussion of some consequences for convergence rates obtained by the discrepancy principle under the validity of some kind of variational inequality, a recent tool for the analysis of inverse problems.

Optimization theory is a key technology for inverse problems of reconstruction in science, engineering and economy. Discrete tomography is a modern research field dealing with the reconstruction of finite objects in, e.g., VLSI chip design, where this thesis will focus on. In this work, a framework with its supplementary algorithms and a new problem reformulation are introduced to approximately resolve this NP-hard problem. The framework is modular, so that other reconstruction methods, optimization techniques, optimal experimental design methods can be incorporated within. The problem is being revisited with a new optimization formulation, and interpretations of known methods in accordance with the framework are also given. Supplementary algorithms are combined or incorporated to improve the solution or to reduce the cost in terms of time and space from the computational point of view.

In dieser Arbeit werden die Modularobjekte zu zyklischen und separierenden Vektoren für von-Neumann-Algebren untersucht. Besondere Beachtung erfahren dabei die Modularoperatoren und deren Spektraleigenschaften. Diese Eigenschaften werden genutzt, um Klassifikationen für Lösungen einiger inverser Probleme der Modulartheorie anzugeben. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird zunächst der Zusammenhang zwischen dem zyklischen und separierenden Vektor und seinen Modularobjekten mit Hilfe (verallgemeinerter) Spurvektoren für halbendliche und Typ $III_{\lambda}$ Algebren ($0<\lambda<1$) näher untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen erlauben es, das Spektrum der Modularoperatoren für Typ $I$ Algebren anzugeben. Dazu werden die Begriffe {\em zentraler Eigenwert} und zentrale Vielfachheit eingeführt. Weiterhin ergibt sich, dass die Modularoperatoren durch ihre Spektraleigenschaften eindeutig charakterisiert sind. Modularoperatoren für Typ $I_{n}$ Algebren sind genau die $n$-zerlegbaren Operatoren, die multiplikatives, zentrales Spektrum vom Typ $I_{n}$ besitzen. ähnliche Ergebnisse werden auch für Typ $II$ und $III_{\lambda}$ Algebren gewonnen unter der Vorausetzung, dass die zugehörigen Vektoren diagonalisierbar sind. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden diese Ergebnisse exemplarisch auf ein inverses Problem der Modulartheorie angewendet. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass die Begriffe zentraler Eigenwert und zentrale Vielfachheit Invarianten des inversen Problems sind und eine vollständige Klassifizierung seiner Lösungen unter obigen Voraussetzungen erlauben. Außerdem wird eine Klasse von Modularoperatoren untersucht, für die das inversese Problem nur ein oder zwei Lösungsklassen besitzt. / In this work modular objects of cyclic and separating vectors for von~Neumann~algebras are considered. In particular, the modular operators and their spectral properties are investigated. These properties are used to classify the solutions of some inverse problems in modular theory. In the first part of the work the correspondence between cyclic and separating vectors and their modular objects are considered for semifinite and type $III_{\lambda}$ algebras ($0<\lambda<1$) in more detail, where (generalized) trace vectors are used. These considerations allow to compute the spectrum of modular operators for type $I$ algebras. To this end, the notions of central eigenvalue and central multiplicity are introduced. Furthermore, it is stated that modular operators are uniquely determined by their spectral properties. Modular operators for type $I_{n}$ algebras are exactly the $n$-decomposable operators, which possess {\em multiplicative central spectrum of type $I_{n}$}. Similar results are derived for type $II$ and $III_{\lambda}$ algebras under the assumption that the corresponding vectors are diagonalizable. In the second part of this work these results are applied to an inverse problem of modular theory. It comes out, that the central eigenvalues and central multiplicities are invariants of this inverse problem and that they give a complete classification of its solutions. Moreover, a class of modular operators is investigated, whose inverse problem possesses only one or two classes of solutions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-152).

<p>This dissertation focuses on a FFT based forward EM solver and its application in inverse problems. The main contributions of this work are two folded. On the one hand, it presents the first scaled lab experiment system in the oil and gas industry for through casing hydraulic fracture evaluation. This system is established to validate the feasibility of contrasts enhanced fractures evaluation. On the other hand, this work proposes a FFT based VIE solver for hydraulic fracture evaluation. This efficient solver is needed for numerical analysis of such problem. The solver is then generalized to accommodate scattering simulations for anisotropic inhomogeneous magnetodielectric objects. The inverse problem on anisotropic objects are also studied.</p><p>Before going into details of specific applications, some background knowledge is presented. This dissertation starts with an introduction to inverse problems. Then algorithms for forward and inverse problems are discussed. The discussion on forward problem focuses on the VIE formulation and a frequency domain solver. Discussion on inverse problems focuses on iterative methods.</p><p>The rest of the dissertation is organized by the two categories of inverse problems, namely the inverse source problem and the inverse scattering problem. </p><p>The inverse source problem is studied via an application in microelectronics. In this application, a FFT based inverse source solver is applied to process near field data obtained by near field scanners. Examples show that, with the help of this inverse source solver, the resolution of unknown current source images on a device under test is greatly improved. Due to the improvement in resolution, more flexibility is given to the near field scan system.</p><p>Both the forward and inverse solver for inverse scattering problems are studied in detail. As a forward solver for inverse scattering problems, a fast FFT based method for solving VIE of magnetodielectric objects with large electromagnetic contrasts are presented due to the increasing interest in contrasts enhanced full wave EM imaging. This newly developed VIE solver assigns different basis functions of different orders to expand flux densities and vector potentials. Thus, it is called the mixed ordered BCGS-FFT method. The mixed order BCGS-FFT method maintains benefits of high order basis functions for VIE while keeping correct boundary conditions for flux densities and vector potentials. Examples show that this method has an excellent performance on both isotropic and anisotropic objects with high contrasts. Examples also verify that this method is valid in both high and low frequencies. Based on the mixed order BCGS-FFT method, an inverse scattering solver for anisotropic objects is studied. The inverse solver is formulated and solved by the variational born iterative method. An example given in this section shows a successful inversion on an anisotropic magnetodielectric object. </p><p>Finally, a lab scale hydraulic fractures evaluation system for oil/gas reservoir based on previous discussed inverse solver is presented. This system has been setup to verify the numerical results obtained from previously described inverse solvers. These scaled experiments verify the accuracy of the forward solver as well as the performance of the inverse solver. Examples show that the inverse scattering model is able to evaluate contrasts enhanced hydraulic fractures in a shale formation. Furthermore, this system, for the first time in the oil and gas industry, verifies that hydraulic fractures can be imaged through a metallic casing.</p> / Dissertation

Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour de deux axes principaux : l'aide à la détection et l'aide à la caractérisation de la plaque d'athérosclérose. Il s'inscrit dans un programme de recherche qui vise à développer de nouveaux moyens de diagnostic des plaques d'athérome coronariennes et de prédiction du risque de rupture. La première partie de ce manuscrit présente l'athérosclérose, ses conséquences sur la santé des patients et les enjeux de modélisation auxquels nous sommes confrontés, notamment d'un point de vue Mécanique et Mathématique. Ce travail s'inscrit dans la lignée des problèmes inverses en mécanique des milieux continus et plus précisément en élasticité. La deuxième partie présente une méthode de détection de plaque basée sur le principe de palpographie. Cette nouvelle approche permet la prise en compte de toutes les composantes du tenseur des déformations mesurées à l'aide d'une technique intravasculaire ultrasonore (IVUS). La troisième partie est consacrée à l'élaboration d'outils de caractérisation de la plaque d'athérome et la reconstruction des propriétés mécaniques de ses différents constituants. Une nouvelle approche (I-FEM) basée sur la méthode des éléments finis est élaborée pour la résolution des problèmes inverses en élasticité linéaire. On présente le développement de ce nouveau code de calculs éléments finis qui a permis de reconstruire avec succès les cartographies d'élasticité des plaques d'athérome. De façon intéressante, I-FEM est basée sur la discrétisation des propriétés mécaniques (i.e. module d'Young et coefficient de Poisson) aux nœuds de l'élément fini. De plus, une deuxième méthode moins sensible au bruit (appelée "Fast-Modulography") est aussi proposée dans cette recherche doctorale. Elle s'inspire de la technique revisitée de palpographie développée au sein de notre laboratoire et a aussi pour but de fournir la cartographie de module d'Young (i.e. le modulogramme) de la lésion athéromateuse explorée par IVUS. Les méthodes proposées ont toutes été validées sur des données simulées, basées sur des géométries de plaques réelles acquises in-vivo à l'hôpital Cardiologique de Lyon. Une analyse de la sensibilité au bruit issu du signal ultrasonore, ainsi qu'une étude sur la stabilité et la convergence de la solution pour chacune de ces méthodes a été effectuée. L'ensemble des outils proposés semblent prometteurs. Leur utilisation pourrait aider à la compréhension des mécanismes biologiques liés au développement de la plaque d'athérome. En effet, ils pourraient permettre d'analyser les variations des propriétés mécaniques des constituants de la plaque lors de son évolution. De plus, ces mêmes outils cliniques nous permettrons de mieux diagnostiquer le degré de vulnérabilité à la rupture de la plaque explorée in vivo. / This thesis is structured around two main axes: 1) Atherosclerotic plaque detection, and 2) Atherosclerotic plaque characterization. It is a part of a research program which aims to develop new clinical tools to detect coronary atherosclerotic lesions and to predict the risk of rupture. The first part of this manuscript presents the atherosclerosis, its impact on patients' health and introduces modeling challenges we are facing, in particular in applied mechanics and mathematics. This work deals with the resolution of inverse problem in elasticity knowing the strain distributions (i.e. the elastograms). The second part of my manuscript presents a new detection method based on palpography technique. This original technique allows us, by considering all strain components, to quantify accurately the circumferential arterial wall compliance based on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) sequence. The third part is devoted to the development of an elasticity reconstruction tool for atherosclerotic plaques. An original approach (named I-FEM), based on finite element method, is proposed for the resolution of inverse problem in linear elasticity. We detail the mathematical development of this new code, which was successfully used to reconstruct the Young's modulus maps (i.e. modulograms) of atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, I-FEM is based on the discretization of mechanical properties (Young Modulus and Poisson's ratio) at the finite element's nodes. Finally, in the last chapter of this part, I proposed a more robust (with regard to noise) reconstruction elasticity algorithm (called Fast-Modulography). This method was directly inspired by our previous study developed on palpography technique. It also aims to give a Young's modulus map of the atherosclerotic plaque explored by IVUS.All the proposed methods have been validated on simulated data, based on real geometries recorded in-vivo at the Cardiological hospital of Lyon. Analyzes of the noise sensitivity for IVUS data, and a study of the stability and the convergence of the solution have been conducted for all approaches.All these novel techniques appear to be promising. Using them could help for a better understood of the biological mechanisms involved in the atherosclerotic plaque development. Indeed, they could provide information about changes of mechanical properties during the plaque evolution. Furthermore, such clinical tools may be used to diagnose the risk of rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio_LS.pdf: 1955029 bytes, checksum: 8e0fa408c324ef805ccd084d89be3a06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The history match procedure in an oil reservoir is of paramount importance in order to obtain a characterization of the reservoir parameters (statics and dynamics) that implicates in a predict production more perfected. Throughout this process one can find reservoir model parameters which are able to reproduce the behaviour of a real reservoir.Thus, this reservoir model may be used to predict production and can aid the oil file management. During the history match procedure the reservoir model parameters are modified and for every new set of reservoir model parameters found, a fluid flow simulation is performed so that it is possible to evaluate weather or not this new set of parameters reproduces the observations in the actual reservoir. The reservoir is said to be matched when the discrepancies between the model predictions and the observations of the real reservoir are below a certain tolerance. The determination of the model parameters via history matching requires the minimisation of an objective function (difference between the observed and simulated productions according to a chosen norm) in a parameter space populated by many local minima. In other words, more than one set of reservoir model parameters fits the observation. With respect to the non-uniqueness of the solution, the inverse problem associated to history match is ill-posed. In order to reduce this ambiguity, it is necessary to incorporate a priori information and constraints in the model reservoir parameters to be determined. In this dissertation, the regularization of the inverse problem associated to the history match was performed via the introduction of a smoothness constraint in the following parameter: permeability and porosity. This constraint has geological bias of asserting that these two properties smoothly vary in space. In this sense, it is necessary to find the right relative weight of this constrain in the objective function that stabilizes the inversion and yet, introduces minimum bias. A sequential search method called COMPLEX was used to find the reservoir model parameters that best reproduce the observations of a semi-synthetic model. This method does not require the usage of derivatives when searching for the minimum of the objective function. Here, it is shown that the judicious introduction of the smoothness constraint in the objective function formulation reduces the associated ambiguity and introduces minimum bias in the estimates of permeability and porosity of the semi-synthetic reservoir model / O processo de ajuste de hist?rico de produ??o em um reservat?rio de petr?leo ? de fundamental import?ncia para que se possa obter uma caracteriza??o dos par?metros do reservat?rio (est?ticos e din?micos) que implique em uma previs?o de produ??o mais acurada. Atrav?s deste processo pode-se encontrar par?metros para um modelo de reservat?rio que sejam capazes de reproduzir o comportamento do reservat?rio real. Assim, esse modelo de reservat?rio pode ser utilizado em previs?es de produ??o e no aux?lio ao gerenciamento do campo de ?leo/g?s. No processo de ajuste de hist?rico, os par?metros do modelo do reservat?rio s?o modificados e para cada modelo com o novo conjunto de par?metros, uma simula??o de fluxo ? realizada para que se possa avaliar se este conjunto reproduz ou n?o as curvas de produ??o de um reservat?rio real. O reservat?rio ? ajustado quando as discrep?ncias entre as previs?es do modelo de reservat?rio e a do reservat?rio real s?o abaixo de certa toler?ncia. Determinar um modelo de reservat?rio por meio do processo de ajuste de hist?rico requer a minimiza??o de uma fun??o objetivo (diferen?a entre a produ??o observada e simulada) em um espa?o de par?metros que em geral possui muitos m?nimos, ou seja, mais de um modelo de reservat?rio ajusta as observa??es. No sentido da n?o-unicidade da solu??o, o problema inverso associado ao processo de ajuste de hist?rico ? mal-posto. A fim de reduzir esta ambig?idade e regularizar o problema, ? necess?ria a incorpora??o de informa??es a priori e de v?nculos nos par?metros do reservat?rio a serem determinados. Neste trabalho, a regulariza??o do problema inverso associado ao ajuste de hist?rico foi realizada por meio da introdu??o de um v?nculo de suavidade nos par?metros: porosidade e permeabilidade, de um reservat?rio. Esse v?nculo possui o vi?s geol?gico de que os valores de porosidade e permeabilidade variam suavemente ao longo do reservat?rio. Nesse sentido, ? necess?rio encontrar um valor do peso deste v?nculo, na fun??o objetivo, que estabilize o problema e ainda introduza nos par?metros do modelo de reservat?rio o menor vi?s geol?gico poss?vel

A Tomografia por Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica não invasiva usada para produzir imagens que representam a distribuição de resistividade, ou condutividade, de uma seção transversal dentro de um domínio, por vezes o tórax humano, a partir do conhecimento de medidas elétricas feitas através de eletrodos distribuídos na sua fronteira. Correntes injetam-se e medem-se voltagens ou vice-versa. Distribuição de variação de resistividade ou distribuição de valor absoluto de resistividade podem ser estimadas, gerando algoritmos ditos de diferenças ou absolutos. O presente trabalho avalia o desempenho de um algoritmo probabilístico baseado no método Simulated Annealing (SA) para obter distribuições absolutas de resistividade em duas dimensões (2D). O SA difere dos métodos tradicionais de busca, tem a capacidade de escapar de mínimos locais graças ao emprego do critério de Metropolis para a aceitação dos novos pontos no espaço de busca e não precisa da avaliação de derivadas da função objetivo. O algoritmo desenvolvido soluciona o problema inverso da TIE ao resolver iterativamente um problema direto, utilizando distribuições de resistividade obtidas por sorteio aleatório. O sorteio é realizado pelo algoritmo de Metropolis. Na ausência de regularizações, assume-se que a imagem sorteada que minimiza a diferença entre as voltagens medidas na fronteira do domínio e as calculadas é a que mais se aproxima da distribuição de resistividade real. Neste sentido, a imagem final maximiza a verossemelhança. Este trabalho contribui com o desenvolvimento de algoritmos para estimação de imagem aplicados para monitorar a ventilação mecânica dos pulmões. Uma vez que se pretende resolver um problema inverso, não-linear e mal-posto é necessário introduzir informação a priori, na forma de restrições do espaço solução ou de regularizações. São realizados ensaios com dados simulados por meio de um fantoma numérico, dados de bancada experimental e dados provenientes de um tórax humano. Os resultados mostram que a localização, o tamanho e a resistividade do objeto estão dentro da precisão da TIE obtida por métodos clássicos, mas o esforço computacional é grande. Verificam-se, assim, as vantagens e a viabilidade do algoritmo proposto. / The Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique used to produce images that represent the cross-sectional electrical resistivity distribution, or conductivity, within a domain, for instance the human thorax, from electrical measurements made through electrodes distributed on its boundary. Currents are injected and voltages measured, or vice-versa. Distributions of resistivity variations or distributions of absolute resistivity can be estimated, producing difference or absolute algorithms. The present work develops and evaluates the performance of a probabilistic algorithm based on the Simulated Annealing method (SA) to obtain absolute resistivity distributions in two dimensions (2D). The SA differs from the traditional search methods, no evaluation of objective function derivatives is required and it is possible to escape from local minima through the use of the Metropolis criterion for acceptance of new points in the search space. The developed algorithm solves the inverse problem of EIT by solving iteratively a direct problem, using random resistivity distributions. The random search is accomplished by the Metropolis algorithm. In the absence of regularizations, it is assumed that the resistivity distribution, an image, that minimizes the difference between the measured electrical potentials on the boundary and computed electrical potentials is the closest to the real resistivity distribution. In this sense, the algorithm maximizes the likelihood. This work contributes to the development of image estimation algorithms applied to lung monitoring, for instance, during mechanical ventilation. To solve this non-linear ill-posed inverse problem it is necessary to introduce prior information in the form of restrictions of the solution space or regularization techniques. The tests are carried out using simulated data obtained from a numerical phantom, an experimental phantom and human thorax data. The results show that the localization of an object, the size of an object and the resistivity of an object are within the accuracy of EIT obtained by classical methods, but the computational effort is large. The advantages and feasibility of the proposed algorithm were investigated.