This thesis focuses on the welfare system of women during maternity and parental leave, primarily for specific benefits, which are in maternity and parenthood provided. System of state social support to women subject to conditions childbirth, child benefits and parental pay. For the childbirth, the work highlights specific situations that may arise in life. They are taking a child into permanent parental care, surrogate motherhood and the death of a child. For child benefits is given consideration above its level and subsequently at the parental pay instance of fraudulent conduct involving the unauthorized receipt of benefits or readers are informed on the progress of the amendment to the law on state social support. Sickness insurance system is provided benefit maternity pay, for example, which analysed the possible claim women on maternity benefits in specific situations (pregnant student, pregnant person exercising custodial sentence, etc.). For each benefit is each explained the general conditions for entitlement to, and also its amount. Although the work is devoted mainly to women, and a separate section of this paper deals with the men and their opportunities to take the place of women and care for the child. Of course it mentioned welfare system in this period. Even though the work is mainly...

Contexte et objectifs : Le taux d’activité des femmes a augmenté régulièrement depuis les années 1970 et les femmes sont de plus en plus souvent en emploi au moment où elles vont avoir une grossesse. Ce travail a pour principal objectif de décrire et comprendre les liens entre l’activité professionnelle et la grossesse. Tout d’abord, en comparant les taux d’activité professionnelle selon que les femmes sont enceintes ou appartiennent à la population féminine générale. Dans un second temps, en observant comment le groupe professionnel et le statut de l’emploi occupé influencent le moment de l’arrêt de travail pendant la grossesse. Enfin la troisième partie analyse l’impact de la position sociale, définie d’abord par le statut d’emploi des femmes et prenant en compte leur situation de couple et l’emploi du partenaire, sur la surveillance pendant la grossesse et les issues périnatales.Méthodes et population : Les données ont été extraites des Enquêtes Périnatales Nationales (ENP) en 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010 et 2016 et des données du recensement Une comparaison de l’activité professionnelle des femmes enceintes et de la population générale des femmes en France métropolitaine en fonction de l’âge et du niveau d’études, a été effectuée. Une modélisation de l’activité professionnelle pendant la grossesse en fonction des caractéristiques sociodémographiques, de la période entre 1972 et 2016 et de la génération de naissance, a été réalisée. Une analyse des femmes qui travaillaient pendant la grossesse en 2010 et en 2016 a été menée pour déterminer les moments de l’arrêt de l’activité professionnelle au cours de la grossesse, selon la situation médicale et la position sociale des femmes, en s’intéressant à l’arrêt précoce, avant 24 semaines d’aménorrhée (SA), et à l’arrêt tardif, après 36 SA révolues. Une analyse entre 1995 et 2016 a permis de décrire la surveillance prénatale et les issues périnatales en fonction du statut d'emploi des femmes et de leur partenaire pendant la grossesse.Résultats : Comme dans la population générale, le taux d’emploi des femmes enceintes a augmenté régulièrement entre 1972 et 2016, de 53 à 74 %. En 2016, 32 % des femmes qui travaillent pendant la grossesse se sont arrêtées avant 24 SA, et 2 % après 37 SA. Il existe des inégalités sociales autour des arrêts de l’activité professionnelle: les femmes ayant les situations sociales les plus défavorables s’arrêtent précocement pendant leur grossesse, alors que les femmes qui s’arrêtent tardivement ont des situations socioprofessionnelles plus favorisées, quelle que soit leur situation médicale. Entre 1995 et 2016, les différences selon la position sociale des femmes enceintes observées pour la surveillance prénatale et les issues périnatales se réduisent mais persistent.Conclusion : Les transformations majeures du rapport à l’emploi des femmes au cours des dernières décennies peuvent modifier les pratiques des soignants prenant en charge les femmes enceintes. La majorité des femmes enceintes sont des femmes en emploi rémunéré et la discussion de l’arrêt de l’activité professionnelle au cours de la grossesse doit s’évaluer au regard de la situation médicale mais aussi de la situation sociale et professionnelle. Une attention particulière doit être portée aux femmes plus défavorisées, soit au chômage ou sans activité professionnelle déclarée, soit ayant une situation précaire dans l’emploi, car ces femmes ont une initiation des soins plus tardive et des issues périnatales plus défavorables que les femmes qui travaillent avec une position sociale plus favorisée. / Background and objectives: The occupational activity rate of women is steadily increasing since the 1970s, and women are more and more often in employment when they are in childbearing age. The main purpose of this work is to describe and understand the links between occupational activity and pregnancy. First, by comparing employment rates according to whether women are pregnant or belong to the female general population. In a second step, by observing how their occupational group and status is linked to the timing of prenatal leave. Finally, the third part analyzes the impact of the social position, defined by the employment status of women and taking into account their couple status and the employment of the partner, on the antenatal care and perinatal outcomes.Methods and population: The data were extracted from the French National Perinatal Surveys of 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010 and 2016 and the Census. A comparison of the employment rate of pregnant women and the general population of women in continental France, by age and level of education, was carried out. A modelization of the employment rate of women during pregnancy was realized according to the socio-demographic characteristics, the survey period from 1972 to 2016, and the birth generation. An analysis of women working during pregnancy in 2010 and 2016 was conducted to determine the time of prenatal leave, according to the medical situation and the social position of women, focused on early leave, before 24 weeks of gestation (WG), and late leave, after 36 WG. For the period 1995 to 2016, prenatal care and perinatal outcomes were analyzed according to the employment status of women, taking into account their couple situation and partner’s employment.Results: As in the general population, rate of occupational activity of pregnant women shown a steadily increasing, between 1972 and 2016, from 53% to 74%. In 2016, 32% of women working during pregnancy leave their job before 24 WG, and 2% after 37 WG. Social inequalities exists around maternity leave: women with the most unfavorable social situations stop early, while self-employed women and those with more favorable social and occupational situations leave late, even after stratification for the medical situation. From 1995 to 2016, the differences in antenatal care and perinatal outcomes according to the social position of pregnant women are always observed despite a reduction.Conclusion: The major changes in the relationship to women's occupational activity in recent decades may change the practices of caregivers for pregnant women. A majority of pregnant women had a paid job and the date of prenatal leave should be discussed in relation to the medical situation but also considering the social and occupational status. Special attention should be given to the most disadvantaged women, either unemployed or without a legal job, or having a precarious occupational situation, since these women have a later initiation of care and more unfavorable perinatal outcomes.

In contemporary politics it is argued there exists a friction and contradiction between the right-wing, conservative parties that are gaining prominence around the world, among them BJP in India, and the feminist movement; one movement striving for the preservation of traditions and the other for change. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and compare differences in how a political party with strong affiliation and background in a nationalistic ideology communicates laws which affect women’s opportunities for societal advancement, doing this by analysing the religious, cultural and symbolic aspects of Hindutva ideology. Do they contradict each other? Through qualitative discourse analysis a comparative case study is performed on the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act of 2017, BJP political manifestos, excerpts from books and statements made by BJP leaders and affiliated key persons. The thesis presents the argument that the two discourses present contradicting ideas of women’s societal participation when analysed through a theoretical framework based on gender ideals; one set of material pointing to the importance of their economic and societal integration, and one on the importance of women’s role as mothers, and her protection. The study adds a different perspective on the friction between nationalistic Hindutva beliefs and contemporary, progressive legislation by analysing key concepts of gender ideals drawn from Hinduism and the Hindutva movement.

This thesis is focused on the integration of women after maternity and parental leave into the labour market. It is concerned with the specifics of women's employment, an important area of harmonization personal and professional life and finally facilities for children up to 6 years. In the theoretical part I outlined exactly these findings and compared with the situation abroad. The following section described the empirical research methods and interviews with mothers with children, questionnaires with workers of contact offices of the Labour Office and questionnaires with workers of the Directorate of Labour Office. In this section there is also an analysis of the findings and the final interpretation of the results. In the discussion I introduced the concluding observations in the context of the writers mentioned in the theoretical part and suggestions for improvements. In conclusion, I summarized my entire work and evaluated achievement of goals. Key words Unemployment - Labour market - Women's employment - Maternity and Parental leave

The possibility to earn a living and support a family independently is still a utopia for many women all around the world. Many organizations are constantly fighting for awareness of these issues and strive for an improvement in women’s economic equality. One of these organizations is the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which in its preamble acknowledges that "discrimination violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity".By the tenth anniversary of the CEDAW, almost one hundred nations have agreed to be bound by its provision. Some governments have achieved their goals by replacing discriminatory laws and policies in order to guarantee gender equality. Others have even gone the extra mile by promoting legislation which in turn would make it easier for women to be able to develop their careers. For instance, some have provided longer maternity leave, and in a few exceptional cases, some others gave the possibility of joint parental leave, creating a co-responsibility between men and women. Nevertheless, some governments have not done enough to balance the gender gap. Some even keep discriminatory laws on the books despite having come to powerlifting the flag of social justice and gender equality. This has been the case of many of the so-called “Pink Tide governments” that ruled in the majority of South America during the first two decades of the 21st century. Despite the left turn of these governments, women in the region are still exposed to segregation and jobs with lower status or a lower payment. This paper focuses on this particular period of South American political history, with a focus on the government policies issued to fight the increasing gender gap on women's economic participation and opportunities. In order to account for the actions taken by these governments towards gender equality policies, we will analyze the maternity and parental leave laws implemented during this period, as we understand that women’s social and economic rights are closely related to their status and conditions at work. Finally, we argue that in this case, the color pink has not been representing women in Latin America.

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Our paper analyzes how paid parental leave schemes affect female labor force participation in Sweden. We examine this question on municipality level from 2003 to 2019. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of a policy reform made in 2016 and analyze how it mainly affects women and their participation rate. It contributes to the fields of economics but also has a sociological aspect. We expect the policy reform to increase the share of parental leave days taken out by men, decrease the women's share, and increase female labor force participation. The empirical results do not show statistically significant evidence that the reform in 2016 increased or decreased women's participation rate. However, the share of net days taken out by men rises, and the share of female net days falls.

While there is abundant research and literature on the transition to becoming a mother while working and on mothers and work-life balance, literature on clergy and, in particular, clergywomen and work-life balance is scarce. This study contributes to that literature by utilizing role theory and grounded theory methods to investigate the experience of 12 clergywomen who negotiated maternity leave with their congregations and the implications of that process on how they understood and managed their roles as mothers and pastors. The result is a model for role management through the process of negotiating maternity leave which identifies and describes the causal conditions; personal, church and intervening factors; overall experience of negotiation and consequences of the negotiation, including decisions about role management. Major findings include the observations that the most influential church factor seems to be the overall stability and organizational health of the congregation and its leadership and that a presbytery level policy may be the only effective intervention in a difficult negotiation. Limitations of the study, as well as recommendations for future study, clinical implications, and recommendations for denominational leaders are also discussed. / Master of Science

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the legislation of parental leave in the Czech Republic and in Sweden in particular with respect to the possibilities of work-life balance, to evaluate an actual use of the system, its impacts on the individual labour markets and gender equality, to subsequently compare these two models and to propose amendments of legislation. The topic was chosen due to its significant impact on a vast amount of people and due to its currency with respect to a progressive change of perception of single parent's roles. The thesis is divided into five chapters following the main aim of the thesis, a comparison of several legislations. The first Chapter shortly describes the main terminology which has been used within the thesis and which is the main subject matter of the paper. Maternity, parental and paternity leave are defined mainly with respect to the purposes of the individual matters. The second Chapter deals with the legislation of the European Union. The relation of the Czech and European law in this field in general is analysed at first. An overview of legal documents related to the so called "family friendly policies" follows and the core of the chapter is the description of particular legislation of maternity, parental and paternity leave based on corresponding...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / The objective of the present study is the analysis of a current topic of great relevance, namely, women's work and maternity, according to the current legal system. For this approach, it is necessary to highlight the dual role that women play in society, either as a worker in search of capital for the support of her family and as administrator of the home, and to provide means of subsistence in the first moments of the new life that was Conceived. Thus, there is no denying the need to reassess the role of motherhood, given the increased participation of women in the labor market. Including women in the labor market goes far beyond their qualification, just as men do. It means respecting their hormonal, personal and family characteristics, where maternity is highlighted, as it is a general knowledge of the difficulty of reconciling responsibilities arising from the labor market and the obligations arising from maternity. Despite the adverse scenario of maternity and the economic crisis in Brazil, the transition and increase in the number of women entering and remaining in the Brazilian labor market is perceptible. It should be noted that a brief analysis of statistics reveals that men still have higher wages, which demonstrates a discriminatory nature of the insertion of women into the labor market. On the other hand, there is an increase in female employment in middle-level qualification occupations, with relatively more compensated income, with labor benefits extended by the Federal Constitution of 1988, and supported by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) As in several activities that historically have always been occupied by the male sex, such as, engineering, drivers, among others / O objetivo do presente estudo é a análise de um tema atual e de grande relevância, qual seja, o trabalho da mulher e a maternidade, conforme o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Para essa abordagem, se faz necessário destacar o duplo papel que a mulher exerce na sociedade, seja como trabalhadora em busca do capital para o sustento de sua família e como administradora do lar, devendo prover meios de subsistência nos primeiros momentos da nova vida que foi concebida. Dessa forma, não há como negar a necessidade de reavaliar o papel da maternidade, perante o aumento da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Incluir a mulher no mercado de trabalho vai muito além de sua qualificação, tal como ocorre com os homens. Significa respeitar suas características hormonais, pessoais e familiares, onde destaca-se a maternidade, eis que é de conhecimento geral a dificuldade de conciliar as responsabilidades oriundas do mercado de trabalho e as obrigações decorrentes da maternidade. Em que pese o cenário adverso decorrente da maternidade e a crise econômica que o Brasil atravessa, é perceptível a transição e o aumento do número de mulheres que ingressam e permanecem cada vez mais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Importante salientar, que uma breve análise das estatísticas, revela que os homens ainda possuem maiores salários, o que demonstra um caráter discriminatório da inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, observa-se o aumento da atividade feminina em ocupações de nível médio de qualificação, com rendimentos relativamente mais compensadores, com benefícios trabalhistas ampliados pela Constituição Federal de 1988, e sendo amparadas pela Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), bem como em diversas atividades que historicamente sempre foram ocupadas pelo sexo masculino, tais como, engenharia, motoristas, entre outras