Tato diplomová práce popisuje vznik a formování ekvity v systému anglického práva, její vzájemné postavení vůči common law, současné použití ekvity a některé její vývojové trendy. Teoretická část této práce je doplněna konkrétními precedenty.

[pt] O processo de galvanização por imersão a quente é uma técnica industrial largamente utilizada para proteger componentes de aço expostos à corrosão ambiental. Este processo envolve reações complexas, cujos mecanismos ainda são motivo de debate. A boa performance do revestimento está diretamente relacionada com as fases intermetálicas presentes no revestimento final. Assim, o entendimento do mecanismo de nucleação e crescimento das fases durante a etapa de tratamento térmico contribui para a melhoria do processo, principalmente para redução de custos e desenvolvimento de novos produtos. No presente trabalho, a técnica MAXIM (Materials X-rays Imaging) foi utilizada para identificar as fases presentes em amostras galvanizadas submetidas a diferentes tratamentos. Um difratômetro equipado com um sistema de colimação e detecção formado por uma placa contendo microcanais (Micro-Channel Plate, MCP) situada em frente à uma câmera CCD, permite a obtenção de uma imagem de raios-X. Com esta técnica pode-se identificar a origem posicional do feixe difratado com resolução de cerca de 12mm. Foram realizados dois tipos de experimentos: (1) experimentos, à temperatura ambiente, que consistiam na observação de amostras galvanizadas previamente tratadas (2) experimentos de tratamento térmico in situ, onde a evolução das fases pode ser acompanhada em tempo real. Pode- se concluir que a técnica MAXIM, acoplada ao forno de tratamento térmico in situ, é um método eficiente de observar a distribuição e evolução das fases presentes nas amostras galvanizadas e galvannealed. Este técnica é sensível o suficiente para detectar a evolução das fases com boa resolução espacial. / [en] Galvannealing is an important commercial processing technique used to protect steel components exposed to corrosive environments. This process involves a number of complex reactions and their precise mechanisms are still a matter of debate. The good performance of the coating is closely related to the Fe-Zn intermetallic phases present in the coating. The understanding of the mechanisms for phase nucleation and growth during the galvannealing process is, therefore, essential to help improving current processes, mainly for cost reduction and new products development. In the present study, the MAXIM (MAterials Xrays Imaging) technique was used to identify the phases present in previously galvanized steel samples subjected to different annealing conditions. A diffractometer equipped with a novel imaging system comprising a micro-channel plate (MCP) in front of a CCD detector was used. This setup allows positionresolved X-ray diffraction investigation of materials, with a resolution of 12mm. The experiments involved two sets of conditions; (1) experiments based on the observation, at room temperature, of previously galvannealed samples. (2) in-situ annealing experiments, where the phase evolution was recorded in real time. It can be concluded that MAXIM, coupled to in-situ annealing, provides a useful method for observing the phase evolution and distribution in galvanized/galvannealed samples. The method is sensitive enough to detect the time/temperature evolution of these phases, with good spatial resolution.

Během 90. let se v české společnosti začala konstituovat nová společenská vrstva singles, která upouští od tradičních hodnot týkajících se vstupu do manželství a založení rodiny a rozhodla se žít o samotě. Právě singles se stali předmětem mé diplomové práce, kterou jsem rozdělila na část teoretickou a část praktickou. V teoretické části své práce jsem se pokusila vystihnout základní problematiku singles, svou pozornost jsem zaměřila nejen na charakteristiku, ale i na různé typologie singles, jejich partnerské vztahy, zmínila jsem také historické okolnosti, které ovlivnily vznik této skupiny lidí. V teoretické části jsem se také věnovala otázce sňatečnosti a reprodukce, pokusila jsem se pomocí literatury zjistit, jaký názor a jaký postoj k této problematice zaujímají současní mladí lidé a také jakou vizi o své budoucnosti mají. Vzhledem k tomu, že obraz singles není dosud ucelený, rozhodla jsem se v praktické části své práce zjistit, jaký obraz o životě singles poskytují média. Jako média jsem zvolila dva typy periodik, a to časopis Maxim, který je primárně určen pro muže a časopis Harper's Bazaar, který je určen především pro ženy. Tato periodika jsem sledovala v první polovině roku 2010, kdy jsem nashromáždila určitý korpus textů, které jsem pak podrobila analýze. Jako metodu práce jsem zvolila...

Although experiential prescribing maxims are quoted in some optometric textbooks their content varies significantly and no direct research evidence was available to support their use. Accordingly in chapters 2 and 3, the uses of several potential prescribing rules were investigated in the UK optometric profession. Our results indicated that the subjective refraction result exerted a strong hold on the prescribing outcome with 40-85% of optometrists prescribing the subjective result in a variety of scenarios. The finding that after 40 years qualified, experienced optometrists were three times more likely to suggest a partial prescription was an important discovery that provides significant support for the prescribing rules suggested by various authors. It would also appear from the results of the retrospective evaluation of the 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it' clinical maxim in Chapter 4 that spectacle dissatisfaction rates could be reduced by between 22 to 42% depending on how strictly the maxim is interpreted by the practitioner. Certainly an 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it much' maxim was suggested as being particularly appropriate. Chapter 5 included a reanalysis of previously published data that found no change in falls rate after cataract surgery to investigate any influence of refractive correction change and /or visual acuity change on falls rate. Unfortunately these data were not sufficiently powered to provide significant results. In chapter 6, a spectacle adaptation questionnaire (SAQ) was developed and validated using Rasch analysis. Initial studies found no differences in SAQ with gender or age.

The term “pragmatism” has been used and abused by doctrines that are even contradictory among them. For the founder of Pragmatism as a philosophicaltradition, Charles Peirce, this situation might seem a sad misunderstanding, and that is why he came up with the term “pragmaticism” in order to distinguish his own particular version of Pragmatism. However, Peirce himself did not leave a systematic treaty that explained what kind of specific conditions distinguish his pragmatism from other versions. In this essay I introduce some criteria that I deem fundamental to disambiguate the meaning of Pragmatism: (1) the use of the logical principle known as the ‘pragmatic maxim’, upon which the corner stone of the tradition should rest; (2) the need to adopt Scholastic Realism and reject Nominalism; and (3), the operationalist character (as opposed to the inferential character) of Peirce’s pragmatism. In addition, I offer some views avowing that in spite of the differences and distinctions that these criteria establish, there is a core of convergence between the different kinds of pragmatisms present in the philosophical tradition. / Distintas doctrinas, incluso contrapuestas entre sí, presumen de ser una forma de “pragmatismo”. Para el fundador del Pragmatismo en tanto tradición filosófica, Charles Peirce, esta situación puede resultar en una lamentable confusión y, por tanto, acuñó el término de ‘pragmaticismo’ para distinguir su particular versión.Sin embargo, Peirce mismo no escribió un texto sistemático en el que explicara qué criterios específicos distinguen su pragmatismo de cualquier otro. En este texto presento algunos de estos criterios que me parecen fundamentales: (1) el uso de una máxima pragmática sobre la cual ha de descansar el principio lógico que fundamenta la tradición, (2) La necesidad de adoptar el realismo escolástico y rechazar el nominalismo; y (3) El caracter operacionalista, opuesto al inferencialista, del pragmatismo de Peirce. Además, presento algunas opiniones que hacen pensar que a pesar de las distinciones que estos criterios establecen hay un núcleo de convergencia entre los distintos tipos de pragmatismos presentes en la tradición filosófica.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T11:43:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Isabel Pereira Bezerra Almeida - 2014.pdf: 582154 bytes, checksum: 45944bf34da8b157f3aec7864ea90d4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T11:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Isabel Pereira Bezerra Almeida - 2014.pdf: 582154 bytes, checksum: 45944bf34da8b157f3aec7864ea90d4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T11:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Isabel Pereira Bezerra Almeida - 2014.pdf: 582154 bytes, checksum: 45944bf34da8b157f3aec7864ea90d4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / This work aims to provide high school teachers and Higher Education workshop optimization with the aid of WinPlotr program to encourage the study of mathematics and its applications . Optimization in mathematics is to study problems for maximization or minimization of functions with the choice of methods that lead to the great demand . Given this context , this work has the theme of a workshop with the help of optimization software WinPlotr and aims to encourage the student ’s third year of high school or the early years of Higher Education to want to know new methods of learning. Presents troubleshooters of Applied Mathematics with maximization or minimization . With the use of derivatives and the Bisection method , and the second method is often used in calculations of roots and was adapted for this work . It also offers all the methodological planning a workshop to be worked into eight classes dynamic , creative and with the proposal to encourage students to have a more robust and accurate knowledge fashion . / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de oferecer aos professores do Ensino Medio e do Ensino Superior uma oficina de otimizacao com o auxılio do programa WinPlotr destinado a incentivar o estudo da Matem´atica e suas aplicacoes. Otimizacao em matematica consiste em estudar problemas para maximiza¸c˜ao ou minimizacao de funcoes com a escolha de metodos que conduzam `a procura do otimo. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho tem como tema uma oficina de otimiza¸c˜ao com o auxılio do software WinPlotr e tem como objetivo incentivar o aluno do terceiro ano do Ensino Medio ou dos anos iniciais do Ensino Superior a querer conhecer novos metodos de aprendizagem. Apresenta resolucoes de problemas de Matem´atica Aplicada com maximiza¸c˜ao ou minimiza¸c˜ao. Com o uso de derivadas e pelo m´etodo da Bissec¸c˜ao, sendo que o segundo m´etodo ´e muito utilizado em calculos de raızes e foi adaptado para esse trabalho. Contempla ainda todo o planejamento metodologico de uma oficina para ser trabalhada em oito aulas de forma dinamica, criativa e com a proposta de estimular os alunos a terem um conhecimento mais solido e rigoroso.

This dissertation examines the formation and ramifications of the Russian Civil War cult, a system of signs, codes, and meanings that instructed Soviet citizens how properly to be socialist and how to thrive under the regime. By analyzing public rituals of the 1920s and 1930s designed to commemorate the Civil War and its heroes, this project demonstrates the numerous ways in which the state attempted to inculcate Soviet values and a willingness to sacrifice one's life for the state. However, Soviet citizens often responded to war imagery in ways that the regime did not expect, co-opting cult values to suit their own everyday circumstances or to lobby the state for changes in their local regions. Examining the story of the cult of the Civil War through the traumatic years of industrialization, collectivization, and terror recasts how the Soviet state and society came to terms with these dramatic transformations. A central focus of the dissertation concerns the construction of Civil War heroes in literature and film, the most prominent of them being the famed commander Chapaev. The 1934 film Chapaev represented a critical mode of contact between the state and everyday citizens, in which people acted not only as spectators, but as active participants, allowing them to "play out" the Civil War in their own lives through celebratory fanfare, artistic expression like theater and poetry, and a shared cinematic experience. In this way, the state successfully transmitted images of unity and heroism to the population. The film became a cultural phenomenon, providing people with an outlet for feelings of powerlessness. Watching Chapaev was a method of coping with the dilemmas of everyday life. Built on a varied source base, using published literature and archival documents, including letters from citizens, official memoranda, stenograms, newspapers, and journals, this dissertation explores various public forms of Civil War pageantry, such as monument building, exhibitions in Moscow's Red Army Museum, Maxim Gorky's collected war history, and the twentieth anniversary celebrations of the Red Army in 1938. Finally, the dissertation addresses the cult's disintegration in the late 1930s during the chaos and uncertainty of the Great Terror.

There are different ways to understand warfare. Some see it as an artform, some as a science. For hundreds of years writers and theorists have tried to explain war in terms of principles such as initiative, surprise, and simplicity. These principles are sometimes distilled into maxims that try to define the most meaningful, crucial rules of war. This essay examines naval writer Wayne P. Huhges’s maxim “attack effectively first”. The somewhat self-evident concept of attacking effectively first leading to naval victory is tested and discussed. Hughes has developed three factors that he sees as essential in achieving the maxim, firepower, scouting and command and control (C2). The factors are analyzed and applied to the Yom Kippur war to investigate their meaning and value. The results of the analysis show that the factors are necessary to attack effectively first. However more research is required to evaluate how other factors can contribute and if the maxim is relevant in other maritime warfare cases.

This study examines the story that Maxim tells about masculinity, with particular focus on the type of humor in the magazine and its function; the way the magazine echoes embodied male-male social interaction, particularly “male-bonding”; and how the magazine pits “real” women against the Maxim fantasy women.

Men are bombarded with contradictory masculine imagery in the media. The perfect man must be aggressive but not violent, sensitive but not emotional, healthy, active and smart without being an idealist, overachiever or too bookish. Heterocentric male focused lifestyle magazines rival women’s magazines in number and availability. Some men look to these images as a tool by which to gauge their masculinity and learn their social role performance. This inquiry includes a content analysis of four major men's lifestyle magazines over a 12-month period in which four new masculinities: certitude, irony, new sexism and double voicing were critiqued. Elements of costume, nonverbal expressions and activity level in the photographs of men and women were examined. The findings indicate that Maxim and Stuff were deluged with displays of certitude of gender roles, irony, "new sexism" and double voicing. Playboy had a high level of gender certitude, marginal levels of new sexism and irony and low levels of double voicing. Lastly, GQ had relatively high levels of gender certitude but it had very low levels of the other masculinities.