Population growth and urbanization are projected by the United Nations to add 2,5 billionpeople to the world’s urban population by 2050. We need to construct buildings in anunprecedented scale to meet global housing demand. Sustainable development is critical.Compared to traditional heavy constructions, lightweight wooden constructions are moreenvironmentally friendly and will play a key role in meeting future demands. However, thereare two major problems with lightweight constructions that need to be addressed: 1) Limitedlow frequency sound insulation and 2) Variations in sound insulation.Annoyance from walking sound tend to be higher in lightweight than in heavy constructionseven with the same measured sound insulation. The Swedish research program AkuLiteindicated that the correlation between measured sound insulation and annoyance wassignificantly improved by extending current evaluation methods from 50 Hz down to 20 Hz.Secondly, large variations in sound insulation between nominally identical lightweightconstructions are common, which leads to larger safety margins. By identifying and quantifyingunderlying causes, production costs can be minimized and the performance can be improved.The aim of the thesis is to develop a new evaluation method for impact sound insulation thatbetter correspond to rated annoyance, and to identify and control underlying causes forvariations in sound insulation. The thesis contains six papers.In Paper I and II, sound insulation measurements were carried out in a large number ofnominally identical rooms of two different industrially prefabricated lightweight woodenconstructions. The purpose was to assess and quantify the variations in impact and airbornesound insulation. In Paper I, 30 nominally identical apartments of a volume based system wasevaluated. The apartments on the highest floor achieved significantly better sound insulationdue to the extra weight on lower floors affecting the elastic connections between stories. InPaper II, 18 rooms of a cross-laminated timber system of plate elements were evaluated.Additionally, several potential parameters related to measurement uncertainty wereinvestigated.Paper III deals with measurement uncertainty. An empirical study of reverberation timemeasurements showed that current methods need to be improved, if sound insulationrequirements are to be extended to 20 Hz.Paper IV and V verified that the frequency range 20-50 Hz is important for walking soundannoyance, and that alternative frequency adaptation terms can improve the correlation betweenmeasured impact sound insulation and annoyance ratings. In Paper IV, the methodology was toperform extensive field measurements in apartment buildings of various construction types andto perform questionnaire surveys among the residents. In Paper V, the methodology was toevaluate annoyance based on binaural recordings of walking sound in a two-part listening test.In Paper VI, 70 measurements in a lightweight wooden system were evaluated to quantify thetotal variations in impact and airborne sound insulation from 20 and 50 Hz, respectively. It wasconcluded that the proposed metrics of impact sound insulation were primarily determined bythe impact sound level 20-40 Hz and that the measurement methods must be evaluatedthoroughly to avoid excessive safety margins. A new evaluation method for impact sound insulation from 25 Hz, that correspond to the ratedannoyance for both heavy and lightweight constructions is proposed. By using the proposedmethod and attending the specific causes for variations, the lightweight industry will be able todevelop improved multi-story dwellings with higher perceived acoustic quality. / <p>Forskningsfinansiärer:</p><p>Sven Tyréns Stiftelse</p><p>Formas</p>

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-01T12:48:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ferreira Heissler_.pdf: 5310998 bytes, checksum: 8847fea2dddf83be1123bea3df10448c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-01T12:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ferreira Heissler_.pdf: 5310998 bytes, checksum: 8847fea2dddf83be1123bea3df10448c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-09 / Nenhuma / Atualmente no Brasil as construtoras necessitam projetar e construir edificações residenciais com condições mínimas de isolamento acústico, e para tal, as características acústicas do sistema construtivo devem ser bem conhecidas. Para as condições de projeto, utilizam-se dados de isolamento acústico dos sistemas ensaiados em laboratório como valores de input em simulações computacionais, e assim, estimar os resultados que poderão ser obtidos em ensaios em campo. Entretanto, os requisitos que o sistema deve atender, na atual norma brasileira, são fundamentados somente em ensaios experimentais em laboratório ou em campo, particularmente, não contemplando o uso de métodos de predição acústica para se estimar o desempenho em etapas de projeto. Isso acarreta em uma necessidade de amostragem total da edificação, uma vez que requisitos são estipulados de acordo com a situação de uso das unidades. Deste modo, este trabalho busca apresentar resultados da diferença padronizada de nível ponderado e nível de pressão sonora de impacto-padrão ponderado de diferentes sistemas construtivos ensaiados em uma mesma edificação, com foco na análise comparativa das diferentes áreas e geometrias e na estimativa obtida de softwares de predição acústica. Os ensaios foram realizados em edifícios residenciais situados na região de Porto Alegre, de acordo com as normas técnicas ISO 16283-1 e ISO 16283-2, e estimados com o uso de software SONarchitect. Uma análise da incerteza de medição a partir de uma série histórica de dados foi realizada para se verificar se há influência da geometria na incerteza expandida. Para a condição de ruído aéreo, verificou-se que parte dos ensaios apresentaram resultados simulados com valor menor que os encontrados através de ensaio, e a incerteza de medição tende a um valor maior conforme o aumento do volume do cômodo ensaiado. Já para os ensaios de transmissão ao ruído de impacto, os valores estimados ficaram muito próximos dos resultados de ensaio, entretanto, não foi possível relacionar a incerteza de medição com o volume do cômodo ensaiado. / Currently in Brazil, building companies need to design and construct residential buildings with a minimum of acoustic insulation conditions, and to this end, the acoustic characteristics of the constructive system must be well known. For the design situation, sound insulation data of the systems tested in the laboratory are used as input values in computational simulations, and thus, to estimate the results that can be obtained in field tests. However, the requirements only contemplate the minimum results that the system must have when performed in the laboratory and verified in the field situation, not allowing the use of acoustic prediction methods to estimate the performance in design stages. This entails a need for total sampling of the building since requirements are established according to the kind of the units. Thus, this study aims to present results of the weighted standardized sound level difference and weighted standardized impact sound pressure level of different building systems tested in the same building, with a focus on comparative analysis of different areas and geometry and obtained from estimation of acoustic prediction software. The tests were carried out in residential buildings located in the region of Porto Alegre, according to the technical standards ISO 16283-1 and ISO 16283-2, and estimated with the use of software SONarchitect. An analysis of the uncertainty of measurement from a historical data series was carried out to verify if there is influence of the geometry in the expanded uncertainty. For the airborne condition, it was found that part of the tests presented shown results with a lower value than those found by means of the test, and the measurement uncertainty tends to be higher as the volume of the room tested increases. However, for the impact noise transmission tests, the estimated values were very close to the test results, however, it was not possible to relate the measurement uncertainty to the volume of the room tested.

Nenhuma medição é realizada com perfeição absoluta, uma vez que todos os valores encontrados são aproximações do valor real e todas as medidas, independente de sua finalidade ou qualidade, possuem uma incerteza. A incerteza de medição é um parâmetro associado ao resultado, que caracteriza a dispersão em torno dos seus valores. O conceito de incerteza de medição já é adotado em laboratórios de calibração e também muito aplicado na área de engenharia; no entanto em análises toxicológicas esta abordagem ainda é recente e há poucos relatos na literatura científica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da incerteza de medição em análises toxicológicas confirmatórias de substâncias psicoativas - anfetaminas (anfetamina e metanfetamina), ácido 11-nor-&#916;9-tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THC-COOH) e benzoilecgonina - em urina, detectados pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A microextração em fase líquida (LPME) mostrou-se eficaz na determinação de THC-COOH, e após a completa validação, o método desenvolvido foi aplicado na quantificação de amostras de urina de referência provenientes do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) dos Estados Unidos da América (SRM1507b - NIST). As principais contribuições para a incerteza do método foram a concentração do analito, a acurácia, seguidos da precisão e do volume de amostra. A incerteza combinada obtida foi equivalente a 8%. A LPME também apresentou-se eficiente para a extração das anfetaminas e a incerteza combinada obtida por este método foi 2,1%. No método de detecção de benzoilecgonina, a principal fonte de incerteza foi a acurácia do método e o resultado da incerteza combinada da análise de uma urina de referência (SRM1508a - NIST) foi 4,8%. Todos os valores de incerteza de medição encontrados em nosso estudo estão de acordo com as normas e referências internacionais e também são condizentes com os valores estipulados pela NIST nos laudos de análise das amostras de referência. / Neither measurement is made with absolute perfection, once all the values are approximations of the actual value and all measures, independent of its purpose or quality, have an uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result, which characterizes the dispersion around their values. The concept of measurement uncertainty is already used in calibration laboratories and also widely applied in engineering, however, in toxicological analysis, this approach is recent and there are few reports in the scientific literature. Therefore, this work aimed to study the measurement uncertainty in confirmatory toxicological analysis of psychoactive drugs - amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine), acid 11-nor-&#916;9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC - COOH) and benzoylecgonine - in urine detected by the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was effective in the determination of THC-COOH, and after complete validation, the method was applied to the quantification of urine samples of reference from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of United States of America (SRM1507b - NIST). The main contributions to the uncertainty of the method were the analyte concentration, accuracy, followed by the precision and the sample volume. The combined uncertainty obtained was equivalent to 8%. The LPME also presented efficient for the extraction of amphetamine and combined uncertainty obtained by this method was 2.1%. In the method of detection of benzoylecgonine, the main source of uncertainty was the accuracy of the method and the result of the combined uncertainty of the analysis of a urine reference (SRM1508a - NIST) was 4.8%. All values of measurement uncertainty found in our study are in accordance with international standards and references and are also consistent with the values stipulated by certificate of analysis of NIST reference samples.

Nenhuma medição é realizada com perfeição absoluta, uma vez que todos os valores encontrados são aproximações do valor real e todas as medidas, independente de sua finalidade ou qualidade, possuem uma incerteza. A incerteza de medição é um parâmetro associado ao resultado, que caracteriza a dispersão em torno dos seus valores. O conceito de incerteza de medição já é adotado em laboratórios de calibração e também muito aplicado na área de engenharia; no entanto em análises toxicológicas esta abordagem ainda é recente e há poucos relatos na literatura científica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da incerteza de medição em análises toxicológicas confirmatórias de substâncias psicoativas - anfetaminas (anfetamina e metanfetamina), ácido 11-nor-&#916;9-tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THC-COOH) e benzoilecgonina - em urina, detectados pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A microextração em fase líquida (LPME) mostrou-se eficaz na determinação de THC-COOH, e após a completa validação, o método desenvolvido foi aplicado na quantificação de amostras de urina de referência provenientes do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) dos Estados Unidos da América (SRM1507b - NIST). As principais contribuições para a incerteza do método foram a concentração do analito, a acurácia, seguidos da precisão e do volume de amostra. A incerteza combinada obtida foi equivalente a 8%. A LPME também apresentou-se eficiente para a extração das anfetaminas e a incerteza combinada obtida por este método foi 2,1%. No método de detecção de benzoilecgonina, a principal fonte de incerteza foi a acurácia do método e o resultado da incerteza combinada da análise de uma urina de referência (SRM1508a - NIST) foi 4,8%. Todos os valores de incerteza de medição encontrados em nosso estudo estão de acordo com as normas e referências internacionais e também são condizentes com os valores estipulados pela NIST nos laudos de análise das amostras de referência. / Neither measurement is made with absolute perfection, once all the values are approximations of the actual value and all measures, independent of its purpose or quality, have an uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result, which characterizes the dispersion around their values. The concept of measurement uncertainty is already used in calibration laboratories and also widely applied in engineering, however, in toxicological analysis, this approach is recent and there are few reports in the scientific literature. Therefore, this work aimed to study the measurement uncertainty in confirmatory toxicological analysis of psychoactive drugs - amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine), acid 11-nor-&#916;9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC - COOH) and benzoylecgonine - in urine detected by the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was effective in the determination of THC-COOH, and after complete validation, the method was applied to the quantification of urine samples of reference from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of United States of America (SRM1507b - NIST). The main contributions to the uncertainty of the method were the analyte concentration, accuracy, followed by the precision and the sample volume. The combined uncertainty obtained was equivalent to 8%. The LPME also presented efficient for the extraction of amphetamine and combined uncertainty obtained by this method was 2.1%. In the method of detection of benzoylecgonine, the main source of uncertainty was the accuracy of the method and the result of the combined uncertainty of the analysis of a urine reference (SRM1508a - NIST) was 4.8%. All values of measurement uncertainty found in our study are in accordance with international standards and references and are also consistent with the values stipulated by certificate of analysis of NIST reference samples.

Gamma-ray spectrometry measurements performed on site, or “in situ”, is a widely used and powerful method that can be employed both to identify and quantify ground deposited radionuclides. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the calibration of high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors for in situ measurements, and calculate the combined uncertainty and potential systematic effects. An improved semi-empirical calibration method is presented, based on a novel expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency that includes both the energy and angular response of the detector. A three-layer model for the description of the depth distribution of the radionuclide and the soil density is proposed. The combined uncertainty of intrinsic detector efficiency calibrations and in situ measurements according to the proposed method was estimated. The uncertainty in the intrinsic detector efficiency was found to be 5.1 and 8.1% (coverage factor k=1, i.e. for a confidence interval of about 68%), for the two detectors calibrated. These numbers were, however, at a later stage reduced to 3.7 and 4.2%, using a revised expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency. For in situ measurements, the combined standard uncertainty was found to be 15-20% (k=1), based on the original expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency. Monte Carlo models of the two detectors were created and Monte Carlo calculated values for intrinsic detector efficiency were compared with experimental data. As a discrepancy was found, a thorough investigation of the detector response was performed. Scanning of the detector surface with a collimated 59.5 keV photon beam revealed the detector response to be highly irregular over the detector surface. It was concluded that the efficiency deficit of the detector could most likely be attributed to an increase in dead layer thickness compared with manufacturer supplied data. The thickness of the dead layer was estimated to be 1.5-1.9 mm, whereas the nominal value was 0.7 mm. Radiographs of the detectors were produced that provided valuable information about the physical dimensions of the germanium crystal, as well as its actual location within the detector housing. The Monte Carlo models were employed to calculate in situ measurement efficiencies for measurements of 137Cs deposition from the Chernobyl fallout. Results from the Monte Carlo simulations were compared both with the semi-empirical method and with soil sample data, and satisfactory agreement was confirmed. It was then proceeded to employ the Monte Carlo model to calculate the effect on in situ measurement results by two influencing parameters: ground curvature and activity in trees. Neither of these parameters was found to influence the result by more than about 25%. This deviation is comparable with the measurement uncertainty, and should not deter from measurements in such terrain.

In this thesis, the measurement uncertainty of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is analysed and software is designed to simulate this. Analysis begins with the inspection of the measurement process and structure of the CMMs. After that, error sources are defined with respect to their effects on the measurement and then an error model is constructed to compensate these effects. In other words, systematic part of geometric, kinematic and thermal errors are compensated with error modelling. Kinematic and geometric error model is specific for the structure of CMM under inspection. Also, a common orthogonal kinematic model is formed and with using the laser error data of the CMM and error maps of the machine volume is obtained. Afterwards, the models are compared with each other by taking the difference and ratio. The definition and compensation of the systematic errors leave the uncertainty of measurements for analysing. Measurement uncertainty consists of the uncompensated systematic errors and random errors. The other aim of the thesis is to quantify these uncertainties with using the different methods and to inspect the success of these methods. Uncertainty budgeting, comparison, statistical evaluation by designing an experiments and simulation methods are examined and applied to the CMM under inspection. In addition, Virtual CMM software is designed to simulate the task specific measurement uncertainty of circle, sphere and plane without using the repeated measurements. Finally, the performance of the software, highly depending on the mathematical modelling of machine volume, is tested by using actual measurements.

The oil and gas industry need for high performing and low cost multiphase meters is ever more justified given the rapid depletion of conventional oil reserves. This has led oil companies to develop smaller/marginal fields and reservoirs in remote locations and deep offshore, thereby placing great demands for compact and more cost effective soluti8ons of on-line continuous multiphase flow measurement. The pattern recognition approach for clamp-on multiphase measurement employed in this research study provides one means for meeting this need. Cont/d.

O estudo de redes hidrÃulicas para fins de operaÃÃo ou anÃlise de viabilidade para ampliaÃÃo ou recuperaÃÃo das mesmas à iniciado pela calibraÃÃo, neste contexto, entendida como identificaÃÃo de parÃmetros tais como: fator de atrito, rugosidade e diÃmetro. O MÃtodo Transiente Inverso em conjunto com Algoritmo genÃtico se mostra eficiente nessa tarefa. O referido mÃtodo emprega o MÃtodo das CaracterÃsticas na soluÃÃo das equaÃÃes de movimento para escoamento transiente em tubos de redes e a otimizaÃÃo das soluÃÃes à baseada na Teoria Evolutiva e avaliada por uma funÃÃo objetivo, que neste estudo à o somatÃrio do mÃdulo da diferenÃa entre as cargas medidas e calculadas pelo modelo para cada conjunto de soluÃÃes. Considerando que o objetivo do desenvolvimento de modelos matemÃticos para a calibraÃÃo de redes hipotÃticas à a utilizaÃÃo dos mesmos em redes reais, e que nessas, a coleta de dados de carga està sujeita a erros de mediÃÃo, seja devido a defeitos nos equipamentos seja por condiÃÃes ambiente desfavorÃveis ou outros efeitos aleatÃrios e tendo em vista a relevÃncia dos fatores de atrito nas tubulaÃÃes, pela sua relaÃÃo com perdas de carga que devem ser controladas para um Ãtimo funcionamento de redes, garantindo um abastecimento contÃnuo em quantidade e condiÃÃes de funcionamento adequados, este trabalho propÃe-se a verificar a interferÃncia da presenÃa de erros de mediÃÃo de carga transiente na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito em duas redes hidrÃulicas hipotÃticas. As mesmas sÃo de portes diferentes com relaÃÃo ao nÃmero de anÃis, nÃs e tubos. Ambas sÃo alimentadas por um reservatÃrio cada. As condiÃÃes transientes sÃo atribuÃdas a uma manobra de vÃlvula instalada em um dos nÃs de cada rede. A coleta de dados de carga à restrita a 20% dos nÃs de cada rede, sendo que um deles à o nà onde se encontra a vÃlvula. O tempo de observaÃÃo do transiente hidrÃulico à restrito ao tempo da manobra de vÃlvula, 20s, e ocorre em intervalos de 0,1s, resultando em 200 registros de carga. A condiÃÃo permanente das redes à inicialmente desconhecida o conhecimento acerca da mesma à restrito a carga nos reservatÃrios e demandas nos nÃs, bem como diÃmetros dos tubos, os fatores de atrito sÃo inicialmente estipulados. A determinaÃÃo das condiÃÃes permanente e transiente bem como a identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito à realizada com a utilizaÃÃo de um modelo hidrÃulico e geram cargas transientes que sÃo consideradas convencionalmente verdadeiras, essas entÃo recebem incrementos de diversos erros sistemÃticos e aleatÃrios, que geram novas cargas e essas sÃo consideradas coletadas com erros de mediÃÃo. A partir dessas novas cargas sÃo realizadas identificaÃÃes de fatores de atrito, os quais sÃo comparados com os que foram obtidos considerando um caso ideal de cargas sem erros de mediÃÃo. A referida comparaÃÃo à realizada atravÃs do Erro MÃdio Relativo e da FunÃÃo Objetivo Ãtima. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que os erros de mediÃÃo interferem na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito apesar de nÃo ser possÃvel delinear uma relaÃÃo entre os mesmos. / The study of hydraulic networks for operation purposes or viability analysis for extension or renovation of the same is started the calibration in this context understood as identification parameters, such as friction coefficient, surface roughness and diameter. The Transient Inverse Method in conjunction with genetic algorithm is efficient in this task shows. This method employs the method of characteristics in the solution of the equations of motion for transient flow in networks of pipes and the optimization of solutions is based on Evolutionary Theory and evaluated by an objective function, which in this study is the sum of the difference between the module loads measured and calculated by the model for each set of solutions. Whereas the objective of the development of mathematical models for calibration hypothetical networks is their use in real networks, and that these, the collection of payload data is subject to measurement errors, is due to defects in the equipment or by conditions unfavorable environment or other random effects and taking into account the relevance of friction factors in pipelines, by their relationship to head losses that must be controlled to a great operation of networks, ensuring a continuous supply in quantity and appropriate operating conditions, this work is proposed to verify the influence of the presence of transient load measurement errors in the identification of friction factors in two hypothetical hydraulic networks. They are of different sizes with the number of rings, knots and tubes. Both are each fed by a reservoir. The transient conditions are assigned to a valve maneuver installed in one of the nodes of each network. The load data collection is restricted to 20% of the nodes in each network, one of which is the node where the valve is located. The hydraulic transient observation time is restricted to the valve maneuver time, 20s, and occurs at intervals of 0.1s, resulting in 200 charge records. The permanent condition of networks is initially unknown knowledge about the same is restricted to load in the reservoirs and demands on us as well as pipe diameter, the friction factors are initially stipulated. The determination of the permanent and transient conditions and the identification of the friction factors is performed using a hydraulic model and generate transient loads which are conventionally considered true, then these various steps of receiving systematic and random errors, which generate new burdens and these are considered collected with measurement errors. From these new loads are carried IDs friction factors, which are compared with those obtained considering an ideal case with no measurement errors loads. This comparison is performed using the mean relative error and function great goal. The results show that measurement errors in the identification of interfering friction factors although not possible to draw a relationship between them.

La construction électrique reposant en grande partie sur l’utilisation des propriétés électromagnétiques du fer et de ses alliages, les concepteurs ont besoin d’une connaissance précise de ces propriétés. Les caractéristiques des matériaux magnétiques doux, typiquement celles de l’acier des roues polaires d'une machine à griffes, peuvent être notablement impactées par les procédés de fabrication. Celles-ci doivent alors être caractérisées directement sur la pièce finale. Dans ce travail, on propose une méthode de mesure non destructive combinant une démarche opératoire et la simulation par éléments finis afin de caractériser la conductivité électrique locale des roues polaires. Afin d’adapter les paramètres expérimentaux à la géométrie de la pièce considérée, et à l’aide d’un diagramme 5M (ou diagramme d'Ishikawa), une démarche d’optimisation de la méthode est entreprise. Puis l’incertitude de mesure est déterminée à l’aide de deux démarches différentes. Cette méthode est ensuite exploitée pour mener une étude sur une population de roues polaires extraites de la chaîne de production. Dans un second temps, la méthode est étendue pour la mesure de perméabilité incrémentale. Des essais sur tôles épaisses ont permis de valider l’approche proposée à l'aide du même type de capteur. Par ailleurs, une étude complémentaire par éléments finis 3D a permis de mettre en évidence les limites de l'approche analytique, notamment lorsque la perméabilité de la plaque et son épaisseur deviennent trop importantes. Finalement, cette méthode est appliquée au cas des roues polaire, dans le cadre d’une approche qualitative, en vue d’une application de type contrôle qualité. / Electrical energy conversion devices are based on the use of electromagnetic properties of iron and its alloys. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of these properties is required for the designers. The characteristics of the soft magnetic materials, typically those of a claw pole rotor, can be significantly impacted by the manufacturing processes. Consequently, these properties must be characterized directly on the manufactured magnetic piece. In this work, a non-destructive measurement method combining an operative approach and the finite element simulation is proposed to characterize the local electrical conductivity of the claw pole rotor. The choice of the experimental parameters associated to the claw pole rotor geometry is optimized using the Ishikawa diagram. Then, the measurement uncertainty is determined using two different approaches. This method is applied to perform a study on a population of claw pole rotors issued from the manufacturing chain. Secondly, the method is extended to incremental permeability measurement. Tests on thick sheets were realized to validate the proposed approach with the same type of sensor. Moreover, a complementary study in 3D finite element has emphasized the limitations of the analytical approach, especially when the permeability of the plate and its thickness become significant. Finally, this method is applied to the case of claw pole rotors through a qualitative approach for a quality control application.

In the introductory chapter of this work is caught organizational structure of the national metrology system in the Czech Republic and its links to international organizations. There is indicated the basic terminology of metrology, particularly in the area of classification instruments. The following sections approaching the issue of measurement uncertainties, their classification, sources of uncertainty determined by the type A and B, their specifics and calculation. The above linked area already dealing with themselves calibrations, first of all calibration weights, classification of weights according accuracy classes, established procedures, and finally determining uncertainty in calibration weights. Then, immediately followed by a chapter dealing with calibration balances, performed tests and measurement uncertainties. The main part is of course directed towards the application of acquired knowledge to practical examples, thus performing the calibration weight class F2 using a high-precision weights, both in the premises of the Technical University in Brno, both in the laboratory weighing the Czech Metrological Institute. Further calibration was performed school balances Ohaus Explorer EX224.