Autoclave processing of large scale, one-piece structural parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is the key to decreasing manufacturing costs while at the same time increasing quality. Nonetheless, even in manufacturing simple flat parts, residual strains and stresses are unavoidable. For structural design purposes and to aid in the assembly procedures, it is desirable to have proven numerical tools that can be used to predict these residual geometrical and material properties in advance, thus avoid the costly experimental trial and error methods. A 2-D finite element-based code, COMPRO, has previously been developed in-house for predicting autoclave process-induced deformations and residual stresses in composite parts undergoing an entire cure cycle. To simulate the tool-part interaction, an important source of residual deformations/stresses, COMPRO used a non-zero thickness elastic shear layer as its only interface option. Moreover, the code did not account for the large deformations and strains and the resulting nonlinear effects that can arise during the early stages of the cure cycle when the material is rather compliant. In the present work, a contact surface employing a penalty method formulation is introduced at the tool-part interface. Its material-dependent parameters are a function of temperature, degree of cure, pressure and so forth. This makes the stick-slip condition plus separation between the part and the tool possible. The large displacements/rotations and large shear strains that develop at the early stages of the cure cycle when the resin has a very low elastic modulus provided the impetus to include a large strain/deformation option in COMPRO. A new “co-rotational stress formulation” was developed and found to provide a robust method for numerical treatment of very large deformation/strain problems involving anisotropic materials of interest here. Several verification and validation examples are used to calibrate the contact interface parameters and to demonstrate the correctness of implementation and the accuracy of the proposed method. A number of comparisons are made with exact solutions, other methods, other experiments and the same models in other commercial codes. Finally, several interesting cases are examined to explore the results of COMPRO predictions with the added options.

This thesis is a northern response to the dwelling culture and housing shortage of the Cree community in Moosonee, Ontario, located on the Western James Bay. The program of this thesis centres on housing, shared workshop space, and a public room, all designed specifically for those with the greatest need, multi-generational families, the elderly, and single parents with children. By anchoring the project with the premise of home as a zero point, a necessary place of beginning, I examined the typology of the house and its ability to respond to both landscape and culture. The housing responds to existing patterns in material culture, social structure, and ways of experiencing the land. Through this project I have investigated the myriad ways in which architecture can act as a cultural tool that reaffirms a sense of place and responds to living patterns and the northern climate.

Little research has been done within the field of the use of textbooks and teaching aids in Spanish asa foreign language (SFL) teaching in Sweden. This study attempts to find answers to how teachersand teacher students use, view and choose SFL teaching aids. To accomplish this, qualitativeinterviews were carried out with Spanish teachers and Spanish teacher students in a city in northernSweden. A survey was also sent to all current SFL teachers in the central coastal region of Norrland.The study indicates that SFL textbooks are of great importance to the participating teachers andteacher students. Furthermore, a wish to enhance the level of interest of Spanish and Spanish/LatinAmerican culture, provide a varied teaching experience and improve their students’ self-esteem arefactors influencing teachers in their use and choices of teaching aids.

The surface finishing technique called black oxidation is currently being used on the tool holders made of low alloyed tool steel produced by Sandvik Coromant. Black oxidation isn’t considered a sufficient technique because it doesn’t make the tool holders look like the quality products that they actually are. The reasoning behind this is that the tool holders can show signs of corrosion after prolonged storing times or in countries with high humidity and temperature. The corrosion doesn’t decrease the tool holders performance, but the customers might believe otherwise. After the black oxidation is performed the surface is oiled which can cause sticky surfaces that rubs off on the person handling the tool holders which is also something that needs to be avoided. The aim of this master thesis was to study potential substitutes to the current surface finishing technique, which could primarily improve the tool holders corrosion resistance and appearance. Other material properties have been studied as well such as hardness, friction coefficient, fatigue- and wear resistance. The cost of some of the different surface finishing techniques has been studied as well, because in order to be interesting their price must match what improvements the technique provides with. A preliminary study was done where the surface finishing techniques that are available in the market has been examined. This has been a theoretical study which means that no experiments were performed and that most of the information available in this study has been obtained from literature and scientific articles. Companies that work with surface finishing has been contacted which shared information about both the theoretical and practical aspects of finishing techniques. Electro- and electroless plating are the two techniques which seem most suited for the replacement of the current method, black oxidation. Polishing and electropolishining can be suitable aswell, but the corrosion resistance barely increases.

Denna aktionsforskningsstudies syfte är att få kunskap om hurkommunikationen ser ut mellan eleverna i matematikämnet genom attskapa en kommunikativ undervisningsmiljö, där eleverna ges möjlighetatt lära av varandra. Tidigare forskning visar att kommunikationen ärviktig i matematik. Forskning visar bland annat att kommunikation imatematik är viktig för att eleverna ska få en begreppsförståelse. På deberörda skolorna i studien var detta något som behövde utvecklas.Utgångspunkten för studien har varit ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.Eleverna har fått arbeta med laborativt material i matematik inomområdena problemlösning samt längd och volym i mindre grupper.Aktionen har dokumenterats med videoinspelningar som transkriberatsoch analyserats. Metoden för analysarbetet har varit en sociokulturellaktivitetsanalys där den sociala interaktionen i förhållande tillkommunikationen studerats. Resultatet visar att det laborativamaterialet ger möjlighet för kommunikation mellan eleverna.Slutsatsen av studien är att eleverna kommunicerar på olika sättberoende på vilken situation de befinner sig i. Vi hoppas att verksammalärare kan ta del av denna studie för att utveckla kommunikationen imatematikundervisningen.

Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur revideringen av förskolans läroplan, lpfö 98, har påverkat förskollärarens förhållande till ämnet teknik. Arbetet har haft fokus på ett enkelt egentillverkat teknikmaterial som några förskollärare fick arbeta med. Detta arbete utvärderderades senare med såväl enkäter som intervjuer. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att förskollärarna ännu inte har kommit igång med teknikarbetet i förskolan. Orsaker till detta kan vara exempelvis pedagogernas rädsla och okunnighet om ämnet samt brist på förslag till hur ämnet ska presenteras i en barngrupp. Arbetet med teknikmaterialet har gett dem en större förståelse för begreppet teknik och positivare attityd till teknik i förskolan.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ett laborativt material påverkar den kommunikationen som uppstår i klassrummet. Materialet handlar om tal i bråkform som ett verktyg i undervisningen. Avsikten var framförallt att se det ur ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv hur elever påverkas av att arbeta med ett laborativt material. I skolans dagliga parktik skapas kommunikativa kontexter, dessa studeras i det kommunikativa relationsinriktade perspektivet, men det går även att undersöka hur dessa kontexter påverkar och är relaterade till varandra (Ahlberg, 2001). Materialet som används i studien är uppbyggt efter de olika faserna konkret, representativt, abstrakt och återberättande. Resultatet visade på att det laborativa materialet i sig inte skapar någon kommunikation. Det är när läraren skapar olika gruppkonstellationer som det både sker och inte sker kommunikation. Vår slutsats är att återberättandet och redovisningar på  tavlan med läraren som stöttar och för kommunikationen framåt påverkar hur eleverna kommunicerar i tal- och bildspråket. Läraren är det mest centrala faktorn i arbetet med ett laborativt material för att föra dialogen framåt

This study focus on how preschool teachers work with science and if there is any difference depending on which profil the pre-school has. In order to obtain material to this study and investigate how the pre-school teachers work with science and see if there were any difference eleven pre-school teachers were interviewed. The pre-school teachers worked in pre-schools with different profiles. The profile of the pre-school had some influence on how the pre-school teachers worked with science but the main reason was the pre-school teachers own view on the subject and their own awareness. The pre-school teachers worked with the conditions they had in their pre-schools and tried to make it in to a positive experience for the children. Their opinion was that the material they had was sufficient and that one could do much with simple things that could be found in the pre-schools. The everyday science was of great importance to the pre-school teachers and how to discover it together with the children. The reult of this study is that pre-school teachers work with science in different ways and it is mostly their own interest that leads the way. The profile of the pre-schools has a minor influence on how they work with science instead it depends on the pre-school teachers own interest. The pre-school teachers also think that it is of great importance to have science in the pre-schools and that perhaps develops into an interest in science for the children. The pre-school teachers mean that science should be a positive experience for the children to spark their interest.

Att ha samordningsansvaret i ett projekt som Framtidens US innebär stor fokus på planering och samordning. Beställaren har från början upphandlat en tredjepartslogistiker som ska ansvara för materialhanteringen istället för att huvudentreprenören skall göra detta. Syftet med fallstudien är att undersöka om produktionen upplevs som mer effektivare genom att tredjepartslogistikern ansvarar för materialförsörjningen. Entreprenörernas sätt att planera på har undersökts för att se hur de arbetar i mer omfattande projekt som Framtidens US som är ett känsligt område. Fallstudien visar att de involverade entreprenörerna ser positivt på hur logistikupplägget fungerar samt att det varit ett bra alternativ för att effektivisera materialförsörjningen.Dessutom har logistikupplägget bidragit till effektivisering av varje enskild arbetare. Resultatet visar även att planeringen har varit komplicerad att utföra i vissa fall då den skiljer sig från ett vanligt byggprojekt. Framtidens US projektet är ett projekt där samarbete mellan olika medverkande parter är viktigt för att uppnå ett bra resultat. De påvisade resultaten från fallstudien pekar på att det skulle kunna behövas ett annat sätt att planera på i framtida liknande projekt.

With bandgap ranging from 1.74 to 2.67eV depending on composition, the ternary alloy (ZnCd)Se is an interesting system for optoelectronic applications. The main purpose of the work reported in this thesis was to characterise some of the electrical properties of crystals of Zn(_x) Cd(_1-x) Se and to assess the " potential in CdSe/Cu(_2)Se and zn(_x)Cd(_1-x)Se/Cu(_2)Se photovoltaic cells. Single crystals of this ternary compound have been grown from the vapour phase using two different methods. With each technique boules of graded composition were produced with the Cd/Zn ratio decreasing towards the end that was last to grow. The variation in composition was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Lattice Parameters were determined using X-ray diffractometry and were found to vary linearly with composition over a wide range. This study showed that for x < 0.5 the crystal adopts the hexagonal Wurtzite structure, changing to the cubic sphalerite for higher values of x. The variation is bandgap energy with composition was determined for single crystals of Zn(_x)Cd(1-x)Se at 300K and 9OK and shows that the bandgap changes quadratically in x for x < 0.6. The barrier heights of Aūzn cd(_1-x)sc (x < 0.45) Schottky diodes were calculated from forward I-V characteristics, C-V and photoelectric measurements were also carried out. A good linear relationship with composition was obtained for barrier heights measured by the Photoelectric method. Deep levels were also investigated in these diodes using Photocapacitance, which revealed the presence of two dominant levels having activation energies of 0.4 - 0.5 eV and 0.9 - 1.0 eV (referred to the valence bandedge) that were independent of the composition The second part of the thesis described an investigation into CdSe/CU(_2)Se and Zn(_x)Cd(_1-x)Se/CU(_2)Se (x < 0,4) devices that had been prepared on orientated single crystal substrates by a chemiplating technique. Reflection high energy diffraction (RHEED) showed that the structure of the CU(_2)Se layer took the cubic modification. Cells formed on as-grown low resistivity substrates exhibited no rectification. However good Photovoltaic properties were produced by heating the devices in air or Argon at 200 C, However, for cells formed on higher resistivity CdSe, the resultant devices showed a Photovoltaic effect without any heat treatment. The Photovoltaic output characteristics were measured under simulated AMI illumination. The properties of the Photovoltaic cells prepared on Zn(_x)Cd(1-x)Se single crystals are closely related to those of devices fabricated on CdSe substrates. Cells formed on CdSe were found to have higher short circuit current densities (J(_sc)), but lower open circuit voltage (V(oc)) than those produced on the mixed Zn(_x)Cd(_1-x)Se crystal substrates. Thus the open circuit voltage was increased with zinc content to 420 mv with a Zng(_0.4)Cd(_0.6)Se based cell. However, there was a considerable decrease in the short circuit current. The characterisation of these cells has revealed the main threshold in all the devices Indicated a dominant level with an activation energy of between 1.0 and 1.1 eV with respect to the conduction band in both CdSe and Zn(_x)Cd(_1-x)Se.