Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Torreao Correa da Silva.pdf: 13435475 bytes, checksum: 0ee13ef29957b217cb6d5b50c30944cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To estimate the measurement uncertainty of the pure-tone audiometry by air-conduction, in the frequencies from 250 Hz to 8000 Hz, and bone-conduction, at frequencies of 500 Hz to 4000 Hz. Method: This is an observational, descriptive and cross sectional study. Accuracy measurement tests under repeatability conditions were conducted (same measurement procedure, operator, measuring system, operating conditions and site, in a short time interval). Each of the nine participants took part in two trials with five repetitions each through air and bone conduction, in the right and left ear. In Trial 1 the interval between each repetition was five minutes. In Trial 2 the interval between repetitions was sixty minutes. To calculate the combined uncertainty the type A uncertainty, derived from repeatability, and Type B uncertainty derived from the audiometer calibration certificate, the audiometer resolution, and the conditions of the test environment were considered. Results: There was no statistically significant difference intra-individuals in different time intervals (p> 0,05), in both air and bone conduction. The median of type A uncertainty ranged from 0 dB to 2,7 dB in the right ear, and 0 dB to 3,5 dB in the left ear for air conduction. In bone conduction the median of type A uncertainty ranged from 2.2 dB to 2.7 dB in both ears. Type B uncertainties, for air and bone conduction, derived from the contribution of the equipment used for the test (0,4 dB), of the equipment resolution (1,4 dB), and the test environment (5,0 dB). Considering the median of type A uncertainty derived from accuracy measurement, and type B uncertainties mentioned above, the estimated of measurement uncertainty of pure tone audiometry, air and bone conduction, in this study, for the confidence level of 95% (k=1.96) and 95.45% (k=2.0) were 10 dB or 11 dB, for the frequencies tested, in both Trials 1 and Trial 2, in both ears. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of accuracy measurement tests under repeatability conditions, as proposed in this work. In this study the contribution of type B uncertainties, derived from the audiometer calibration certificate, potentiometer and test environment, this latter being more prevalent, was higher than that of type A uncertainty derived from repeatability, indicating the need to keep control of these variables. The expression of measurement uncertainty can increase even more the sensitivity and specificity of audiometry, respectively increasing the rate of true positives and true negatives, since it is considered the gold standard. In this study the expanded uncertainty, for the confidence level of 95% and 95,45% ranged between 10 and 11 dB, in air and bone conduction. The reliability of the pure-tone audiometry test depends on the expression of its uncertainty; only so results obtained with the same subject in different places and times can be compared. Therefore the expression of uncertainty should be taken into consideration when delivering results and in preparing reports, for subsidizing decisions on hearing aids prescription, selection and adaptation procedures, as well as assessment of social security benefit payments, labor actions and health surveillance actions / Estimar a Incerteza de Medição no exame de audiometria tonal por via aérea, nas frequências de 250 Hz a 8 000 Hz, e por via óssea, nas frequências de 500 Hz a 4 000 Hz. Método: Nesta pesquisa, de natureza observacional, descritiva e transversal, foram realizados ensaios de precisão de medição sob condições de repetibilidade (mesmo procedimento de medição, operador, sistema de medição, condições de operação e mesmo local, em curto intervalo de tempo). Cada um dos nove participantes realizou dois ensaios, com cinco repetições de audiometria cada, por vias aérea e óssea, orelhas direita e esquerda. No Ensaio 1 o intervalo entre cada repetição foi de cinco minutos. No Ensaio 2 o intervalo entre as repetições foi de sessenta minutos. Para cálculo da incerteza padrão combinada considerou-se a incerteza do tipo A, derivada da repetibilidade, e as incertezas do tipo B, derivadas do certificado de calibração do audiômetro, da resolução do audiômetro, e das condições do ambiente de teste. Resultados: Para as vias aérea e óssea não houve diferença estatisticamente significante intraindivíduos nos diferentes intervalos de tempo (p > 0,05). A mediana da incerteza do tipo A variou de 0 dB a 2,7 dB, na orelha direita, e de 0 dB a 3,5 dB na orelha esquerda, para a via aérea. Na via óssea a mediana da incerteza do tipo A variou de 2,2 dB a 2,7 dB, em ambas as orelhas. As incertezas do tipo B, tanto para via aérea quanto para a via óssea, foram derivadas da contribuição do equipamento utilizado para o exame (0,4 dB), da resolução do equipamento (1,4 dB), e do ambiente de teste (5,0 dB). Levando-se em consideração a mediana das incertezas do tipo A e as incertezas do tipo B citadas acima, a estimativa da incerteza de medição da audiometria tonal por vias aérea e óssea, neste estudo, para os níveis da confiança de 95% (k=1,96) e 95,45% (k=2,0), foi de 10 dB ou 11 dB, nas frequências testadas, tanto no Ensaio 1 quanto no Ensaio 2, em ambas as orelhas. Conclusões: Este estudo demonstra a viabilidade de ensaios de precisão de medição sob condições de repetibilidade, conforme proposto neste trabalho. Neste estudo a contribuição das incertezas do tipo B, derivadas do certificado de calibração do audiômetro, do potenciômetro e do ambiente de teste, preponderando esta última, foi maior do que a incerteza do tipo A, derivada da repetibilidade, indicando a necessidade de manter-se controle sobre estas variáveis. A expressão da incerteza de medição da audiometria pode elevar, ainda mais, a sensibilidade, e a especificidade da audiometria, respectivamente aumentando a taxa de verdadeiros positivos e de verdadeiros negativos, uma vez que é considerada padrão ouro. Neste estudo a incerteza de medição expandida, para os níveis da confiança de 95% e 95,45% variou entre 10 dB e 11 dB, tanto para via aérea quanto para via óssea. A confiabilidade do exame de Audiometria Tonal, ou Audiometria de Tons Puros depende da expressão de sua incerteza; somente assim resultados obtidos com o mesmo sujeito, em locais e épocas diferentes, podem ser comparados. Portanto a expressão da incerteza deve ser levada em consideração quando da entrega de resultados e confecção de relatórios, seja para decisão sobre procedimentos de indicação, seleção e adaptação de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual, assim como para avaliação de concessão de benefícios previdenciários, ações trabalhistas e ações de vigilância em saúde

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho metrológico de 15 unidades eletrocirúrgicas de dois fabricantes e três modelos diferentes quando submetidos a variações de temperatura ambiente. Para tanto foram considerados cinco níveis do fator temperatura e três pontos da faixa nominal das potências de corte e de coagulação. Os ensaios foram realizados acoplando a unidade eletrocirúrgica objeto de avaliação a um analisador de potência. O teste de Tukey foi aplicado visando efetuar múltiplas comparações entre os níveis do fator temperatura. Os parâmetros metrológicos incerteza de medição, erro, repetibilidade e erro máximo foram estimados para todos as unidades avaliadas. A incerteza associada à medição foi avaliada de acordo com as recomendações do Guia para a Expressão da Incerteza de Medição (GUM). A análise de variância (ANOVA), o teste de Tukey e o boxplot indicaram efeitos estatisticamente significativos do fator temperatura nos valores de potência de corte e coagulação avaliados. A incerteza expandida associada aos valores de potência de corte e de coagulação aumentou de forma significativa na medida em que estas se aproximaram do limite superior da faixa nominal. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as unidades eletrocirúrgicas dos fabricantes A e B sobre tudo para menores valores de potência. Neste sentido as unidades do fabricante A apresentaram desempenho superior. Nas potências de corte 50 W, 150 W e 300 W, observou-se que 33 %, 87 % e 100 %, respectivamente, das unidades avaliadas apresentaram valores de erro máximo maiores que 5 W e portanto não atendem ao critério especificado pelo fabricante. Para as potências de coagulação, 30 W, 80 W e 120 W estas porcentagens foram respectivamente de 0, 53 % e 60 %. As unidades eletrocirúrgicas avaliadas apresentam um desempenho que podem comprometer o sucesso do processo cirúrgico. / The objective of this work is to evaluate the metrological performance of 15 electrosurgical unit from two manufacturers and three different models when subjected to ambient temperature variations. For this, five levels of the temperature factor and three points of the nominal range of the cutting and coagulation powers were considered. The tests were performed by coupling the evaluation electrosurgical unit to a power analyzer. The Tukey test was applied in order to make multiple comparisons between the levels of the temperature factor. The metrological parameters measurement uncertainty, error, repeatability and maximum error were estimated for all evaluated electrosurgical unit. The uncertainty associated with the measurement was evaluated according to the recommendations of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test and boxplot indicated significant statistically effects of the temperature factor on the cutting and coagulation power values. The expanded uncertainty associated with cutting and coagulation power values increased significantly as they approached the upper limit of the nominal range. Significant differences were observed between the scalpels of manufacturers A and B mainly for lower power values. The scalpels of the manufacturer A presented superior performance. At 50 W, 150 W and 300 W cutting powers, it was observed that 33 %, 87 % and 100 %, respectively, of the scalpels had maximum error values greater than 5 W and therefore they did not meet the criterion specified by the manufacturer (maximum error must be less than 5 W). For the coagulation powers, 30 W, 80 W and 120 W these percentages were respectively 0, 53 % and 60 %. The electrosurgical unit evaluated have a metrological performance that can compromise the success of the surgical process. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

This diploma thesis deals with the measurement of flow rate in flumes type PARS P2, P3 and P4. First, there is a search for a convenient profile in confusor for research and consequently to construct graphical dependences from which to read the value of the correction coefficient for many water depths in flumes. Then, there are constructed graphical dependences from which to read the value of measurement uncertainty for many flow rates in flumes.

Today, GNSS measurements play an important role in the surveying industry, and their use is ever increasing. Many different GNSS receivers and antenna manufacturers are on the market with new ones appearing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of measurement uncertainty of three different GNSS receivers: Leica GS15, Sokkia GCX2 and Satlab SL300. The method in this study is based mainly on the method proposed by HMK - Geodatakvalitet 2015 (Manual in measurement and map issues – Geographic data quality 2015 [author’s translation]) by Swedish Lantmäteriet for "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in Network RTK [author’s translation]”. Some corrections and additions are made to this method but the basis of the method is retrieved from there. Formulas are used to calculate radial deviation and limit requirements for these. Even standard deviations and radial mean deviations as well as tolerances for these are calculated. The field measurements are made on two RIX 95-points. This is done repeatedly to get up to 20 measurements. The GNSS receivers are mounted on a tripod with a tribrach that is centered over the known points. The main finding from this study is that all investigated receivers, apart from four overriding values ​​for the Leica GS15, perform better than specified by their manufacturers. However, Sokkia GCX2 and Satlab SL300 are approved with uncertainties within the calculated tolerances. The Leica GS15 instrument is very close to meeting the demands but does not reach all the way. A committed error during the performed measurements with the Satlab SL300 makes its evaluation based on 19 instead of 20 measurements. Still, calculations are performed on the collected data that resulted in low measurement uncertainties well below the manufacturer's specified uncertainty. The study was conducted during five weeks in May and June 2017.

Des circuits différentiels sont largement utilisés pour la conception de composants hyperfréquences principalement en raison de leur meilleure immunité au bruit. Ces circuits doivent être caractérisés au moyen de paramètres S en mode mixte (mode différentiel, mode commun et conversion entre les deux modes). De plus, la tendance à la miniaturisation et à l’intégration des dispositifs hyperfréquences conduit à l’utilisation de structures planaires ou coplanaires telles que les lignes micro-ruban ou les lignes coplanaires. La structure coplanaire avec les conducteurs déposés à la surface supérieure du substrat évite de réaliser des trous métallisés, et donc simplifie la fabrication et empêche l’apparition d’éléments parasites. Du point de vue de la métrologie électrique, il est nécessaire d’établir la traçabilité des mesures de paramètres S en mode mixte au Système International d’unités (SI). La méthode d’étalonnage Multimode Thru – Reflect – Line (TRL), dérivée de l’étalonnage TRL couramment utilisée pour les mesures de paramètres S de circuits asymétriques, est bien adaptée à cette problématique. En effet, l’impédance caractéristique, qui définit l’impédance de référence du système de mesure, peut être obtenue à partir des constantes de propagation déterminées lors de la procédure Multimode TRL et des capacités linéiques en DC.Nous présentons la première conception et la réalisation d’un kit d’étalonnage Multimode TRL et d’un kit de vérification à base des lignes coplanaires couplées en configuration « Ground – Signal – Ground – Signal – Ground » sur un substrat de quartz (SiO2) à faibles pertes diélectriques pour des mesures de paramètres S en mode mixte sur wafer de 1 GHz à 40 GHz. Les mesures sont effectuées à l’aide de deux méthodes : l’approche « one-tier » basée sur la procédure d’étalonnage Multimode TRL afin de déterminer et de corriger l’ensemble des erreurs systématiques ou bien l’approche « two-tier » qui fractionne la détermination et la correction des termes d’erreur en deux étapes dont la deuxième est associée à la méthode Multimode TRL. La faisabilité et la validation de ces techniques sont démontrées par des mesures d’éléments de vérification, constitués de lignes (adaptées, désadaptées et déséquilibrées) et d’atténuateurs en T, qui montrent un très bon accord entre les valeurs mesurées et simulées.La propagation des incertitudes est évaluée soit à partir du calcul des dérivées partielles à l’aide de l’outil Metas.Unclib ou bien par simulation numérique basée sur la méthode de Monte Carlo. La précision des mesures de paramètres S sous pointes dépend des sources d’influence attribuées aux mesures et aux imperfections des étalons telles que le bruit et la non-linéarité de l’analyseur de réseaux vectoriel, la stabilité des câbles, la répétabilité des mesures et la sensibilité dans la réalisation des étalons. Faute de temps, nous nous limitons à estimer la propagation d’incertitudes liées à la répétabilité de mesure des étalons et du dispositif sous test (DST) aux valeurs des paramètres S corrigés de la ligne désadaptée. Les résultats montrent que l’approche des dérivées partielles basée sur une approximation de la série de Taylor au premier ordre ne peut pas être utilisée avec précision à cause de l’influence significative de la non-linéarité des fonctions mathématiques de l’algorithme Multimode TRL. La méthode Monte Carlo s’avère alors plus précise bien qu’elle nécessite des temps de calcul très longs. / Differential circuits are widely used in the design of high frequency components mainly because of their better noise immunity. These circuits can be characterized using mixed-mode S parameters (differential- and common-mode S-parameters and cross-mode terms). Furthermore, the trend toward miniaturization and integration of microwave devices increases the need for planar or coplanar microwave integrated circuits such as micro-strip lines or coplanar waveguides. The ungrounded coplanar waveguide structure with all the conductors located on the same side of the substrate eliminates the need for via-holes, and thus simplifies manufacturing and prevents the appearance of some parasitic elements. From the viewpoint of electrical metrology, it is necessary to establish the traceability of the mixed-mode S-parameter measurements to the International System of Units (SI). The Multimode Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration method, derived from the commonly-used TRL calibration for S-parameter measurements of single-ended circuits, is particularly well suited for this purpose as the standards are traceable via dimensional measurements. The characteristic impedance, which defines the reference impedance of the measurement system, can be achieved from the propagation constants determined during the Multimode TRL calibration and the capacitances per unit length of the transmission line.We present the first design and realization of Multimode TRL calibration and verification kits using coupled coplanar lines in the "Ground - Signal - Ground - Signal - Ground" configuration on quartz (SiO2), the low-loss substrate, for on-wafer mixed-mode S-parameter measurements from 1 GHz to 40 GHz. Measurements are performed using two methods: the “one-tier” technique, based on the Multimode TRL calibration procedure, determines and corrects all systematic errors. The “two-tier” approach, in which the Multimode TRL is applied at the second-tier, is applied to measurement data that were partially corrected by the first calibration. The feasibility and the validation of the methods are demonstrated by measurements of matched, mismatched and unbalanced lines and T-attenuators showing good agreement between simulated and measured results.The propagation of uncertainty can be derived by the calculation of partial derivatives using the Metas.Unclib tool or by the numerical approach based on the Monte Carlo technique. The accuracy of on-wafer S-parameter measurements depends on sources of influence attributed to the measurements and to the imperfections of the standards such as the VNA noise and non-linearity, the cable stability, the measurement repeatability, and the sensitivity in calibration standards’ realization. We focus, first and foremost, on the propagation of uncertainties related to the repeatability of the standards and the device under test measurements to the corrected mixed-mode S-parameters of the mismatched line. The results show that the partial derivatives approach based on an approximation of the first-order Taylor series cannot be accurately used due to the significant influences of non-linear functions in the Multimode TRL algorithm. The Monte Carlo method is then more precise although it requires very long computation time.

The objective of this thesis was to create a LabVIEW-based program for temperature measurement using a personal computer. The program allows reading and post processing of digital signal from a measuring device. This device consists of a sensor type PT100, a measuring transducer and an analog-to-digital converter with USB output. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with resistance temperature sensors, signal analysis and methods for signal processing. The practical part is conceived as a guide to the created program. This part introduces vital sub-elements of the program and describes their principle, practical use and also the operating instructions. As required by thesis assignment, practical part includes verification of the measuring device, which was performed in laboratory of Czech Metrology Institute in Brno.

This thesis is focused on a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation in anechoic chambers. The analysis takes into account the influence of the measurement distance, setup of anechoic chamber and other parameters. Furthermore, the work deals with a validation of both types of anechoic chambers and examines the impact of selected parameters on the measurement results. Based on the theoretical analysis and practical measurement, the comparation between semi and fully anechoic chamber, or a three and ten meter measuring distance was made. This thesis also contains a detailed analysis of sources of the uncertainty.

This thesis is dealing with analyzing risks in an accredited testing labotarory. In this thesis will be made a search of available manuals and literature issued for accredited testing laboratory. In this thesis will be conducted selected analyzes for selected processes. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and asses the risks in chosen processes of testing laboratory and make a a simple tools for the management and elimination.

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Avdelningen för Medicinsk teknik på Akademiska sjukhuset har uppdaterat befintliga kalibreringsprotokoll för Welch Allyn 767 som används som referensmanometer vid kalibrering av blodtrycksmätare. I protokollet ska det enligt ISO 9001 och ISO 13485 ingå att vid varje kalibreringspunkt ange mätosäkerheten.  Rutiner kring detta var inte definierade. En modell för att ta fram mätosäkerhet utformades utifrån standardiserade metoder från “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” och anpassades för att kunna användas på den medicintekniska avdelningen. En mätmetod för kalibrering togs fram och med modellen beräknades mätosäkerhet för en referensmanometer. Mätosäkerheten med definierad mätmetod blev lägre än den av Welch Allyn specificerade mätosäkerheten på ± 3 mmHg. Felfortplantning från kalibrering till blodtrycksmätning undersöktes. Mätosäkerheten ökade i varje steg, varför avdelningen bör ta fram ett protokoll för hur kalibrering genomförs, och på så sätt förbättra spårbarheten. / The department of Medical Technology at Akademiska sjukhuset has updated their current protocol for calibration for Welch Allyn 767, which serves as a reference manometer for blood pressure meters when being calibrated. According to ISO 9001 and ISO 13485, the protocol has to include a measurement uncertainty for every given point of calibration. The routines regarding this were undefined. A model for retrieving measurement uncertainty was designed using standardized methods from “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” and was customized to be used at the department of Medical Technology. A method for calibration was created and used to calculate the measurement uncertainty for the reference manometer. This measurement uncertainty was smaller than the one specified by Welch Allyn, which was ± 3 mmHg. Propagation of uncertainty from the calibration to the blood pressure measurement was investigated. The measurement uncertainty increased in every step. Therefore, the department should introduce a protocol for how a calibration is performed, and thereby improve the traceability.