Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_fp_dr_araiq.pdf: 4513783 bytes, checksum: e99f12bcbcd5a5642dd150965f5e0fd8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No Brasil, 31 espécies vegetais de Paepalanthus foram registradas no Estado de Minas Gerais, no topo da Serra do Espinhaço, o principal centro de diversidade de Eriocaulaceae do Brasil e mais de 400 espécies de Paepalanthus e estão distribuídas geograficamente do estado do Amazonas a São Paulo. Apesar do grande número de espécies existentes em Eriocaulaceae, a sua peculiar composição química, aliadas às importantes atividades biológicas das substâncias isoladas, existem ainda muitas espécies que não possuem estudos, como no caso de Paepalanthus geniculatus. Portanto, neste trabalho, o extrato metanólico dos capítulos de Paepalanthus geniculatus (Bong.) Kunth foi estudado, utilizando HPLC-ESIMSn. As substâncias foram posteriormente isoladas do extrato metanólico e identificadas por RMN mono e bi-dimensionais. Com estas técnicas analíticas, foi possível identificar a presença de dezenove substâncias fenólicas, destas onze inéditas, sendo quinze flavonóides e quatro naftopiranonas que auxiliará na taxonomia da família. Um flavonol glicosilado ciclodimérico ligado a uma unidade truxilato, também inédito foi isolado e identificado por métodos espectroscópicos e espectrométricos. Alguns flavonóides exibiram forte atividade antioxidante e nenhuma das substâncias apresentou efeito citotóxico significativo em células humanas cancerosas de próstata / In Brazil, 31 plant species of Paepalathus were registered in the State of Minas Gerais, at the top of the Espinhaço, the main center of diversity of Eriocaulaceae in Brazil and over 400 Paepalanthus are distributed geographically from the state of Amazonas to São Paulo. Despite the large number of species existing in Eriocaulaceae, its peculiar chemical composition, which has greatly aided in the taxonomy of the family, combined with the biological activities of isolated substances, there are still many species that have no studies, as in the case of Paepalanthus geniculatus. Therefore, in this work the methanol extract of the capitulae from Paepalanthus geniculatus (Bong.) Kunth were studied. An analytical approach based on HPLC-ESI-MSn was applied to obtain the metabolite profile of this extract and led to the rapid identification of nineteen polyphenolic compounds, eleven unpublished, comprising fifteen flavonoids and four naphthopyranones. The substances were then isolated and identified by NMR mono and bidimensional. A glycosylated cyclodimeric flavonol bonded to a truxilate unit, also unpublished, was isolated and identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Some flavonoids showed strong antioxidant activity and none of the substances showed significant citotoxic effect in human prostate cancer cells

As plantas medicinais são utilizadas pelo homem desde os primórdios da humanidade. O conhecimento com relação a sua identificação e uso estabelecido pelo processo de experimentação, acertos e erros, é um patrimônio cultural dos povos. Com base nos princípios estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, o resgate destes conhecimentos está sendo valorizado, através das etnociências. As práticas tradicionais em veterinária seguem o mesmo caminho. O novo paradigma para a produção agropecuária, trazido pela agroecologia, integra os conhecimentos tradicionais e aqueles ditos “modernos” para a moldagem de uma agricultura social, cultural, econômica e ecologicamente sustentável. Com base nesses parâmetros, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar plantas medicinais indicadas para uso como anti-séptico/desinfetante em situações-problema em produção animal, mais especificamente, em mastite bovina e dermatofitose, por uma comunidade agrícola. A coleta de informações referente ao uso das plantas foi realizada junto a COOPAVA, Cooperativa de Agricultores Assentados da reforma agrária, localizada no Município de Piratini, RS, utilizando método participativo, na moldagem de um planejamento de produção de leite em transição agroecológica. As plantas selecionadas foram Baccharis trimera, Bidens pilosa, Eucalyptus sp., Polygonum hydropiper e Tagetes minuta. Utilizaram-se extratos hidroalcoólicos (EHA) e decoctos (DEC) das plantas selecionadas – soluções desinfetantes - para avaliar: atividade antibacteriana frente a microrganismos causadores de mastite, utilizando o método da microdiluição serial em placas para estabelecer atividade inibidora e inativadora dos extratos; concentração inibitória mínima para dermatófitos de interesse em saúde animal e humana; e a cinética de inativação de microrganismos relacionados a mastite bovina pelas soluções desinfetantes. Essas soluções desinfetantes foram confrontadas com 25 amostras bacterianas, sendo nove Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, sete Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, oito Streptococcus spp. e uma Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Todos os extratos avaliados apresentaram ação antibacteriana. O EHA de Eucalyptus foi o que apresentou maior atividade inibidora bacteriana no conjunto do experimento. Quanto à inativação, o EHA de Eucalyptus, o EHA B. trimera e o DEC T. minuta apresentaram os melhores resultados, inclusive atuando frente a P. aeruginosa, embora em concentração mais alta do que frente às outras bactérias (p<0,05). Obteve-se atividade antifúngica de todos os EHA frente a todos os isolados avaliados, variando a CIM de 5,5% para EHA de T. minuta a 19,5% para EHA de B. trimera. Os decoctos de B. trimera e P. hydropiper foram os únicos ativos contra esses fungos. Os três EHA testados quanto a tempo de inativação tiveram bom desempenho frente a bactérias Gram positivas, com eficácia semelhante ao controle clorexidina a 0,18% (p>0,05) frente a S. agalactiae, com e sem a presença de matéria orgânica e, com exceção do EHA de B. trimera, frente a S. aureus sem matéria orgânica. Os decoctos tiveram desempenho inferior, apresentando bom desempenho somente frente a S. agalactiae. O desinfetante controle foi o mais eficaz quando confrontado com P. aeruginosa. Todas as soluções desinfetantes foram sensíveis à matéria orgânica. Pode-se concluir que as plantas medicinais com indicativo anti-séptico/desinfetante podem ser úteis em sistemas de produção agroecológicos, em situações-problema relacionadas aos agentes testados. / Since these ancient times, the succeeding civilization all over the world had used medicinal plants, in human and animal healthcare. The knowledge about it has evolutioned through trial and error methods and it’s the cultural patrimony of the peoples. In consonance to the WHO strategies, the identification and valorization this knowledge is on, by the ethno sciences. Agroecology is the new paradigm that it focuses on a systemic vision to integrate of the traditional and non-traditional practices. Two can complement one another to achieve a cultural, economic, ecologic and social sustainable livestock health care delivery system. This purpose of the present study was to evaluable “in vitro” activity of medicinal plants used to disinfectant/antiseptic in practice livestock to bovine mastitis and dermatophytes disease. The informants were familiar agriculturist on the agrarian reform seatment, on Piratini city, RS, as previous report, using participatory approaches. The five medicinal plants were selectioned: Baccharis trimera, Bidens pilosa, Eucalyptus sp., Polygonum hydropiper and Tagetes minuta. Antibacterial activity (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) of the hidroalchoolic (EHA) or decoction (DEC) extracts were determined through the serial dilution method in the multiple tube system in the microplate against 25 contagious bovine mastitis bacterial – nine Staphylococcus coagulase positive, seven Staphylococcus coagulase negative, eight Streptococcus spp and a P. aeruginosa. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for six samples of dermatophytes was determined by dilution methods in the microplates. To test antibacterial kinetic, EHA and DEC of B. trimera, Eucalyptus and T. minuta were confronted to S. aureus, S. agalactiae and P. aeruginosa in different times and with or without organic load, included chlorhexidine 0.18% by control. All extracts were antibacterial. EHA from leaves of Eucalyptus sp. was the most bacteriostatic effective, and the same extract plus EHA B. trimera and DEC T. minuta were the best bactericidal. P. aeruginosa was more resistant that Gram positive bacterial (p<0.05). All EHA inhibited all dermatophytes valued. MIC was between 5.5% to EHA T. minuta and 19.5% to EHA B. trimera. DEC B. trimera and P. hydropiper were effective. In the kinetics experiment, the three EHA exhibited a good activity against Gram positive organisms. It were as strong to control, in presence or absence to organic load against S. agalactiae, and excluded EHA B. trimera, against S. aureus without organic load. The DECs were fewer effective. It was acted against S. agalactiae only. Chlorexidine was the best against P. aeruginosa. All disinfection solutions were sensible to organic load. The conclusion were that medicinal plants used ethnoknowledge system can to improved livestock health in the agroecologic systems, related to the studied transmitted agents.

A noção de que o desenvolvimento é um processo relacionado a um progresso técnico positivo e linear contribuiu para gerar um cenário social e ambiental insustentável e, aparentemente, tem conduzido a sociedade contemporânea para uma homogeneização cultural e material. Ao contrário, observando amiúde os espaços rurais, se identifica que há a emergência de dinâmicas sócio-espaciais heterogêneas e multifuncionais. Neste contexto, a agricultura exerce papel fundamental como atividade relevante na construção de desenvolvimentos rurais sustentáveis. No entanto, o modelo de modernização agrícola, orientado pelo regime sociotécnico dominante, não responde a este imperativo, tornando fundamental identificar possibilidades de transições para tal regime, de modo a permitir à agricultura a retomada de seu sentido como 'co-produção'. A partir de uma abordagem multinível, multi-ator e multi-aspecto, construída com elementos da Perspectiva Multinível e da Perspectiva Orientada pelo Ator, este trabalho de tese objetivou explorar a potencialidade da 'produção de novidades' para a promoção de transições no regime sociotécnico dominante na agricultura, através da análise de novidades desenvolvidas por agricultores na produção ecológica de plantas medicinais no Sul do Brasil. O estudo qualitativo de cinco casos de famílias de agricultores, que produzem plantas medicinais sob sistema ecológico, mostrou intensa produção de novidades e potencialidade para o estabelecimento de um nicho de inovação, considerando que há ativos processos de articulação de aprendizagens e de estabelecimento de redes sociais. A maior vulnerabilidade na emergência do nicho é a falta de alinhamento de expectativas entre distintos atores envolvidos, que está relacionada à dificuldade em superar barreiras sustentadas pelo regime prevalente. Considerando o nicho como lócus privilegiado para a inovação, essa superação parece depender de uma 'gestão da transição', que pode ser entendida como a criação de condições sócio-institucionais que favoreçam a construção de novas institucionalidades, identidades e compromissos sociais. / The notion that development is a process related to a positive and linear technical progress has generated an unsustainable social and environmental scenario and apparently led to a cultural and material homogenization of society. Rather, closely observing rural spaces, we can identify emergences of heterogeneous socio-spatial and multifunctional dynamics. In this context, agriculture plays an active role in the construction of sustainable rural developments. However, the agricultural modernization patterns, oriented by the dominant sociotechnical regime, is not responding this claim, thus proposing transitions to such regime is fundamental to recover agriculture meaning as 'co-production'. Since a multilevel, multiactor and multi-aspect framework, built taking elements from Multilevel Perspective and Actor Oriented Approach, this thesis aimed to explore the potential of 'novelty production' for promoting transitions in dominant agriculture sociotechnical regime, through the analysis of novelties developed by farmers in medicinal plants ecological production in southern Brazil. Qualitative studies of five cases of farmers' families who produce medicinal plants under ecological system showed an impressive novelty production and potentialities in establishing a niche of innovation, considering that there are active processes of learning articulation and social networks building. The main vulnerability in the niche emergence is the absence of expectations alignment between different enrolled actors, which is related to the difficulty in overcoming prevalent regime. Taking into account that the niche is the core for innovation, this overcoming seems to depend on 'transition management', which can be understood as the creation of enabling social and institutional conditions for construction of new institutionalities, identities and social commitments.

Orientador: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Giuseppina Pace P. Lima / Banca: Marcos Roberto Furlan / Banca: Antonio Natal Gonçalves / Resumo: Pertencente à família Meliaceae, a espécie Trichilia catigua A. Juss é conhecida popularmente como catigua, cataguá, argelim-rosa e mangalto-catingam. Sua casca apresenta propriedades adstringente, inseticida, purgativa, tônica, bactericida, antiinflamatória e antidepressiva. Com o objetivo de propagar a espécie T. catigua foram desenvolvidos experimentos testando o enraizamento de estacas e a micropropagação com explantes de matrizes e sementes. Os experimentos de enraizamento de estacas foram realizados na primavera 2004, verão 2004/2005, outono, inverno e primavera 2005 e primavera 2006. Em todos os experimentos, estacas com aproximadamente 15 cm de comprimento foram coletadas de árvores adultas e preparadas da parte apical e mediana dos ramos. A seguir, foram submetidas aos reguladores vegetais IBA (ácido indolbutírico), NAA (ácido naftalenoacético) e IAA (ácido 3-indolacético), variando as dosagens. Para a avaliação dos experimentos determinou-se a percentagem de estacas enraizadas, não enraizadas e mortas e quando enraizadas, seu comprimento e diâmetro. No experimento primavera de 2004 foram testadas as concentrações de 1000 e 2000 mg L-1 dos reguladores vegetais IBA, NAA e IAA. As avaliações aos 90 dias após sua instalação revelaram maiores percentagens de enraizamento e iguais a 33,33, 25,00, 22,91 e 23,43 % para estacas submetidas a IBA 1000, 2000 mg L-1 e NAA 1000 e 2000 mg L-1, respectivamente. No verão 2004/2005, outono, inverno e primavera 2005 os experimentos foram conduzidos com as concentrações dos reguladores IBA, NAA e IAA iguais a 1000, 2000 e 3000 mg L-1 e as avaliações foram realizadas após 120 dias. Não houve enraizamento no outono e inverno. A análise conjunta dos resultados obtidos na primavera e no verão mostrou percentagem de enraizamento superior na primavera. A maior percentagem de enraizamento, igual a 19,17%... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Trichilia catigua A. Juss from the Meliaceae family is popularly known as catigua, cataguá, argelim-rose and mangalto-catingam. Its bark has astringent, insecticide, purgativa, tonic, bactericide, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant properties. With the aim of propagate T. catigua, experiments of rooting with stem cuttings and of micropropagation with explants of trees and seeds were carried out. In all the rooting experiments the stem cuttings with approximately 15 cm of length were collected from adult trees and prepared from the apical and intermediate parts. The cuttings were immersed in the vegetable regulators IBA (Indole-3- butyric acid), ANA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (Indole-3 acetic acid). The rooted stem cutting and not rooted stem cutting percentage and, when rooted, the length and diameter of roots, were evaluated. In the experiment spring 2004 the concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg L-1 of IBA, ANA and IAA were tested, with evaluations 90 days after installation. The highest rooting percentage were 33,33, 25,00, 22,91 and 23,43% for IBA 1000, 2000 mg L-1 and ANA 1000 and 2000 mg L-1, respectively. In the summer of 2004/2005, autumn, winter and spring of 2005 IBA, ANA and AIA, with concentration of 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1, were tested. The evaluation was carried out at 120 days. No rooting was observed in autumn and winter. The analysis of data from summer and spring showed higher rooting percentage in spring. The highest rooting percentage was obtained with IBA 3000 mg L-1 (19,17%). In the spring 2006 IBA (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg L-1) and ANA (1000, 2000, 3000 mg L-1) were tested. The highest rooting percentage (41,67%) was obtained with IBA 5000 mg L-1. In the in vitro cultivation, explantes obtained from trees were submitted to asepsis treatments with HgCl2, CaOCl2 and NaOCl and inoculated in Murashige & Skoog culture medium (MS) with 25%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Cristhiane Guerra (cristhiane.guerra@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T13:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3972647 bytes, checksum: f6010ee1fd045c2fe490f404bbb4d37e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T13:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3972647 bytes, checksum: f6010ee1fd045c2fe490f404bbb4d37e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) is an endemic species in Brazil, popularly known as "Milona", "Jarrinha" or "Orelha-de-onça". This species was selected for this study considering the chemotaxonomic (alkaloids and flavonoids) and ethnopharmacological criteria, due to this species be popularly used to treat inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the acute preclinical toxicity and anti-ulcer activity of the ethanolic extract (EtOHE-Cs) and alkaloids total fraction (TAF-Cs) obtained from aerial parts of C. sympodialis. In acute toxicity, doses of 300 and 2000 mg/kg EtOHE-Cs were administered orally (p.o.). Our experiment conditions shows that, this type of doses did not induce signs of toxicity in female mice and 50% of lethal dose (LD50) is equal to or greater 5000 mg/kg according to the OECD 423 guide. For TAF-Cs was founded that the animals treated with the dose of 2000 mg/kg showed straub tail and analgesia. In addition, the LD50 of this substance being approximately 1000 mg/kg. To evaluate the gastroprotective activity using induced acute models of gastric ulcers were used: ethanol and containment of gastric juice in rats, anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drug (NSAID - piroxicam) and stress (immobilization and cold) in mice. In ulcer model induced by ethanol the results showed that carbenoxolone (100 mg/kg), EtOHE-Cs or TAF-Cs (62.5; 125; 250 and 500 mg/kg – v.o.) reduced the ulcerative lesion area (ULA) of 97, 69, 75, 94, 98; 97, 88, 90, 94, 95% (p<0,001) respectively in comparison with the negative control. In the same model, treatment with carbenoxolone (100 mg/kg), EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) or TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) improved histological parameters analyzed. Considering ulcers induced by NSAIDs, cimetidine (100 mg/kg), the EtOHE-Cs or TAF-Cs (62.5; 125; 250 and 500 mg/kg – p.o.) reduced the ulcerative lesion index (ULI) in 43, 59, 60, 64, 76; 47, 51, 62, 75 and 78% (p<0,001), respectively. In the lesions induced by stress cimetidine, EtOHE-Cs or TAF-Cs at the same doses reduced ULI at 44, 37, 38, 42, 52; 57, 39, 54, 75 and 76% (p<0,001), respectively. Ulcers induced by restraining of the gastric juice (pylorus ligation) treated with cimetidine (100 mg/kg), EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) and TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) decreased the ULI at 35, 42 and 40 % (p.o.) (p<0,001) and 39, 34 and 33% (intraduodenally – i.d.) (p<0,01), respectively. To investigate the mechanisms of samples of C. sympodialis involved in gastroprotective activity it was evaluated the antisecretory or neutralizing mechanisms of the gastric acid secretion and cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory properties. Treatments (p.o. and i.d.) with EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) and TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) did not alter biochemical parameters of gastric juice, suggesting that gastroprotective activity does not involve antisecretory or neutralizing mechanisms. The gastroprotective activity of EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) involves participation of sulfhydryl groups, nitric oxide, KATP, mucus and prostaglandins. The gastroprotection promoted by the TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) involves the participation of sulfhydryl groups, mucus and prostaglandins. EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) (p<0,001) and TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) (p<0,01) showing antioxidant activity by an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the negative control in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. The EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (p<0,001) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (p<0,05) and levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin were increased, interleukin 10 (IL-10) (p<0,001) compared to the negative control. Treatment with TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) did not alter IL-1β and TNF-α levels, however this treatment increased IL-10 levels compared to the negative control (p<0,001). In the cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer lansoprazole (30 mg/kg), EtOHE-Cs (500 mg/kg) or TAF-Cs (250 mg/kg) reduced the ULA in 93, 49; 61 and 89% (p<0,001), respectively. Considering these results, it was possible to suggest that C. sympodialis and derivates presents antiulcerogenic activity and the gastroprotective activity of this species involves cytoprotective, antioxidants and immunoregulatory mechanisms. / Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) é uma espécie endêmica no Brasil, popularmente conhecida como “milona”, “jarrinha” ou “orelha-de-onça”. Esta espécie foi selecionada para este estudo a partir de critérios quimiotaxonômicos (alcaloides e flavonoides) e etnofarmacológico, já que essa espécie é utilizada popularmente no tratamento de desordens inflamatórias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade pré-clínica aguda e a atividade antiulcerogênica do extrato etanólico bruto (EEtOH-Cs) e da fração de alcaloides totais (FAT-Cs) obtidos das partes aéreas de C. sympodialis. No ensaio de toxicidade aguda, as doses de 300 e 2000 mg/kg do EEtOH-Cs administrado por via oral (v.o.) não induziu sinais de toxicidade em camundongos fêmeas nas condições experimentais avaliadas e a dose letal 50% (DL50) é igual ou superior a 5000 mg/kg de acordo com o guia 423 da OECD. Para a FAT-Cs foi verificado que os animais tratados com a dose de 2000 mg/kg apresentaram cauda em straub e analgesia, sendo a DL50 dessa substância de aproximadamente 1000 mg/kg. Para a avaliação da atividade gastroprotetora foram utilizados os modelos de indução aguda de úlcera gástrica: por etanol em ratos, anti-inflamatório não-esteroidal (AINE - piroxicam), estresse (por imobilização e frio) em camundongos e contensão do suco gástrico em ratos. No modelo de úlcera induzida por etanol a carbenoxolona (100 mg/kg), o EEtOH-Cs ou FAT-Cs (62,5; 125; 250 e 500 mg/kg - v.o.) reduziram a área de lesão ulcerativa (ALU) em 97, 69, 75, 94, 98; 97, 88, 90, 94, 95% (p<0,001), respectivamente, em comparação ao controle negativo. Na úlcera por etanol, os tratamentos com carbenoxolona (100 mg/kg), EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) e FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) melhoraram os parâmetros histológicos analisados. Nas úlceras induzidas por AINE, a cimetidina (100 mg/kg), o EEtOH-Cs ou FAT-Cs (62,5; 125; 250 e 500 mg/kg - v.o.) reduziram o índice de lesão ulcerativo (ILU) em 43, 59, 60, 64, 76; 47, 51, 62, 75 e 78% (p<0,001), respectivamente. Em lesões induzidas por estresse a cimetidina, o EEtOH-Cs ou FAT-Cs nas mesmas doses reduziram o ILU em 44, 37, 38, 42, 52; 57, 39, 54, 75 e 76% (p<0,001), respectivamente. Nas úlceras induzidas por contensão do suco gástrico (ligadura do piloro) a cimetidina (100 mg/kg), o EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) e FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) diminuíram o ILU em 35, 42 e 40% (p<0,001) (v.o.) e em 39, 34 e 33% (p<0,01) (intraduodenal – i.d.), respectivamente. Na perspectiva de investigar os mecanismos envolvidos na atividade gastroprotetora das amostras de C. sympodialis foram avaliados os mecanismos antissecretórios ou neutralizantes da secreção ácida gástrica, mecanismos citoprotetores, antioxidante e imunorregulatório. Os tratamentos (v.o. e i.d.) com o EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) e FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) não alteraram os parâmetros bioquímicos do suco gástrico, sugerindo que a atividade gastroprotetora não envolve mecanismos antissecretórios ou neutralizantes. A atividade gastroprotetora do EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) envolve participação de grupamentos sulfidrila, óxido nítrico, KATP, muco e prostaglandinas. A gastroproteção promovida pela FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) envolve a participação de grupamentos sulfidrila, muco e prostaglandinas. O EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) (p<0,001) e FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) (p<0,01) apresentaram atividade antioxidante por um aumento nos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) quando comparados ao controle negativo, nas úlceras induzidas por etanol. O EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) diminui os níveis das citocinas pró-inflamatórias, interleucina 1 beta (IL-1β) (p<0,001) e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) (p<0,05) e aumentou os níveis da interleucina anti-inflamatória, interleucina 10 (IL-10) (p<0,001), quando comparado ao controle negativo. O tratamento com a FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) não alterou os níveis de IL-1β e TNF-α mas aumentou os níveis de IL-10 (p<0,001), quando comparado ao controle negativo. No modelo de úlcera duodenal induzida por cisteamina, o lansoprazol (30 mg/kg), EEtOH-Cs (500 mg/kg) ou FAT-Cs (250 mg/kg) reduziram a ALU em 93, 49; 61, e 89% (p<0,001), respectivamente. Diante desses resultados, foi possível sugerir que C. sympodialis e seus derivados apresentam atividade antiulcerogênica e que a atividade gastroprotetora dessa espécie envolve mecanismos citoprotetores, antioxidantes e imunorregulatórios.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:06:23Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:06:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 858033 bytes, checksum: 47ecfa99d4daebf535cd0232206fe4c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-24 / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of homeopathic preparations of Conyza bonariensis in twelve dinamizations of two dilution&#8217;s proximate scales, centezimal and decimal. The plant Conyza bonariensis, agronomically considered na invader, mainly of soybean crops, in the south of Brazil. It has resistant biotypes to agrochemicals and it&#8217;s allelopathic activity was observed in laboratory experiments. Lettuce seeds of Regina variety, without chemicals, were used in allelopathic tests of germination and growth. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with 4 replicates, distilled water as treatment of control and 7 treatments: 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100% of the aqueous extract of C. bonariensis. The plots were conditioned in BOD in the period of seven days under the conditions prescribed in the Rule Analysis Seeds (RAS). After the trial period, it was found by variance analysis, followed by a regression that high concentrations of aqueous extract of C. bonariensis interfered in germination and seedlings&#8217;s growth. The preliminary phytochemical screening of crude compound of C. bonariensis indicated the presence of organic acids and alkaloids. These secondary metabolites may be involved in the allelopathic activity observed in the plant. In order to analyze the presence of the same behavior of the plant, with ultra high dilutions it was obtained to the mother-tincture and the homeopathic preparations of C. bonariensis, according to the Homeopathic Brazilian Pharmacopoeia in the Homeopathy Laboratory of UFV. The experiments studied the effects of homeopathy in the proximate and decimal scales. Lettuce Plants of "Regina" were used as the test-plant, being parts of the plants from seeds treated with the crude extract of C. bonariensis in the pre-germination of 3 hours and part of plants from seeds weren&#8217;t treated. Both experiments followed the design in randomized blocks with 28 treatments and 4 replicates. The homeopaths were applied daily, 10 drops/100mL of deionized water in each plot/pot. Data were analyzed through variance analysis and compared averages, using the using the criterion of Scott-Knott, taking up the level of 5% probability. Considering the lettuce plants healthy bodies, it can be inferred that the quantified data characterize the pathogenesis of homeopathic preparations&#8217;s dinamizations. Each preparation served according to the principle of similarity. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos preparados homeopáticos de Conyza bonariensis em doze dinamizações nas duas escalas de diluição, centesimal e decimal. A planta Conyza bonariensis, considerada agronomicamente invasora de cultivos principalmente de soja no interior do sul do Brasil, tem biótipos resistentes aos defensivos agrícolas e foi verificada a atividade alelopática em experimentos laboratoriais. Sementes de alface da variedade Regina, sem defensivos, foram utilizadas nos testes alelopáticos de germinação e crescimento. O experimento seguiu o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, água destilada como tratamento controle e 7 tratamentos: 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 e 100% do extrato aquoso de C. bonariensis. As parcelas foram condicionadas em BOD no período de sete dias, nas condições prescritas na Regra de Análise de Sementes (RAS). Após o período experimental, verificou-se pela análise de variância seguida de regressão que as altas concentrações do extrato aquoso de C. bonariensis interferiram na germinação e no crescimento das plântulas. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar do composto bruto de C. bonariensis indicou a presença de ácidos orgânicos e alcalóides. Esses metabólitos secundários podem estar envolvidos na atividade alelopática verificada na planta. A fim de analisar a presença do mesmo comportamento da planta, com ultradiluições foi obtida a tintura-mãe e os respectivos preparados homeopáticos de C. bonariensis de acordo com a Farmacopéia Brasileira Homeopática no Laboratório de Homeopatia da UFV. Em experimentos foram estudados os efeitos das homeopatias nas escalas centesimal e decimal. Plantas de alface &#8220;Regina&#8221; foram utilizadas como plantateste, sendo parte das plantas provenientes de sementes tratadas com o extrato bruto de C. bonariensis no período de pré-germinação de 3 horas e parte das plantas provenientes de sementes não tratadas. Os dois experimentos seguiram o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 28 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As homeopatias foram aplicadas diariamente, 10 gotas/100mL de água deionizada em cada parcela/vaso. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância e as médias comparadas utilizando o critério de Scott-Knott adotando-se o nível de 5% de probabilidade. Considerando as plantas de alface organismos sadios, pode ser inferido que os dados quantificados caracterizam a patogenesia das dinamizações dos preparados homeopáticos. Cada preparado atuou conforme o princípio da similitude.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Biomedical Technology in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the leading cause of death in the developed world, while it is the second leading cause of death in the developing world. In particular, liver cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, however, it is the second most frequent cause of death, responsible for an estimated 700,000 deaths annually. General limited access to health services, including treatment and the overall management of cancer in developing countries often contribute to the increased mortality rates when compared to developed countries. For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to prevent, and to a certain extent, treat cancer as a readily available and affordable alternative. In many instances, the curative or preventative claims still remain anecdotal. However, increasing evidence suggest that polyphenolic components of plants possess antioxidant activities, which are credited with curative/beneficial properties of medicinal plants. The curative properties could either be related to the primary compounds present in the plant itself, or the bio-activation products of plant components affecting hepatic drug metabolising and antioxidant enzymes systems related to carcinogen metabolism and maintaining oxidative homeostasis, respectively. Similarly, chronic consumption of medicinal plants could also result in hepatotoxicity, either caused by the primary plant components or bio-activation products. Due to these observations it is paramount to understand the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of plant components to critically assess beneficial versus potential harmful properties associated with chronic consumption. The focus of the current study was aimed at elucidating the bio-activity of four multipurpose indigenous plants to Southern Africa, i.e. Adansonia digitata, Agathosma betulina, Siphonochilus aethiopicus and Myrothamnus flabellifolius. Traditionally, A. digitata has been used as an immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, while also as an antipyretic agent in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Similarly, traditional medicinal uses of A. betulina include treatment cholera, haematuria, calculus, kidney diseases, as well as infections of the bladder, urethra, and prostate among others. S. aethiopicus was traditionally employed to treat infections associated with pains and fevers, whereas M. flabellifolius served as treatment of conditions ranging from respiratory ailments, backache, kidney problems, haemorrhoids, chest pain, and asthma. In the first part of this study, the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of the four plants were characterised. The emphasis was placed on using different solvents, namely water, ethanol and acetone for the extraction of the plant material and different methodologies to assess the antioxidant contents and -capacities of the various extracts as both these factors can influence the outcome. When considering the antioxidant contents, total polyphenols, flavanols, and flavonols of the different solvent extracts prepared from the four plants were determined, whereas three different assays were used for the antioxidant capacities, i.e. oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The A. digitata acetone extract had the highest (7.121 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/milligram (mg) soluble solids), whereas the water extract of the same plant had the lowest total phenolic content (0.008 mg GAE/mg soluble solids). In general, the acetone extracts demonstrated the highest total polyphenol, flavanol, and flavonol contents, followed by the ethanol extracts, with the water extracts having the lowest contents. M. flabellifolius was the only distinct deviation from this rule, where the water extract demonstrated the highest total polyphenol content. Considering antioxidant capacities, the acetone extracts provided the highest antioxidant capacities for all plants when assessed using the TEAC (8.56-32.68 milimole (mmole) trolox equivalent (TE)/mg soluble solids) and FRAP (5.69-37.39 mmole ascorbic acid equivalent/mg soluble solids) antioxidant assays, with the exception of M. flabellifolius where the water extract demonstrated the highest activity (22.73 mmole ascorbic acid equivalent/mg soluble solids). Antioxidant capacity determinations with TEAC and FRAP assays followed similar patterns, which were different from capacities determined by the ORAC (0.46-533.54 mmoleTE/mg of soluble solids) assay. Corroborating the antioxidant content findings, the acetone extracts also demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacities (140.41-533.54 mmoleTE/mg of soluble solids), followed by ethanol (94.62-151.29 mmoleTE/mg of soluble solids) and water (0.46-134.02 mmoleTE/mg of soluble solids). Only M. flabellifolius (TEAC and FRAP) and S. aethiopicus (FRAP) deviated from this trend. Correlations between the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant capacities indicated that acetone and ethanol were more effective in extracting polyphenolic compounds than water, while also providing extracts with superior antioxidant activities. Furthermore, ORAC assay was the antioxidant capacity determining assay of choice for the aqueous plant extracts, whereas the TEAC and FRAP assays were more suitable when determining the antioxidant capacities of the acetone and ethanol plant extracts. These results confirm the notion that no single assay can comprehensively determine the antioxidant activities of plant extracts and that a battery of assays should be used, as the various antioxidant capacity determination techniques use different substrates with different targets for measurement. The second part of this study comprised an in vivo experimental animal model to assess the potential toxicity, antioxidant status and modulation of the hepatic phase 2 drug metabolising enzymes following chronic consumption of the various plant extracts in male Fisher rats. Rats consumed aqueous extracts of the various plants (2% and 5% (w/v)) as the sole source of drinking fluid for 90 days, and the serum chemical pathology parameters for monitoring liver and kidney function conducted. These included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total iron (Fe), and creatinine (CREA). Parameters for blood and hepatic redox status included total polyphenols, ORAC, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), their ratio (GSH:GSSG), conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Assessment of the phase 2 hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes included glutathione S-transferase (GST)  and activity in the cytosolic fraction and, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT) activity in liver microsomes. When considering the liver and kidney function none of the plant extracts induced any significant toxicity, while 2% A. digitata significantly increased serum Fe. When considering the redox status, the whole blood and liver samples yielded similar results, with significant decreases in oxidised glutathione (GSSG) in rats consuming the 2% M. flabellifolius (82.76 mole/L) and 5% A. digitata (90.42 mole/L) with a resultant significant increase in the glutathione redox status (GSH:GSSG ratio of 5.69 and 5.64, respectively) when compared to rats consuming water (4.77). The GSH:GSSG ratio was also significantly increased by consumption of 2% A. betulina (8.45) and 5% S. aethiopicus (5.99). The consumption of all plant extracts, except 5% A. betulina and M. flabellifolius, significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the plasma CDs assay. These results indicated an increased antioxidant capacity in the liver with/without an associated reduced cellular oxidative stress status, which could be interpreted as a reduced susceptibility to oxidative damage. When considering the phase 2 hepatic enzymes, none of the plant extracts caused any significant changes in GST, GST or UDP-GT activities. The third part investigated the chemoprotective properties against cancer promotion in the liver utilising diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as cancer initiator and maize culture material of Fusarium verticillioides, containing the fumonisin B mycotoxins, as promoters in male Fischer rats. The rats consumed 2% (w/v) aqueous extracts of A. digitata, A. betulina, and S. aethiopicus over 28 days after cancer initiation and liver sections subjected to glutathione-S-transferase placental form positive GSTP+ staining and pre-cancerous liver foci categorised according to size. In addition, blood and liver analyses were done as described in the chronic feeding study above. Consumption of the A. digitata and, to a certain extent, S. aethiopicus extracts, altered the oxidative stress status in the liver as indicated by the increased lipid peroxidation, as determined by significantly increased liver CDs and the decreased GSH:GSSG ratio in the blood. This can be related to a subchronic toxicity due to the high total polyphenol intake as mentioned above. These underlying sub chronic toxic effects of A. digitata and S. aethiopicus are likely to be responsible for the observed inhibitory effect on the proliferation of GSTP+ minifoci in the liver. Hepatic phase 2 metabolising enzyme activities were not significantly altered by A. digitata and S. aethiopicus consumption, while GST activity was significantly increased by A. betulina treatment. Based on the findings of the current study, aqueous extracts of A. digitata, A. betulina, and S. aethiopicus may serve as hepatoprotectors with a potential to modulate liver carcinogenesis, specifically cancer promotion. To our knowledge, no other studies have attempted to describe the possible chemoprevention mechanisms of these indigenous medicinal plants. Assessments of phase 1 hepatic enzymes and other antioxidant enzymes are suggested for future studies to further describe biochemical and molecular mechanisms associated with consumption of these extracts. Additionally, identifying main compounds present in the plant extracts could culminate in development of drugs and novel nutraceuticals. It is also recommended that increasing concentrations of the plant extracts and/or the ethanol extracts to be used in future studies to better describe dose-responses of the different plants in liver carcinogenesis.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / The increase in antibiotic resistant bacterial and fungal infections and the prevalence of oxidative stress-related conditions including cancers, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has led to a consensus among pharmaceutical companies, clinicians and researchers that novel antimicrobial and antioxidant approaches are needed. These should be ideally efficacious, non toxic, easily accessible and affordable. There has been an increased interest in the identification of medicinal plants that possess both these bioactivities in an intrinsically related manner, allowing the simultaneous prevention of these ailments. Two South African herbal teas, rooibos and honeybush have been associated with a long history of medicinal use, hence their consideration for the current study. Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of these South African herbal teas, however limited information about their antimicrobial activity currently exists. / National Research Foundation

Orientador: Luiz Claudio Di Stasi / Banca: Clélia Akiko Kiruma-Lima / Banca: Jairo Kenupp Bastos / Resumo: Doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) é um termo que engloba várias doenças crônicas do trato gastrintestinal, principalmente colite ulcerativa (CU) e Doença de Crohn (DC), cuja etiologia ainda não é completamente conhecida, mas que se caracterizam por um curso crônico onde se alternam períodos de remissão e de atividade de duração variáveis. Embora DII tenha sido alvo de muitas pesquisas nos últimos anos, as drogas utilizadas correntemente causam sérios efeitos colaterais quando usados em altas doses ou durante um período prolongado, o que limita seu uso. Considerando-se a etiologia multifatorial das DII, produtos que reúnam atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória e imunomoduladora representam uma possibilidade potencial para a descoberta de novas drogas eficazes na prevenção e tratamento desta doença. Neste sentido, inúmeras alternativas de pesquisas surgem com base em produtos naturais. Este trabalho testou a atividade antiinflamatória do extrato acetato de etila de folhas de Baccharis dracunculifolia em diferentes doses (5 a 200 mg/Kg) em duas condições experimentais distintas: quando a mucosa colônica está intacta (efeito preventivo); quando a mucosa colônica está afetada por um processo inflamatório intestinal (efeito curativo) assim como preventivo da recidiva do processo inflamatório, similar ao que ocorre com a colite ulcerativa em humanos. Diferentes marcadores bioquímicos de inflamação colônica foram avaliados, incluindo glutationa e atividade das enzimas mieloperoxidase e fosfatase alcalina. Experimentos in vitro adicionais foram realizados para testar a atividade antioxidante de diferentes concentrações do EBD. A administração oral do extrato acetato de etila de folhas de Baccharis dracunculifolia na dose de 5 mg/Kg protege o cólon de ratos do processo inflamatório através de um mecanismo que envolve a diminuição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term employed to several chronic disease of the digestive tract, usually ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), their etiology has not been clearly elucidated, but which are characterized by variable chronic and spontaneously relapsing inflammation. Although IBD has been the target of many studies in the last years, the drugs commonly used cause serious side effects when employed in high doses or while a long time, limiting their use. Whereas the multifactor etiology of IBD, products with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and imunnomodulatory activities play potential possibility to discovery of news drugs effective in the prevention and treatment of these disorders. In this way, many alternatives appear based in natural products. This study tested the anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia leaves (BDE) at different doses (5 to 200 mg/Kg) in two experimental settings: when the colonic mucosa is intact (preventive effect) or when the mucosa is in process of recovery after an initial insult (curative effect) such as relapse common in human IBD. Different biochemical markers of colonic inflammation were also evaluated, including glutathione, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Additional in vitro experiments were performed in order to test the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of BDE. BDE administrated orally at lowest dose, 5 mg/Kg, protects the rat colon of the inflammatory process through a mechanism which involve an improvement on intestinal oxidative stress associated to inflammation, such as reduction of the myeloperoxidase activity and maintenance of endogenous antioxidant levels, such as the glutathione, and that intestinal anti-inflammatory activity can be due to phenolic compounds presence in extract. The specie studied showed the new possibility for the prevention and treatment to this disorder. / Mestre