Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-118). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Duquesne University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-226) and index.

Louis Dandrel, né en 1939, est musicien, compositeur et designer sonore. En 1991, il conçoit pour le grand public une « exposition de sons » intitulée « Sonolithe ». Son objectif est de faire évoluer les représentations et les rapports que l’individu peut avoir avec son environnement sonore. Après avoir fait traduire en français le célèbre ouvrage de R. Murray Schafer Le paysage sonore (1979), Louis Dandrel préface la seconde édition de 2010. Dans de nombreuses interviews et conférences il réaffirme l’influence décisive de Murray Schafer sur son travail. Partant de ce double constat qui devient une double hypothèse, à la fois pédagogique et musicologique, cette recherche tente d’abord de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’objet-exposition « Sonolithe » peut s’intégrer au cadre théorique de l’ « écologie sonore » tel qu’il est défini par R. Murray Schafer et ses successeurs. Dans un second temps, à partir de l’orientation pédagogique souhaitée par Louis Dandrel, cette étude examine l’objet-exposition comme un dispositif didactique possible. / Louis Dandrel was born in 1939. He is a musician, a composer and a sound designer. In 1991, he imagined a « sound exhibition » for the general public entitled « Sonolithe » in order to make people’s perceptions of the sound environment evolve. After being one actor of the translation of R. Murray Schafer’s famous book The soundscape (1979), Louis Dandrel wrote the preface of the second edition in 2010. In many interviews and conferences he reaffirms the decisive influence of Murray Schafer on his work. This thesis is based upon a double statement which becomes a double hypothesis, both musicological and pedagogical, so as to try and determine to what extent the exhibition-object « Sonolithe » can be integrated into an « acoustic ecology » theoretical framework, as defined by R. Murray Schafer and his followers. Secondly, this thesis tries to examine the exhibition-object as part of a possible didactical system, building on Louis Dandrel’s pedagogical positioning.

Este estudo investigou a produção de professoralidades de profissionais em atuação em escola, tendo como foco de análise as relações entre as estruturas e regras de funcionamento das escolas em que estes profissionais atuaram ou atuam e a interferência, ou não, nesta produção, bem como de que forma e em que medida. Para tanto, foram utilizados os conceitos de linguagem e signo, da semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, e de professoralidade, de Marcos Villela Pereira, articulados aos signos mais insistentes produzidos ao longo do estudo – escuta e equipe. A pesquisa de campo, realizada em uma escola da rede privada de Porto Alegre, investigou a estrutura e as regras de funcionamento – em funcionamento – da escola em questão e a relação das mesmas com sua equipe, tanto professores como demais profissionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de documentos da escola e questionários produzidos especificamente para a pesquisa. Entre os inúmeros signos produzidos ao longo deste processo, a escuta e a equipe – a escuta em equipe – foram os que mais possibilitaram aprender a escola pesquisada, aprender os processos de produção de professoralidades dos sujeitos que ali atuam e aprender a forma coletiva e autônoma com que o projeto desta escola é colocado em prática. / This study investigated the production of teaching from professions in service in a school, having as a focus of analysis the relations between the structures and the school rules in which these professionals work or have worked, and the interference, or not, in this production – and how and in what measure it happens. To do so, Charles Sanders Peirce‟s semiotics concepts of language and sign were used, as well as Marcos Villela Pereira‟s concept of teaching, articulated to the most current signs produced along this study – listening and team. The field search, conducted in a private school in Porto Alegre, investigated the structure and the rules – in function – of the school in focus and the relation of them to the teamwork, both teachers and the other professionals. The methodology used was the school‟s documental analysis and questionnaires specially designed for this search. Among the several signals produced along this process, the listening and the team – the team listening – were the ones which gave more possibilities to learn from the school searched, learn the processes of production of teaching from the subjects who work there and learn the collective and autonomous way that the school‟s project is put in practice.

The research aims to propose a narrative of the experience of listening and to provide some first examples of its possible application. This is done in three parts. Part One, “Words”, aims to methodologically frame the narrative by discussing the limits and requirements of a theory of listening. After discussing the difficulties of building an objective characterization of the listening experience, the research proposes that any theorization on listening can only express a point of view that is implied by descriptions of listening both in linguistic terms and in the data they involve. The analysis of theories about listening is therefore conducted through a grammatical path that unfolds by following the syntactic roles of the words involved in theoretical claims about listening. Starting from the problem of synonymy, the analysis moves around the subject, the object, adjectives and adverbs to finally discuss the status of the references of the discourses on listening. The Part One ends by claiming the need to reintroduce the subject in theories about listening and proposes to attribute the epistemological status of the narrative to any discourse about the listening experience. This implies that any proposed narrative must substitute its truth-value with the instrumental value that is expressed by the idea of “viability”. The Part Two, “Patterns”, is devoted to introducing a narrative of listening. This is first informally introduced in terms of the experience of a distinction within the sonic flow. After an intermission dedicated to connecting the idea of distinction to Gaston Bachelard’s metaphysics of time, the narrative is finally presented as a dialectics among three ways of organizing perceptive distinctions. Three perceptive modes of distinctions are presented as a basic mechanism that is responsible for articulating the sonic continuum in a complex structure of expectations and reactions, in terms of patterns, that is constantly renewed under the direction of statistical learning. The final chapter of the Part Two aims to briefly apply the narrative of pattern structures to dealing with the experience of noise. Part Three aims to show the “viability” of the proposed narrative of listening. First, a method for analysing music by listening is discussed. Then, a second chapter puts the idea of pattern structures in contact with music composition, as a framework that can be applied to data sonification, installations, music production and to the didactics of composition. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the discussion of the idea of “soundscape” and “identity formation”, in order to show the potential of applying the proposed narrative to the context of cultural and social studies.

Este estudo investigou a produção de professoralidades de profissionais em atuação em escola, tendo como foco de análise as relações entre as estruturas e regras de funcionamento das escolas em que estes profissionais atuaram ou atuam e a interferência, ou não, nesta produção, bem como de que forma e em que medida. Para tanto, foram utilizados os conceitos de linguagem e signo, da semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, e de professoralidade, de Marcos Villela Pereira, articulados aos signos mais insistentes produzidos ao longo do estudo – escuta e equipe. A pesquisa de campo, realizada em uma escola da rede privada de Porto Alegre, investigou a estrutura e as regras de funcionamento – em funcionamento – da escola em questão e a relação das mesmas com sua equipe, tanto professores como demais profissionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de documentos da escola e questionários produzidos especificamente para a pesquisa. Entre os inúmeros signos produzidos ao longo deste processo, a escuta e a equipe – a escuta em equipe – foram os que mais possibilitaram aprender a escola pesquisada, aprender os processos de produção de professoralidades dos sujeitos que ali atuam e aprender a forma coletiva e autônoma com que o projeto desta escola é colocado em prática. / This study investigated the production of teaching from professions in service in a school, having as a focus of analysis the relations between the structures and the school rules in which these professionals work or have worked, and the interference, or not, in this production – and how and in what measure it happens. To do so, Charles Sanders Peirce‟s semiotics concepts of language and sign were used, as well as Marcos Villela Pereira‟s concept of teaching, articulated to the most current signs produced along this study – listening and team. The field search, conducted in a private school in Porto Alegre, investigated the structure and the rules – in function – of the school in focus and the relation of them to the teamwork, both teachers and the other professionals. The methodology used was the school‟s documental analysis and questionnaires specially designed for this search. Among the several signals produced along this process, the listening and the team – the team listening – were the ones which gave more possibilities to learn from the school searched, learn the processes of production of teaching from the subjects who work there and learn the collective and autonomous way that the school‟s project is put in practice.

Each year, thousands of international students move to the United States to pursue higher education. Over the past few years in particular, the numbers of international students enrolled at U.S.-American universities has been on a constant incline. Two of the biggest changes that international students may experience are the different expectations of classroom etiquette and participation in the U.S.-American classroom setting. Impacted by many years of exposure to West-centric approaches to pedagogical praxis, the U.S.-American classroom has been created as a privileged space in which, more often than not, West-centric epistemologies, approaches to pedagogy, and ways of knowledge production are privileged over others. For international students, the majority of whom do not come from Western cultures, this can be a very tough space to negotiate. In this dissertation, I look at the conceptualizations of voice and silence, in particular, in order to gain a better understanding of how these two concepts are experienced and negotiated by international students within the U.S.-American classroom setting at a medium-sized U.S.-American university located in a small town in the Midwestern region of the country. While many West-centric cultures conceptualize voice and silence as dichotomous, I argue that they form a continuum that is dialogic, communicative, fluid, contextual, and at times paradoxical. Furthermore, I argue that the meanings of silence and voice within the U.S.-American classroom space can have multiple meanings and be understood as different forms of communication and participation. For the purpose of this project, I selected the three meta discourses of postcolonial theory, critical (communication) pedagogy, and international student-centered research to help deconstruct the notion of international students as the “Other,” as well as the misconceptions of silence within the classroom. Postcolonial theory as the main anchor of this research, in particular, allowed me to engage in an in-depth discussion of how we can decolonize West-centric, U.S.-American classrooms and create more dialogic, inclusive, and intercultural spaces in which different epistemologies and ways of knowing and knowledge production can be included. Furthermore, I bring into dialogue the three selected meta discourses in order to create a more nuanced and inclusive conceptualization of voice and silence that moves away from West-centric binaries. I used critical complete-member ethnography (CCME), as developed by Dr. Satoshi Toyosaki (2011), as the main method for critical inquiry. CCME argues for the value that is derived from combining different ethnographic methods in order to create an accurate account of cultural practices, as well as “focus on communicative practices and processes” (p. 66). I incorporated an autoethnographic account that functions to position myself as a researcher as well as autoethnographic narratives and reflections throughout my data analysis. In addition, I extend the notion of membership as it is currently conceptualized within CCME to make the argument for CCME as a method for critical inquiry within intercultural communication, and not just intracultural communication, research. My research findings demonstrate that the West-centric, binaristic conceptualization of voice and silence within the U.S.-American educational system can create unwelcoming learning environments for international students who may feel positioned as the Other who do not fit in, or may feel excluded from dominant discourse by being silenced. The participants’ narratives indicate the meanings of and reasons for international students’ embodiments of silence within classroom settings are as multiple, contextual, and dialogic as the conceptualization of silence itself. The collected data support the argument of the complexity and contextuality of voice and silence, and further call for a reconceptualization of voice and silence as acceptable forms of classroom participation. Furthermore, the international student participants identified several reasons as to why they may choose to perform silence in the classroom. Finally, through the interviews I tried to create a dialogue among international students and instructors in order to address and deconstruct issues pertaining to the struggles of international students caused by U.S.-centric approaches to pedagogy as well as conceptualizations of voice, silence, and classroom participation. My research showed that it is imperative for us to engage in more inclusive, critical, yet compassionate dialogues across our differences in order to create glocalized, intercultural learning communities within U.S.-/Euro-/West-centric educational systems. We must attempt to create intercultural spaces within our classrooms that allow for and cherish diverse narratives, epistemologies, different ways of knowing, and different conceptualizations of voice, silence, and classroom participation within the U.S.-American classroom setting, in particular at a medium-sized U.S.-American university located in a small town in the Midwestern region of the country. This dissertation research privileges such dialogue by centering the narratives of international students, thus, moving them from the periphery to the center and allowing them the agency to address exclusionary pedagogical practices within the U.S.-American educational system that exclude them from dominant discourse.

Esta pesquisa, que aborda o tema escuta de professoras, apresenta como problema fundamental uma investigação acerca das condições que alicerçam a possibilidade de escutar professoras. O objeto do estudo é a trajetória profissional e pessoal da pesquisadora, registrada em diário de campo, enquanto a metodologia utilizada é a escrita em psicanálise. Esta é sustentada pela formulação do tempo lógico, proposto por Lacan (1998b), assim como os estudos de Porge (1994) e Costa (1998) sobre aquela temporalidade. Assim, a escrita acerca da escuta de professoras é concebida a partir do instante de ver, do tempo de compreender, marcado por suspensões, e do momento de concluir. Inicialmente, trabalhamos o instante de ver a partir dos elementos da queixa e do saudosismo que emergem no trabalho docente, e são constatados por pesquisadores do campo da educação. A passagem pelo instante de ver requer um trabalho de posicionamento frente ao enigma sobre a singularidade que pode emergir do sujeito/local que se escuta. Nessa perspectiva, no tempo de compreender buscamos rastros históricos da cidade de Santo Ângelo no sentido de buscar elementos que se repetem no trabalho docente e dinâmicas que possibilitem a elaboração do traumático. A marca da educação jesuítica na cidade incide nos processos educacionais a partir da compreensão da educação como domínio e violência. As moções suspensas que se estabelecem no momento de compreender são movimentos realizados na escrita como forma de escutar aquilo que até aquele momento não estava formulado. Na primeira escansão, buscamos no diário de campo da pesquisadora, registros que indicassem os elementos apontados nas primeiras formulações do tempo de compreender. Na segunda escansão, a compreensão da violência foi trabalhada na via do singular e do coletivo, sendo a marca constitutiva do laço social. Nesse caminho, a violência como marca constitutiva e singular, indicamos a função da escuta como forma de reconhecimento de um lugar no laço social, oferecendo novos endereçamentos para as palavras silenciadas, incluindo aberturas para o outro na sua pura diferença. O momento de concluir é reconhecido como o tempo de singularidade, no qual podemos indicar que o tempo lógico pode ser um dispositivo que fundamenta a escuta, através dos movimentos da passagem de um tempo ao outro, que incidem em perguntas que reposicionam o sujeito frente ao inconsciente. A escrita como maneira de apresentar forma para escuta, colocando em jogo o real e o simbólico, possibilita o exercício da alteridade, que emerge no reconhecimento do grande Outro, abrindo vias para escutar. / The present research on „listening to teachers‟ shows, as a fundamental issue, an investigation about the conditions, which are the key for the possibility of listening to teachers. The object of study is the professional and personal path of the researcher, recorded in a field diary, while the methodology used is the writing in psychoanalysis. Such a methodology is supported by the formulation of logical time, as proposed by Lacan (1998b), as well as studies by Porge (1994) and Costa (1998) on that temporality. Thus, writing about listening to teachers is conceived from the moment of seeing, the time to understand, going through suspensions, and the moment to finish. Initially, the moment of seeing is worked from the elements of complain and the nostalgia which emerge in a teaching job, and this is found by researchers of the education field. The passage of the instant of seeing requires a positioning work against the enigma about the singularity that may emerge from the subject/place being listened to. Under this perspective, in the time to understand, historical traces were sought in the city of Santo Angelo in order to find elements that are repetitive in the teaching job as well as dynamics which enable the elaboration of the traumatic. The city‟s Jesuitical education focus on the educational processes having the comprehension of education as domain and violence. The suspended motions that are established in the moment to understand are motions carried out in writing as a way to listen to what, till that moment, was not formulated. In the first scansion, registries which showed the elements pointed out in the first formulations of time to understand were taken from the researcher‟s field diary. In the second scansion, the comprehension of violence was worked towards the singular and collectively, being a constitutive trait of the social bond. In this way, violence as a constitutive and singular trait, it was indicated the role of listening as a way of recognition of a place in a social bond, offering new assignments for silenced words, including new assignments to each other. The moment of conclusion is recognized as a singularity time, where one can indicate that the logical time may be something that serves as a base for listening, through the movements of the time passing, which have questions that reposition the subject towards the unconscious. Writing as a way of presenting form for listening, and dealing with real and symbolic, enables the exercise of otherness, which emerges in the recognition of the big Other, making way for listening.

Esta pesquisa, que aborda o tema escuta de professoras, apresenta como problema fundamental uma investigação acerca das condições que alicerçam a possibilidade de escutar professoras. O objeto do estudo é a trajetória profissional e pessoal da pesquisadora, registrada em diário de campo, enquanto a metodologia utilizada é a escrita em psicanálise. Esta é sustentada pela formulação do tempo lógico, proposto por Lacan (1998b), assim como os estudos de Porge (1994) e Costa (1998) sobre aquela temporalidade. Assim, a escrita acerca da escuta de professoras é concebida a partir do instante de ver, do tempo de compreender, marcado por suspensões, e do momento de concluir. Inicialmente, trabalhamos o instante de ver a partir dos elementos da queixa e do saudosismo que emergem no trabalho docente, e são constatados por pesquisadores do campo da educação. A passagem pelo instante de ver requer um trabalho de posicionamento frente ao enigma sobre a singularidade que pode emergir do sujeito/local que se escuta. Nessa perspectiva, no tempo de compreender buscamos rastros históricos da cidade de Santo Ângelo no sentido de buscar elementos que se repetem no trabalho docente e dinâmicas que possibilitem a elaboração do traumático. A marca da educação jesuítica na cidade incide nos processos educacionais a partir da compreensão da educação como domínio e violência. As moções suspensas que se estabelecem no momento de compreender são movimentos realizados na escrita como forma de escutar aquilo que até aquele momento não estava formulado. Na primeira escansão, buscamos no diário de campo da pesquisadora, registros que indicassem os elementos apontados nas primeiras formulações do tempo de compreender. Na segunda escansão, a compreensão da violência foi trabalhada na via do singular e do coletivo, sendo a marca constitutiva do laço social. Nesse caminho, a violência como marca constitutiva e singular, indicamos a função da escuta como forma de reconhecimento de um lugar no laço social, oferecendo novos endereçamentos para as palavras silenciadas, incluindo aberturas para o outro na sua pura diferença. O momento de concluir é reconhecido como o tempo de singularidade, no qual podemos indicar que o tempo lógico pode ser um dispositivo que fundamenta a escuta, através dos movimentos da passagem de um tempo ao outro, que incidem em perguntas que reposicionam o sujeito frente ao inconsciente. A escrita como maneira de apresentar forma para escuta, colocando em jogo o real e o simbólico, possibilita o exercício da alteridade, que emerge no reconhecimento do grande Outro, abrindo vias para escutar. / The present research on „listening to teachers‟ shows, as a fundamental issue, an investigation about the conditions, which are the key for the possibility of listening to teachers. The object of study is the professional and personal path of the researcher, recorded in a field diary, while the methodology used is the writing in psychoanalysis. Such a methodology is supported by the formulation of logical time, as proposed by Lacan (1998b), as well as studies by Porge (1994) and Costa (1998) on that temporality. Thus, writing about listening to teachers is conceived from the moment of seeing, the time to understand, going through suspensions, and the moment to finish. Initially, the moment of seeing is worked from the elements of complain and the nostalgia which emerge in a teaching job, and this is found by researchers of the education field. The passage of the instant of seeing requires a positioning work against the enigma about the singularity that may emerge from the subject/place being listened to. Under this perspective, in the time to understand, historical traces were sought in the city of Santo Angelo in order to find elements that are repetitive in the teaching job as well as dynamics which enable the elaboration of the traumatic. The city‟s Jesuitical education focus on the educational processes having the comprehension of education as domain and violence. The suspended motions that are established in the moment to understand are motions carried out in writing as a way to listen to what, till that moment, was not formulated. In the first scansion, registries which showed the elements pointed out in the first formulations of time to understand were taken from the researcher‟s field diary. In the second scansion, the comprehension of violence was worked towards the singular and collectively, being a constitutive trait of the social bond. In this way, violence as a constitutive and singular trait, it was indicated the role of listening as a way of recognition of a place in a social bond, offering new assignments for silenced words, including new assignments to each other. The moment of conclusion is recognized as a singularity time, where one can indicate that the logical time may be something that serves as a base for listening, through the movements of the time passing, which have questions that reposition the subject towards the unconscious. Writing as a way of presenting form for listening, and dealing with real and symbolic, enables the exercise of otherness, which emerges in the recognition of the big Other, making way for listening.

abstract: The recent spotlight on concussion has illuminated deficits in the current standard of care with regard to addressing acute and persistent cognitive signs and symptoms of mild brain injury. This stems, in part, from the diffuse nature of the injury, which tends not to produce focal cognitive or behavioral deficits that are easily identified or tracked. Indeed it has been shown that patients with enduring symptoms have difficulty describing their problems; therefore, there is an urgent need for a sensitive measure of brain activity that corresponds with higher order cognitive processing. The development of a neurophysiological metric that maps to clinical resolution would inform decisions about diagnosis and prognosis, including the need for clinical intervention to address cognitive deficits. The literature suggests the need for assessment of concussion under cognitively demanding tasks. Here, a joint behavioral- high-density electroencephalography (EEG) paradigm was employed. This allows for the examination of cortical activity patterns during speech comprehension at various levels of degradation in a sentence verification task, imposing the need for higher-order cognitive processes. Eight participants with concussion listened to true-false sentences produced with either moderately to highly intelligible noise-vocoders. Behavioral data were simultaneously collected. The analysis of cortical activation patterns included 1) the examination of event-related potentials, including latency and source localization, and 2) measures of frequency spectra and associated power. Individual performance patterns were assessed during acute injury and a return visit several months following injury. Results demonstrate a combination of task-related electrophysiology measures correspond to changes in task performance during the course of recovery. Further, a discriminant function analysis suggests EEG measures are more sensitive than behavioral measures in distinguishing between individuals with concussion and healthy controls at both injury and recovery, suggesting the robustness of neurophysiological measures during a cognitively demanding task to both injury and persisting pathophysiology. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Speech and Hearing Science 2014