This thesis is focused on the situation of women - mothers in the Czech labor market as a vulnerable population groups. The work comprehensively analyzes the current system of support for women on maternity leave and subsequent return to the labor market. The theoretical part provides basic concepts and institutions associated with the harmonization of work and family life of women. The analytical part is focused on the causes of insecure women, which are captured from different angles: women, employers, and experts such as sociologists and psychologists. The analysis also provides a comparison of the CR family policy with selected European countries. To better illustrate, the work included a survey that was conducted in the South Region by the questionnaire method. In conclusion this thesis, there are summarizes most important findings detected during processing of the topic.

Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T21:23:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1852887 bytes, checksum: c5c80fa51893dec873bdf07c59ba535e (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Conforme conversamos. Refazer os itens mencionados e fazer novamente a postagem. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2018-04-04T14:10:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T15:42:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoRevisada_LarissaStolar.pdf: 1852464 bytes, checksum: d66b7059bf1c4ff8ffb82d9477669e4f (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Larissa, Conforme orientado, por favor fazer os ajustes e submeter novamente,. Att Pamela Tonsa on 2018-04-04T22:58:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T23:23:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-05T12:42:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-05T15:37:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T15:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / Esta dissertação investiga o efeito da ampliação da licença-maternidade de 120 para 180 dias em empresas que aderiram ao Programa Empresa Cidadã, criado pela Lei 11.770 em 2008. A prorrogação de 60 dias na licença não é obrigatória para as trabalhadoras das firmas participantes, ou seja, a participação das mulheres é voluntária. Este estudo investiga os impactos do programa nas carreiras das mulheres elegíveis, usando informações da RAIS, coletadas pelo Ministério do Trabalho. Especificamente, efeitos em emprego e salário são explorados. Ampliações na licença-maternidade geram efeitos mistos; se por um lado consistem em um atrativo para a participação de mulheres na força de trabalho, por outro tornam as mulheres mais onerosas para os empregadores. Este artigo busca ampliar o debate sobre a duração da licença-maternidade; até o momento apenas um trabalho foi publicado sobre o tema no Brasil, enquanto há sete projetos tramitando no Legislativo sobre o assunto. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que as pessoas elegíveis ao programa estão usando os 60 dias adicionais de licença-maternidade e que o Programa Empresa Cidadã não trouxe impacto para o nível de emprego ou salário das mulheres beneficiadas. / This dissertation investigates the effects of paid maternity leave extension from 120 to 180 days on firms that have joined the Empresa Cidadã Program, enacted by the Brazilian federal law 11.770 in 2008. The extension of the leave is not mandatory for the employees of participant firms, that is, women opt to take or not the extra 60 days. This study intends to understand the impacts of this program on the entitled workers’ careers, using administrative information on all formal workers in Brazil, gathered by the Ministry of Labor. Specifically, effects on wage and employment of women in participant firms are explored. Extensions on paid maternity leave produce a twofold effect; while they can attract women to the workforce, women become more onerous to employees. This research intends to broaden the debate on maternity leave extension; up to this moment, there is only one published article on this subject in Brazil whereas there are seven legislative proposals being discussed in the Congress on this matter. The results of this research show that women eligible to the maternity leave extensions are using the 60 aditional days and that the Empresa Cidadã program did not impact employment and wages of eligible women.

Women re-entering the labour market after parental leave represent one of the most vulnerable groups in the labour market. During parental leave, women frequently lose contact with their original employment. Depending on the length of parental leave, they fail, or have limited opportunities to develop their labour skills and knowledge. It happens very often, that they lose their jobs and face a very difficult life situation as they must find a new job after the termination of parental leave. This issue has been dealt with since 2004 at the regional level following the introduction of Act No. 435/2004 Coll., on employment, within the Active Employment Policy. Motivating or requalification programs focusing on this group represent an appropriate solution to this social problem. The situation of women returning to the labour market after parental leave is also the subject of the presented master thesis. The theoretical part contains historical review and describes the actual situation using an analysis of two regions and local services supporting the re-integration of women after their parental leave. The objective of the practical part is to identify key motivations for women taking part in the supporting programs during or after parental leave.

LL.D. / This thesis critically evaluates the position of pregnant women (and women who have recently given birth) in the context of South African Labour Law and social security law, from both a comparative and a South African perspective. The fact that women fall pregnant and give birth to children, while men do not, raises issues of theoretical and practical importance in regard to equality issues. Pregnancy has historically been both the cause of and the occasion for the exclusion of many women from the workplace because of the practical difficulties many women face in reconciling the demands of paid work with family responsibilities – although there is no logical reason why women’s giving birth to children necessarily means that they should have primary responsibility for childcare. The underlying premise which underpins the subject matter of this thesis is that pregnant women are unfairly discriminated against in the workplace. While it cannot be denied that men and women are different and that the biological fact of pregnancy is a state unique to women, this “difference” has resulted in gender discrimination, and, more germane to this thesis, in pregnancy discrimination in the jurisdictions to be considered, namely, the United Kingdom, the European Union, SADC and South Africa. This thesis concentrates on various issues pertaining to pregnancy and maternity protection and emphasises the seemingly irreconcilable dichotomy between the desire to recognise and accommodate women’s unique role as child-bearers and the desire to achieve parity between the sexes in regard to conditions of employment, remuneration and general benefits. The central dilemma is whether women can be treated as equal to men in regard to opportunities, entry to the workplace and remuneration, on the one hand, and yet be treated in a special way when it concerns childbearing and childrearing, on the other. In this thesis it is argued that men and women are different and that social justice cannot therefore be achieved by equal treatment. In facing this challenge, legislatures and courts have become ensnared in the dichotomy of equality and distinction, and the question considered here is whether South Africa is fulfilling its constitutional and international obligations regarding the equal treatment, and the granting to them of equal opportunities and reasonable accommodation. This thesis develops an appropriate and relevant paradigm for pregnant women in the workplace. It identifies and highlights the existing deficiencies and lacunae in the South African legal system inherent in both labour law and social security law, and develops proposals for the possible amendment of the existing legislative framework by drawing largely on international, supranational, foreign and regional jurisdictions and by critically evaluating the current South African maternity terrain, particularly in the light of South Africa’s developing constitutional jurisprudence.

This diploma thesis is focused on the harmonization of work and family life. Specifically focused to the return of women with completed secondary education without leaving exam to the labor market after the maternity leave. The aim of this work is to find the unique determinants that affect transition between maternity leave and labor market. Next step is to compare unique factors with those that can be seen in the literature and specific determinants that can be seen in the financical sector. Adopted research strategy is qualitative approach, specifically semi-structured interview and questionnaire, which is conducted on nine preselected respondents. Collected data are analyzed by using open coding method, which brings us following details and conclusions. The respondents with completed secondary education without leaving exam are not interested in harmonization of work and family life, they would rather separate both spheres.The biggest barrier of return to the labour market is low education, the lack of kindegartens, night shifts and the lack of work experience. On the other hand there is an advantage on labor market if the mother have enough work experiences. Newly identified determinants are: poor financial situation of the family, the lack of information and sick child as a barrier of the transition between maternity leave and labor market. Vice versa contacts in the work field makes huge advantage when the mother has them. The results of this study provide hypotheses for further research. The contribution of this work is an insight to the return of a particular group of women to the labor market. It is possible that these women could experience different barriers than better educated mothers.

The thesis deals with choices made by women on maternity leave living in Prague, predominantly in the area of work and family life. Women's choices do not always represent their preferences and are strongly influenced by the institutional conditions and family interests. Women's preferences are also determined by the idea of maternity preferred by them- Another focus of the thesis is the construction of symbolic boundaries between mothers and childless women. Mothers differentiate themselves from childless women based on moral criteria and from each other based on the understanding of motherhood. Mothers tend to describe maternity leave as a happy period and do not think of it as of a loss of freedom or a sacrifice. However, they admit that long-term maternity leave is stereotypical and can induce feelings of isolation. For that reason, a part of women try to break free, at least partially, from the childcare and return into the realm of adults.

This dissertation consists of three essays in health economics. The first chapter, "The Built Environment and Obesity in Philadelphia: The Use of Satellite Imagery and Transfer Learning," investigates the relationship between the built environment and health outcomes, specifically obesity prevalence in Philadelphia. The built environment can affect obesity prevalence through the physical activity environment and the food environment. The main innovation of this paper is to use a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract data representing the features of the built environment from high-resolution satellite imagery. Because of the lack of information on the food environment in satellite images, I combined a proxy variable for food access together with the feature variables to represent the characteristics of the built environment. I then employed the Elastic Net model to test the relationship between the feature variables of the built environment and obesity prevalence in Philadelphia. The results show that the built environment is highly associated with obesity prevalence. This study also provides some evidence that the features of the built environment that have been extracted from satellite imagery can reduce the role of food access in estimating obesity, as well as that adding these features can explain more variance of obesity. The second chapter, "Paid Maternity Leave and Child Health: Evidence from Urban China," uses the China Health and Nutrition Survey data to study whether the extension of paid maternity leave affects children's health outcomes in urban China. This paper uses the time variation of the implementation of a maternity leave policy across different provinces from 1987 to 1991 in China to estimate a two-way fixed-effects model. The results suggest that the expansion of paid maternity leave has no impact on children's health in urban China. The last chapter, titled "The Association between Paid Maternity Leave and Mothers' Health and Labor Outcomes in Urban China," studies whether the extension of paid maternity leave in 1987-1991 would affect the labor and health outcomes of mothers in urban China by using the China Health and Nutrition Survey data. Based on the variation in the implementation time of a paid maternity leave policy across different provinces, this paper employs a two-way fixed-effects model to estimate the policy impact on mothers' health and labor outcomes in China. The findings indicate that extending the duration of paid maternity leave is associated with an increased likelihood of mothers remaining employed after childbirth. However, the study also reveals a negative relationship between the extension of paid maternity leave and mothers' wage rates. / Economics

My dissertation consists of three essays on the Korean labor market. The first essay studies how the extensive provision of maternity leave and childcare leave in Korea affects the employment and wages of young women. This reform is expected to increase the labor supply and decrease the labor demand for young women. As a result, the mean wage of young women should fall. But the direction of the change in their employment probability is hard to infer because it depends on the relative magnitudes of the shifts of the labor supply and demand curves. A difference-in-difference-in-differences model having older women, older men, and young men simultaneously as the control group suggests that neither the employment nor the hourly wages of young women are affected. The second essay explores why married men have higher hourly earnings and employment propensity than otherwise comparable single men. In a fixed effects regression, which controls for the selection of more productive men into marriage, married men do not experience faster growth in earnings and employment rate before marriage. Rather, when marriage takes place, the earnings of married men start increasing relative to those of single men. Also, that South Korean men have a greater earnings growth after marriage than U.S. men is consistent with the national difference in the degree of specialization within married households. Married men are more likely to work than single men only for the first few years of marriage, and single men outperform married men afterwards. The final essay studies why gender differences in earnings and earnings growth exist among new Korean college graduates before women take time off of work for marriage and motherhood. I find that women do not face an initial earnings gap after graduating college compared to men who finished military service. The lower earnings that women receive can be entirely explained by the difference in age at graduation between men and women. However, women's earnings grow slower than those of men who finished military service. This is partly because a greater percentage of women graduate from colleges of education, which provide slower earnings growth than other types of colleges. Most of the gender difference in earnings growth remains unexplained. / text

Parental leave is a broad term that encompasses maternity and/or paternity leave to care for an infant. Parental leave provides job protection for workers and may be paid or unpaid, with provisions varying throughout the world. Every industrialized nation offers some form of paid parental leave, with the exception of the United States, whose only federal policy regarding parental leave is the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), a law that allows eligible workers to take up to twelve weeks of unpaid, job protected leave for the birth or adoption of a child. This research project explored how parents understand and navigate the process of parental leave in the United States, and, using an anthropological perspective, situated these narratives into the overall framework of parental leave policy and use in this country. Data were collected through surveys (N=32) and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with expectant parents, most of whom were expecting their first child (N=20). The results of this study found that parental leave is valued, especially for the purposes of bonding and establishing breastfeeding. Parents were grateful for the length of leave they were able to take, but many would have liked to have a longer leave. Their decisions on whether to use parental leave were shaped by cultural norms relating to gender and worker roles within society, and also the ways in which parents embodied their role as mother or father. Parents also faced a complex situation regarding the availability and accessibility of parental leave within their workplace. While some parents had the option of taking job-protected leave under the FMLA, they did not feel that the leave was accessible, either because they could not afford unpaid leave, or because they feared that taking more leave than what was considered to be the norm in their workplace would have a detrimental impact on their career.

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