Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mesquitafilho_w_me_ilha.pdf: 1865564 bytes, checksum: 2d2aed8cb98f05de9541e5ae01637ab5 (MD5) / A atividade de vôo em besouros coprófagos é de extrema importância pois é neste momento em que estes encontram seu alimento, a massa fecal, através de odores liberados por estas. O horário de vôo é importante devido à grande competição que ocorre entre as espécies. Tanto fatores abióticos quanto bióticos influenciam essa atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o horário de vôo de e a influência de ambos os fatores na regulação deste, em área de fragmento de Mata Atlântica e pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, na Fazenda da UNESP, em Selvíria/MS. Utilizou-se de armadilhas pitfall em ambas as áreas, iscadas com massa fecal bovina, colocadas às 7:00 h e às 18:00 h, e luminosa, localizada na área de pastagem. A coleta dos besouros coprófagos foi feita a cada 20 min, durante 24 horas, uma vez por semana, e dos dados climáticos a cada 10 min. De outubro de 2006 a março de 2007 foram coletados 14205 indivíduos, sendo 11737 em luminosa, 1635 em pitfall no pasto e 835 em pitfall na mata e identificando-se 61 espécies de besouros coprófagos. Em relação aos tipos de armadilhas utilizadas, luminosa foi mais eficiente na captura de espécies endocoprídeas que a armadilha pitfall. Em condições de alta densidade populacional a armadilha luminosa expressou de forma similar às armadilhas pitfall os padrões de vôo das espécies paracoprídeas noturnas, porém quando em baixa densidade, em função do maior número de repetições, as armadilhas pitfall foram melhores. Quanto ao período de vôo, a maioria das espécies coletadas foi de hábito noturno, este talvez determinado pelas altas temperaturas do ar reinantes durante o período diurno, das quais estas procuram escapar, em especial aquelas paracoprídeas. A intensidade luminosa foi a variável meteorológica responsável pelo início do vôo tanto em espécies noturnas endocoprídeas... / Flight activity in dung beetles is of extreme importance, for this is the time when they find their food, the dung pad, by volatiles released by them. The time of flight is important due to a high degree of competition that occurs among dung beetle species. Both abiotic and biotic factors influence this activity. The objective of this research was to determine the time of flight of dung beetles and the influence of both abiotic/biotic factors on its regulation, in a fragment of Atlantic forest and Brachiaria decumbens pasture, at the UNESP Farm, located in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Pitfall traps were used in both areas, baited with fresh bovine dung pads, at 7:00 AM and replaced by fresh ones again at 6:00 PM, and also a black light flight intercept trap in the pasture area. Trapped beetles were collected every 20 min for 24 hours straight, once a week, while climatic data were gathered every 10 min, from October 2006 until March 2007. A total of 14,205 specimens were trapped, 11,737 in the flight trap, while in pitfall traps 1,635 and 835 beetles were trapped in the pasture and fragment areas, respectively, corresponding to 61 different species. The flight trap was more efficient in trapping endocoprid species. When in high population, the flight pattern of nocturnal paracoprid beetles was equally well expressed by both trap types, while in low densities pitfall traps performed better, probably due to a larger number of replications. Most trapped species proved to be nocturnal, perhaps due to the high daily air temperatures, from which they could be avoiding, especially so for the paracoprid species. The light intensity was the meteorological factor responsible for flight initiation, in both endocoprid and paracoprid species. The flight in nocturnal endocoprid species was of short duration (ca. 80 min), probably because of their greater inability of regulating their... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

We present the survey strategy and early results of the "Satellites Around Galactic Analogs" (SAGA) Survey. The SAGA. Survey's goal is to measure the distribution of satellite galaxies around 100 systems analogous to the Milky Way down to the luminosity of the Leo I dwarf galaxy (M-r < -12.3). We define a Milky Way analog based on K-band luminosity and local environment. Here, we present satellite luminosity functions for eight Milky-Way-analog galaxies between 20 and 40. Mpc. These systems have nearly complete spectroscopic coverage of candidate satellites within the projected host virial radius down to r(o) < 20.75 using low-redshift gri color criteria. We have discovered a total of 25 new satellite galaxies: 14. new satellite galaxies meet our formal criteria around our complete host systems, plus 11 additional satellites in either incompletely surveyed hosts or below our formal magnitude limit. Combined with 13 previously known satellites, there are a total of 27 satellites around 8 complete Milky-Way-analog hosts. We find a wide distribution in the number of satellites per host, from 1 to 9, in the luminosity range for which there are 5 Milky Way satellites. Standard abundance matching extrapolated from higher luminosities predicts less scatter between hosts and a steeper luminosity function slope than observed. We find that the majority of satellites (26 of 27) are star-forming. These early results indicate that the Milky Way has a different satellite population than typical in our sample, potentially changing the physical interpretation of measurements based only on the Milky Way's satellite galaxies.

We present a sample of similar to 1000 emission-line galaxies at z = 0.4-4.7 from the similar to 0.7deg(2) High-z Emission-Line Survey in the Bootes field identified with a suite of six narrow-band filters at approximate to 0.4-2.1 mu m. These galaxies have been selected on their Ly alpha (73), [O (II)] (285), H beta/[O (III)] (387) or H alpha (362) emission line, and have been classified with optical to near-infrared colours. A subsample of 98 sources have reliable redshifts from multiple narrow-band (e.g. [O (II)]-H alpha) detections and/or spectroscopy. In this survey paper, we present the observations, selection and catalogues of emitters. We measure number densities of Ly alpha, [O (II)], H beta/[O (III)] and H alpha and confirm strong luminosity evolution in star-forming galaxies from z similar to 0.4 to similar to 5, in agreement with previous results. To demonstrate the usefulness of dual-line emitters, we use the sample of dual [O (II)]-H alpha emitters to measure the observed [O (II)]/H alpha ratio at z = 1.47. The observed [O (II)]/H alpha ratio increases significantly from 0.40 +/- 0.01 at z = 0.1 to 0.52 +/- 0.05 at z = 1.47, which we attribute to either decreasing dust attenuation with redshift, or due to a bias in the (typically) fibre measurements in the local Universe that only measure the central kpc regions. At the bright end, we find that both the H alpha and Ly alpha number densities at z approximate to 2.2 deviate significantly from a Schechter form, following a power law. We show that this is driven entirely by an increasing X-ray/active galactic nucleus fraction with line luminosity, which reaches approximate to 100 per cent at line luminosities L greater than or similar to 3 x 10(44) erg s(-1).

Two analyses of data recorded in proton-proton collisions at the ATLAS detector in 2012 are presented in this thesis. The first pertains to the beam separation (van der Meer) scans required to calibrate the absolute luminosity. An estimate is made for the size of the correction needed to the standard van der Meer calibration method, which assumes that the proton bunch density profiles are factorisable. This is done by observing and modelling the evolution of various beam spot phenomena during the separation scans. The second analysis described is a series of measurements of the Z/gamma cross-section, differential in the phi star observable, for different ranges of the boson invariant mass and absolute rapidity. In particular the events in which the boson decays to electron-positron pairs are considered. The phi star observable is defined in terms of the well-measured lepton directions and enables a probe of initial state gluon radiation in the non-perturbative regime of QCD.

This thesis presents phenomenological studies of a state-of-the-art NNLL+NLO theoretical calculation of a novel collider observable known as 'phi star'. In these studies the 'phi star' observable, a measure of azimuthal decorrelation, is applied directly to the leptons in the production of massive lepton pairs in hadron collisions (the Drell-Yan process). This provides an alternate measure of the recoil of the massive vector boson (Z/gamma) against initial state QCD radiation, but with distinct experimental advantages over the traditional boson transverse momentum. Attention is focused on the small-'phi star' regime (the quasi-back-to-back regime) where the infrared dynamics of soft/collinear gluon emissions become important. These phenomenological studies are followed up with the presentation of a measurement of 'phi star' in 'Z to mu mu' events using 20.3 fb^-1 of collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2012. Finally, studies directly related to the ATLAS absolute luminosity calibration by the van der Meer (vdM) method are presented, with the objective of elucidating the role of transverse linear beam correlation. In particular, I present studies using an analytical method I have developed in order to precisely extract individual beam information by way of studying phenomena pertaining to the luminous region during vdM scans. In addition, a dedicated study of the long- and short-term stabilities of the principal detectors for luminosity monitoring is also presented, along with an appropriate recalibration of these detectors.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier et d'étudier la population à haut décalage spectral. J'ai utilisé des données dans le proches infrarouge venant du sondage UltraVista associé à des données multi-longueur d'onde disponible dans le champ COSMOS ainsi que le sondage ultra profond de VIMOS utilisé comme un échantillon de contrôle pour la sélection des candidats à grand décalage spectrale. Cette analyse m'a amené à sélectionner des galaxies à z>4.5 en utilisant les décalages spectraux photométriques estimés à partir de la distribution spectrale d'énergie complète ainsi que des limites en magnitudes basés sur la profondeur des données dans chaque bande. Cette sélection a amené à la production d'un catalogue unique de 2036 galaxies dans l'intervalle z~5 et de 330 galaxies dans l'intervalle z~6 faisant de ce catalogue le catalogue le plus grand et le plus complet à ce jour. J'ai trouvé que la fonction de luminosité à z~5 est bien reproduite par une fonction de Schechter. A z~6, j'ai observé que le fin lumineuse de la fonction de luminosité semble être plus peuplée qu'une fonction de Schechter le laisse présager, en accord avec les résultats d'autres études Ceci étant une indication que les processus d'assemblage de la masse ont évolué rapidement. Finalement, j'ai intégré la fonction de luminosité pour en déduire la densité de luminosité et dérivé la densité de formation stellaire entre z=4.5 et z=6.5. Mes résultats montrent une densité de formation stellaire importante, en comparaison des derniers résultats avec les données du télescope Hubble, ainsi qu'une précision plus grande liée aux meilleures contraintes sur la fin lumineuse de la fonction de luminosité. / The main purpose of this THESIS is to identify and study the population of high redshift galaxies in the redshift range (4.5 < z < 6.5). I use the near infrared data from the UltraVista survey conducted with the Vista telescope in combination with multi-wavelength data available in the COSMOS field and use The VIMOS Ultra Deep spectroscopic redshift survey (VUDS) as a control sample for the selection of high redshift candidates. I made a analysis leads me to select galaxies at z ≥ 4.5 using photometric redshifts computed from the full spectral energy distribution (SED) combined with well tuned magnitude limits based on the depth of the data in each band. At the end of this process I produce a unique catalogue of 2036 galaxies with 4.5 ≤ z ≤ 5.5 and 330 galaxies with 5.5 ≤ z ≤ 6.5, the largest and most complete catalogue of sources at these redshifts existing today. I find that the LF at z ∼ 5 is well fit by a Schechter function. At z ∼ 6 I find that the bright end might be more populated than expected from a Schechter function, in line with results from other authors, an indication that the mass assembly processes have evolved quickly in a short 0.5-1 Gyr timescale. Finally I integrate the luminosity functions to compute the luminosity density and derive the star formation rate density (SFRD) in 4.5 ≤ z ≤ 6.5. My results show a high SFRD comparable to the latest results derived from the HST data, with an improved accuracy linked to the better constraints at the bright end of the LF.

La première prise des données du LHC (2010-2012) a été marquée par la découverte du boson scalaire, dit boson de Higgs. Sa masse a été mesurée avec une précision de 0.2% en utilisant ses désintégrations en deux photons et celles en deux bosons Z donnant quatre leptons dans l’état final. Les couplages ont été estimés en combinant plusieurs états finaux, tandis que la précision sur leur mesure pourra bénéficier énormément de la grande statistique qui sera accumulée pendant les prochaines périodes de prise des données au LHC (Run 2, Phase 2).Le canal H→ZZ*→4 leptons, a un rapport d'embranchement réduit mais présente un faible bruit de fond, ce qui le rend attractif pour la détermination des propriétés du nouveau boson. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse conduite pour la mise en évidence de ce mode dans l’expérience ATLAS est détaillée, avec un poids particulier porté à la mesure et au contrôle du bruit de fond réductible en présence d’électrons.Dans le cadre de la préparation de futures prises de données à très haute luminosité, prévues à partir de 2025, deux études sont menées:La première concerne l’observabilité du mode de production du boson de Higgs en association avec des quarks b. Une analyse multivariée, basée sur des données simulées, confirme un très faible signal dans le canal H→2 photons.La seconde concerne la conception et le développement d’un détecteur interne en silicium, adapté à l’environnement hostile, de haute irradiation et de taux d’occupation élevée, attendues pendant la Phase 2 du LHC. Des études concernant l’optimisation de la géométrie, l’amélioration de l’efficacité ainsi que la résistance à l’irradiation ont été menées. A travers des mesures SiMS et des simulations des procédés de fabrication, les profiles de dopage et les caractéristiques électriques attendues pour des technologies innovantes sont explorés. Des prototypes ont été testés sous faisceau et soumis à des irradiations, afin d’évaluer les performances du détecteur et celles de son électronique associée. / The discovery of a scalar boson, known as the Higgs boson, marked the first LHC data period (2010-2012). Using mainly di-photon and di-Z decays, with the latest leading to a four leptons final state, the mass of the boson was measured with a precision of <0.2%. Relevant couplings were estimated by combining several final states, while corresponding uncertainties would largely benefit from the increased statistics expected during the next LHC data periods (Run 2, Phase 2).The H→ZZ*→4l channel, in spite of its suppressed brunching ratio, benefits from a weak background, making it a prime choice for the investigation of the new boson’s properties. In this thesis, the analysis aimed to the observation of this mode with the ALTAS detector is presented, with a focus on the measurement and control of the reducible electron background.In the context of preparation for future high luminosity data periods, foreseen from 2025 onwards, two distinct studies are conducted:The first concerns the observability potential of the Higgs associated production mode in conjunction with two b-quarks. A multivariate analysis based on simulated data confirms a very weak expected signal in the H→di-photon channel.The second revolves around the conception and development of an inner silicon detector capable of operating in the hostile environment of high radiation and increased occupancy, expected during LHC Phase 2. Main studies were concentrated on improving radiation hardness, geometrical and detection efficiency. Through fabrication process simulation and SiMS measurements, doping profiles and electrical characteristics, expected for innovative technologies, are explored. Prototypes were designed and evaluated in test beams and irradiation experiments in order to asses their performances and that of associated read-out electronics.

abstract: The Luminosity Lab, located at Arizona State University, is a prototype for a novel model of interdisciplinary, student-led innovation. The model’s design was informed by the following desired outcomes: i) the model would be well-suited for the 21st century, ii) it would attract, motivate, and retain the university’s strongest student talent, iii) it would operate without the oversight of faculty, and iv) it would work towards the conceptualization, design, development, and deployment of solutions that would positively impact society. This model of interdisciplinary research was tested at Arizona State University across four academic years with participation of over 200 students, who represented more than 20 academic disciplines. The results have shown successful integration of interdisciplinary expertise to identify unmet needs, design innovative concepts, and develop research-informed solutions. This dissertation analyzes Luminosity’s model to determine the following: i) Can a collegiate, student-driven interdisciplinary model of innovation designed for the 21st century perform without faculty management? ii) What are the motivators and culture that enable student success within this model? and iii) How does Luminosity differ from traditional research opportunities and learning experiences? Through a qualitative, grounded theory analysis, this dissertation examines the phenomena of the students engaging in Luminosity’s model, who have demonstrated their ability to serve as the principal investigators and innovators in conducting substantial discovery, research, and innovation work through full project life cycles. This study supports a theory that highly talented students often feel limited by the pace and scope of their college educations, and yearn for experiences that motivate them with agency, achievement, mastery, affinity for colleagues, and a desire to impact society. Through the cumulative effect of these motivators and an organizational design that facilitates a bottom-up approach to student-driven innovation, Luminosity has established itself as a novel model of research and development in the collegiate space. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Systems Engineering 2020

Un défi important pour les futurs collisionneurs linéaires électron-positron est de pouvoir focaliser le faisceau à des tailles transverses de l’ordre du nanomètre au point d’interaction (IP), permettant d’atteindre la luminosité de conception. Le système délivrant les faisceaux d’e- et de e + de la sortie du Linac principal vers le point d’interaction, le Beam Delivery System (BDS), réalise les fonctions critiques requises pour atteindre l’objectif de luminosité, tel que la collimation et la focalisation du faisceau. Le faisceau est focalisé par le système de focalisation finale (FFS) tout en corrigeant les aberrations d’ordre supérieur propagées le long du système. Les effets chromatiques contribuant à l’élargissement de la taille du faisceau, sont amplifiés par la force de focalisation des deux derniers quadripôles QF1 et QD0, ou doublet final (FD), et par la longueur de la distance focale finale L* entre QD0 et l’IP. L’approche de correction de la chromaticité retenue pour les deux grands projets actuels de collisionneurs linéaires, CLIC et ILC, est fondée sur la correction locale de la chromaticité générée par le doublet final. Ce schéma est actuellement testé à l’ATF2 au KEK (Japon). Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur les problématiques liées au système de focalisation finale du projet CLIC re-optimisé avec un plus long L*, dans le cadre de la simplification de l’interface machine-détecteur (MDI), ainsi que sur le travail expérimental conduit à l’ATF2 pour l’optimisation et l’étude des optiques du système de focalisation finale à ultra-bas β* incluant les tout premiers est in situ des octupôles à l’ATF2. / The future machines considered to carry out high precision physics in the TeV energy regime are electron-positron (e+e−) linear colliders. Future linear colliders feature nanometer beam spot sizes at the Interaction Point. The Beam Delivery System (BDS) transports the e + and e− beams from the exit of the linacs to the IP by performing the critical functions required to meet the CLIC luminosity goal such as beam collimation and focusing. The beam is focused through the Final Focus System while correcting higher order transport aberrations in order to deliver the design IP beam sizes. The chromatic contributions are amplified by the focusing strength of the two last quadrupoles named QD0 and QF1, reffered to as the Final Doublet (FD), and by the length of the final focal distance L* between QD0 and the IP. The chromaticity correction approach chosen for the CLIC FFS is based on the Local chromaticity correction scheme which uses interleaved pairs of sextupole magnets in the FD region in order to locally and simultaneously correct horizontal and vertical chromaticity. The current linear collider projects, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC) have FFS lattices based on the Local Chromaticity correction scheme. This scheme is being tested in the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) at KEK (Japan). This thesis concentrates on problems related to the optimization of BDS lattices for the simplification of the CLIC Machine Detector Interface (MDI) and on the experimental work for the implementation and study of a CLIClike FFS optics for the ATF2, referred to as ultra-low β* optics.

A test-bench is created that injects digital pulses that emulate ATLAS LAr Front End Board electronic signal pulses in order to test prototypes. The prototypes are for new electronics for an upgrade to the CERN Large Hadron Collider that increases the rate of proton-proton collisions by an order of magnitude. This High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider requires a completely new Trigger and Data Acquisition system to deal with information from detectors. One such system that is currently being developed is the Liquid Argon Signal Processor (LASP) whose architecture is based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Validation of individual modules of the LASP are of key importance in the development cycle. Additionally, verification of module behaviour with real ATLAS pulses will not be available until much later in the project timeline. The injector project is implemented on an Intel Stratix 10 FPGA, using a soft-core NIOS II processor for TCP/IP communication with a workstation in order to transfer Monte Carlo simulation pulses to the FPGA, where it is then stored in a 2 GB DDR3 external memory. The pulses are then retrieved into internal memory buffers and are transmitted to the LASP at 40 MHz. The user is in complete control of the data pulses injected which is a vital property that would test LASP behaviour for different cases and possible failure modes. / Graduate