Esta pesquisa trata da divulgação e uso de peças comumente relacionadas ao vestuário masculino por mulheres no Brasil entre 1851 a 1911. A partir de pesquisa em jornais, que divulgavam tal moda, e de retratos fotográficos, que permitiram reconhecer o uso desta moda no país, foram feitas reflexões sobre que mulheres poderiam usar tal moda e em que contextos. Paletós, coletes, gravatas e calças foram os artefatos privilegiados nas análises para compreender os sentidos construídos em torno deles e os impactos provocados nas dinâmicas corporais e sociais que tais peças produziram. / This research focuses on both the advertisement and actual wearing of pieces commonly related to mens clothing by women in Brazil ranging from 1851 to 1911. Starting from publications of the period focused on new fashion trends and photographs the research was able to find evidence of such fashion trends in the country. Reflections were made on limiting which women were able to wear such fashion trends and in which contexts they were allowed to. Coat, vests, ties and trousers constitute privileged artifacts for a deeper comprehension on the significances surrounding them and the impacts they have caused on bodily and social dynamics that resulted from them.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The purpose of this degree project is to examine what impact working with physical objects has on children’s learning process concerning addition. We want to explore what addition strategies can be exercised using the game “Twice as much”. We have observed children in school year 1. To get a good insight in which addition strategies the children chose we used so called participating observations. With the game the children practice addition, subtraction and to double numbers. The children could use dried beans as physical objects. To sum up what we have seen that you can, through working with physical objects, create a learning environment so that the children give each other positive or negative reinforcement, the children converse/interact with the pedagogue and the other children, which gives the pedagogue the chance to observe the children’s learning process and development from a cognitive perspective. Learning by seeing and learning by doing (see page 11) work well in combination with laboratory material. The results show that many addition strategies were used in the game “Twice as much”. The most widely used strategies were finger counting, finger numbers and by starting with the largest number.</p><p><strong> </strong></p> / <p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p> </p><p>Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att undersöka vilken påverkan ett laborativt arbetssätt har på skolbarnens inlärningsprocess gällande addition. Vi vill även ta reda på vilka additionsstrategier man kan öva genom spelet <em>Dubbelt upp</em>. Vi har observerat barn som går i år ett och vi har använt oss av deltagande observation för att få en nära inblick i vilka additionsstrategier barnen väljer. Med spelet tränar barnen på bl.a. addition, subtraktion och att dubblera. Som laborativt material till spelet fick de använda sig av torkade bönor. Sammanfattningsvis har vi sett att man genom ett laborativt arbetssätt kan skapa en inlärningsmiljö där barnen ger varandra negativ eller positiv förstärkning samt att barnen konverserar med pedagog eller medspelare vilket ger pedagogen en chans att se barnens inlärning och utveckling ur ett kognitivt perspektiv. Visuell och kinestetisk inlärningstyp (se sida 11) passar bra tillsammans med ett laborativt material. Resultaten visar att många additionsstrategier användes i spelet <em>Dubbelt upp</em>. De mest förekommande var <em>fingerräkning, fingertal</em> och <em>börja med det största talet</em>.</p>

<p>Då jag varit ute på praktik har jag sett att elever allt för ofta bara sitter och räknar i läroboken. Vi matematiklärare måste bli bättre på att variera och börja laborera i vår undervisning. Både för att få med eleverna kunskapsmässigt i undervisningen och för att få dem intresserade och engagerade. Jag har därför i mitt examensarbete undersökt om lärare i år 4-6 använder sig utav konkret material i sin matematikundervisning. Mina problemformuleringar var:</p><p>- Vad använder lärare i år 4-6 för konkreta material i sin matematikundervisning?</p><p>- Hur gör lärare i år 4-6 för att konkretisera matematikundervisningen?</p><p>- Varför väljer de som konkretiserar matematikundervisningen att konkretisera?</p><p>Metoder som jag använt i min undersökning är litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Jag har intervjuat nio lärare i Linköping som undervisar i matematik i år 4-6.</p><p>Det som flera olika lärare säger att de använder i sin undervisning är penna och papper och ritar mycket matteproblem. Klockan, mät- och väginstrument, tärningar till olika spel och pengar är också vanligt. Hur de använder det varierar lite mer men främst är det vid genomgång av nya moment och inte så mycket att eleverna själva laborerar och får prova sig fram. Att konkreta material ökar förståelsen är en av orsakerna till att lärarna använder konkret material i sin undervisning. Tidsbristen är en faktor som ligger till grund för att de inte använder så mycket konkret material som de skulle önska liksom elevantal, sociala och organisatoriska problem.</p>

Several recent projects in building science have examined the hygric performance of building materials. Most building materials adsorb from and desorb water vapour to their environments. This phenomenon could be used to help control relative humidity fluctuations in buildings, experienced during periods of moisture production such as cooking, washing or bathing. They could also be used to reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning to remove excess moisture. To understand how a building material responds to transient changes in relative humidity, testing is required.<p> This thesis outlines the testing performed on gypsum board, a common wall and ceiling finishing material used inside buildings. The effect of paint coatings on the gypsum boards and heat and mass transfer coefficients of the air passing over the gypsum bed was tested. The data produced from these experiments was used to validate several numerical models through an International Energy Agency/Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (IEA/ECBCS), Annex 41: Whole Building Heat, Air and Moisture Response. The validated models are important for simulating the process of adsorption and desorption in building materials to predict failure in the building envelope and expected indoor air conditions.<p> A sensitivity analysis is also presented which examines the effects of the sorption isotherm and vapour permeability of the gypsum and paints as well as the heat and mass transfer coefficients the boards are exposed to. The sensitivity range used was determined from the tests performed on the gypsum boards and paints which were also performed during the work of Annex 41.<p> The results of this thesis produced a high quality data which can also be used to validate future numerical models. All information required for validation of future models is available such as dimensions of test section, test conditions, material properties and the experimental data.<p> The results show that when designing for passive humidity control in buildings using gypsum boards, the most influential factor is the type of coating or paint applied to the surface. The sensitivity analysis showed that material properties such as vapour permeability and the sorption isotherms, for the expected temperature range, should be well known for increased accuracy of the simulation. The material properties were determined from inter-laboratory testing at 14 different institutions to achieve confident values.<p> The effect of increasing the heat and mass transfer coefficients, over the range of coefficients studied in this thesis, showed negligible differences in the results. The simulated results had very good agreement between the models and were mostly within experimental uncertainty of the measurements.

Då jag varit ute på praktik har jag sett att elever allt för ofta bara sitter och räknar i läroboken. Vi matematiklärare måste bli bättre på att variera och börja laborera i vår undervisning. Både för att få med eleverna kunskapsmässigt i undervisningen och för att få dem intresserade och engagerade. Jag har därför i mitt examensarbete undersökt om lärare i år 4-6 använder sig utav konkret material i sin matematikundervisning. Mina problemformuleringar var: - Vad använder lärare i år 4-6 för konkreta material i sin matematikundervisning? - Hur gör lärare i år 4-6 för att konkretisera matematikundervisningen? - Varför väljer de som konkretiserar matematikundervisningen att konkretisera? Metoder som jag använt i min undersökning är litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Jag har intervjuat nio lärare i Linköping som undervisar i matematik i år 4-6. Det som flera olika lärare säger att de använder i sin undervisning är penna och papper och ritar mycket matteproblem. Klockan, mät- och väginstrument, tärningar till olika spel och pengar är också vanligt. Hur de använder det varierar lite mer men främst är det vid genomgång av nya moment och inte så mycket att eleverna själva laborerar och får prova sig fram. Att konkreta material ökar förståelsen är en av orsakerna till att lärarna använder konkret material i sin undervisning. Tidsbristen är en faktor som ligger till grund för att de inte använder så mycket konkret material som de skulle önska liksom elevantal, sociala och organisatoriska problem.

This essay examines how four archaeology scholars reason about gender. I have used a qualitative method in making this study of their dissertations.  The aim is to obtain a deeper understanding of gender identity in prehistory, gaining a broader appreciation of how this might be expressed through archaeological material. This essay takes its theoretical departure from postprocessual thinking, where gender perspectives, including feminist and queer theories are in focus. The result of this study shows that the scholars have a postprocessual, structuralistic theoretical perspective in common, and that they use stereotypical identity-descriptions. The conclusion is that gender identities can be interpreted and categorized from archaeological material.

The purpose of this analysis was by qualitative semi-structured interviews with twelve children 5-years old and six pre-school teachers at three pre-schools, a total of six departments, find out how pre-school teachers worked with waste separation, if it motivated the children to take care of the environment, and if the work was understandable for the children. The results showed that the children did not comprehend what the pre-school teachers expressed that they worked with regarding waste separation and actions connected to caring for the environment. The pre-school teachers also expressed that the children was not mature enough to learn about the process when waste separated garbage is recycled, and that the work with the subject therefore had been carried out on a lower level. The children however expressed knowledge that did not come straight from their actual every day life, but since dialogue about the subject did not seem to exist between pre-school teachers and children, the pre-school teachers appeared to have failed in making the learning meaningful and understandable for the children, from their knowledge, experiences and interests. / Syftet med denna undersökning var att genom kvalitativ semi-strukturerad intervju med tolv 5-åriga barn samt sex förskollärare vid tre olika förskolor från sammanlagt sex olika avdelningar, undersöka hur förskollärare genomförde arbete kring källsortering, om det motiverade barnen att värna om miljön, och om arbetet var begripligt för barnen. Resultaten visade att barnen inte förstod att det förskollärarna menade att de arbetade med gällande källsortering och handlingar kopplade till att värna om miljön. Förskollärarna uttryckte även att barnen inte var mogna nog att lära sig om processen när källsorterade sopor återvinns, och att arbetet med ämnet därför genomförts på en lägre nivå. Barnen uttryckte emellertid kunskaper som inte kom direkt från deras faktiska vardag, men då dialog kring ämnet inte verkade förekomma mellan förskollärare och barn så tycks det som om förskollärarna inte lyckats med att göra lärandet meningsfullt och begripligt för barnen, utifrån deras kunskaper, erfarenheter och intressen.

Several recent projects in building science have examined the hygric performance of building materials. Most building materials adsorb from and desorb water vapour to their environments. This phenomenon could be used to help control relative humidity fluctuations in buildings, experienced during periods of moisture production such as cooking, washing or bathing. They could also be used to reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning to remove excess moisture. To understand how a building material responds to transient changes in relative humidity, testing is required.<p> This thesis outlines the testing performed on gypsum board, a common wall and ceiling finishing material used inside buildings. The effect of paint coatings on the gypsum boards and heat and mass transfer coefficients of the air passing over the gypsum bed was tested. The data produced from these experiments was used to validate several numerical models through an International Energy Agency/Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (IEA/ECBCS), Annex 41: Whole Building Heat, Air and Moisture Response. The validated models are important for simulating the process of adsorption and desorption in building materials to predict failure in the building envelope and expected indoor air conditions.<p> A sensitivity analysis is also presented which examines the effects of the sorption isotherm and vapour permeability of the gypsum and paints as well as the heat and mass transfer coefficients the boards are exposed to. The sensitivity range used was determined from the tests performed on the gypsum boards and paints which were also performed during the work of Annex 41.<p> The results of this thesis produced a high quality data which can also be used to validate future numerical models. All information required for validation of future models is available such as dimensions of test section, test conditions, material properties and the experimental data.<p> The results show that when designing for passive humidity control in buildings using gypsum boards, the most influential factor is the type of coating or paint applied to the surface. The sensitivity analysis showed that material properties such as vapour permeability and the sorption isotherms, for the expected temperature range, should be well known for increased accuracy of the simulation. The material properties were determined from inter-laboratory testing at 14 different institutions to achieve confident values.<p> The effect of increasing the heat and mass transfer coefficients, over the range of coefficients studied in this thesis, showed negligible differences in the results. The simulated results had very good agreement between the models and were mostly within experimental uncertainty of the measurements.

A novel active material for controllable, high work density applications was designed, fabricated, analyzed, and tested. This active material uses a lens-shaped element to implement simple shear motion with gas pressure actuation. The lens element is a bladder-filled Kevlar fabric embedded in a polyurethane matrix. The polyurethane’s hyperelastic material parameters were found by experiment and estimated by numerical analysis. The Ogden material constant set found shows good agreement within the shear actuator’s working range. A fabricated, single-element shear actuator reached 34.2% free shear strain when pressurized to 1.03 MPa. A unitary shear actuator was modeled as were single-acting and dual-acting shear actuator arrays so that solitary and multi-cell behaviors were estimated. Actuator work performance and power from nonlinear finite element analysis found conventional work density is 0.2289 MJ/m3 and 0.2482 MJ/m3, for the singleacting and double-acting shear actuator, respectively. Scientific work densities are 0.0758 MJ/m3 and 0.0375 MJ/m3, for single-acting and double-acting shear actuators, respectively. Calculation shows the volumetric power for a single-acting shear actuator is 0.4578 MW/m3 and 0.4964 MW/m3 for the double-acting shear actuator. Finally, a nastic actuator is applied to twist a generic structural beam. The nasticmaterial actuated structure has an advantage over conventional actuator systems. Work per unit volume for nastic materials is 2280~8471% higher than conventional, discrete actuators that use electric motors. When compared by work per unit mass, this nastic actuator is 2592~13900% better than conventional actuator because nastic actuator is made from lighter materials and it distributes the actuation throughout the structure, which eliminates connecting components. The nastic actuator’s volumetric power is 2217~8602% higher than conventional actuators. Finally, the nastic actuator is 2656~14269% higher than conventional actuators for power per unit mass.

Examensarbetet har bedrivits vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping och i samarbete med fallföretaget Solutions for Tomorrow AB. Arbetet har utformats efter ett syfte; att utveckla ett produktkoncept där alternativa material och tillverkningsmetoder leder till kostnadsbesparingar. Syftet har sedan brutits ned till fyra frågeställningar som arbetet kretsar kring. Två frågeställningar behandlar redan framtagna koncept och två rör ekonomiska aspekter för nya projekt. För att besvara frågeställningarna är arbetet utformat som en konceptstudie där hela utvecklingsprocessen har genomförts. Studien är framför allt baserad på en kvalitativ metod där fokus har legat på intervjuer och textanalyser. En deduktiv ansats har använts då kända teorier och modeller har tillämpats vid antagande av slutsatsen. Studien har resulterat i två produktkoncept som beräknas sänka produktionskostnaderna för den analyserade komponenten. En mer kostnadseffektiv tillverkningsmetod kan innebära att nya leverantörer kan komma att kontaktas och nytt ritningsunderlag måste framställas. I framtiden bör en mer omfattande konstruktionsanalys av komponenten genomföras, då nya material och tillverkningsmetoder erbjuder nya möjligheter till kostnadseffektivisering. De kostnadsberäkningar som görs i rapporten utgår i många fall från den tillverkningsmetod som används och tiden det tar att utföra olika steg i processen. Delar av produktionen ligger idag i Tyskland och ingen möjlighet gavs att bevittna processen. De kostnader som är relaterade till arbetstiden är därför uppskattade. Kostnadskalkyleringarna för koncepten beräknas ha en viss felmarginal och bör inte användas vid beslutstagande. / This thesis project has been conducted at the School of Engineering at Jönköping University and in cooperation with the case company Solutions for Tomorrow AB. The project was modeled around a purpose; to develop a product concept where alternative materials and manufacturing techniques will lead to cost savings. The purpose was broken down into four questions around which the project is focused. Two of the questions are about the produced concepts and two of them are about the economic aspect of the new concepts. To answer the questions the thesis project is designed as a conceptual study where the whole development process has been carried out. The study is mostly based on a qualitative method where focus has been on collecting data from interviews and related literature. A deductive approach was used since known theories and models has been applied when assuming the conclusions. The study has resulted in two product concepts that according to the calculations will lower the production related costs. A more cost efficient manufacturing method implicates that new suppliers might be needed and new production drawings needs to be fabricated. A more extensive constructional analysis should be conducted in the future since new materials and manufacturing methods offers new possibilities to further cost potentiation. The cost calculations that are performed in this report are in many cases based on the manufacturing methods used today and the time it takes to perform the steps in the production. Parts of the present production are located in Germany and no opportunity was given to witness the process. The costs related to the manufacturing time are therefore estimates. Hence the cost calculations are expected to have a certain error margin and should not be used in decision making.