Orientador: Newton Cesário Frateschi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barea_LuisAlbertoMijam_D.pdf: 8459370 bytes, checksum: 5dd565986711cb06cb24cf63d6d69372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Sistemas fotônicos baseados em ressonadores na forma de anéis tem uma dependência fundamental dada pela relação estreita entre espaçamento espectral livre (Free Spectral Range, FSR), fator de qualidade total, Q, e o raio dos ressonadores, R. Nesta tese, nós quebramos esta dependência empregando moléculas fotônicas (Photonic Molecules, PMs) baseadas em múltiplos anéis internamente acoplados a um anel externo, que por sua vez está acoplado a um guia de onda. Aplicando o método de matriz de transferência (Transfer-Matrix Method, TMM) e programas robustos de simulação, nós projetamos três tipos de PMs baseada em uma plataforma de Silício-sobre-isolante (Silicon-on-Insulator, SOI). Este projeto mostrou que o acoplamento entre duas ou mais micro-cavidades ópticas, permite separações espectrais e hibridização dos modos quando as frequências ressonantes estão degeneradas nas cavidades, similar ao acoplamento fraco entre átomos. Estas PMs foram fabricadas com um processo convencional e compatível com a tecnologia CMOS, empregando uma Foundry, e suas caracterizações mostraram a emergência de dupletos, tripletos, quadrupletos e sextupletos de ressonâncias degeneradas, com alto Q e espaçamentos curtos, somente possíveis com anéis de algumas ordens de magnitude maiores em área. Estes resultados quebraram o paradigma da interdependência entre Q, FSR e R, evidenciando que é possível ter tempo de vida fotônico, espaçamento espectral e área independentes. As aplicações destas PMs em processamento de sinal óptico também foram demonstrados neste trabalho. Nós apresentamos o uso da molécula com dupleto de ressonâncias para extrair um sinal RF de 34.2 GHz, filtrando as bandas laterais de um sinal modulado. Também foi demonstrado que moduladores ópticos ultracompactos operando à 2.75 vezes acima do limite da largura de linha do ressonador pode ser obtido a partir da PM que apresenta um tripleto de ressonâncias, separadas de ~55 GHz. Finalmente, utilizando a molécula que permite obter um quadrupleto de ressonâncias, foi demonstrado a conversão de comprimento de onda totalmente óptico (multicasting) para quatro canais convertidos e separados de 40-60 GHz, utilizando apenas 1 mW de potência de controle / Abstract: Photonic systems based on microring resonators have a fundamental constraint given by the strict relationship among free spectral range (FSR), total quality factor (Q) and resonator size (R). In this thesis, we break this dependence employing CMOS compatible photonic molecules (PMs) based on multiple inner ring resonators coupled to an outer ring, which is coupled to a straight bus waveguide. Applying the transfer matrix method (TMM) and simulation robust programs, we project three types of PM based on scalable silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. This project shows that the coupling between two or more optical micro-cavities, allows spectral splitting and hybridization of the modes when the resonant frequencies are degenerated in the cavities, similar to weak coupling between atoms. These PMs were fabricated in a conventional CMOS Foundry and your characterization shows the emergence of doublet, triplet, quadruplet and sextuplet of degenerated resonances, with high-Q and close-spaced, only achievable with single-ring orders of magnitude larger in footprint. These results break the paradigm of the interdependence between Q, FSR and R, evidencing that is possible to have photonic lifetime, spectral spacing and footprint independents. The applications of these PMs in optical processing signal were also demonstrate in this work. We demonstrate the use of the doublet splitting for 34.2 GHz RF signal extraction by filtering the sidebands of a modulated optical signal. We also demonstrate that very compact optical modulators operating 2.75 times beyond its resonator linewidth limit may be obtained using the PM triplet splitting, with separation of ~ 55 GHz. Finally, using the quadruplet of resonances, we demonstrate four-channel all-optical wavelength multicasting using only 1 mW of control power, with converted channel spacing of 40-60 GHz / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

One approach recently proposed for reducing the frictional resistance to liquid flow in microchannels is the patterning of micro-ribs and cavities on the channel walls. When treated with a hydrophobic coating, the liquid flowing in the microchannel wets only the top surfaces of the ribs, and does not penetrate into the cavities, provided the pressure is not too high. The net result is a reduction in the surface contact area between channel walls and the flowing liquid. For micro-ribs and cavities that are aligned normal to the channel axis (principal flow direction), these micropatterns form a repeating, periodic structure. This thesis presents numerical results of a study exploring the momentum and thermal transport in a parallel plate microchannel with such microengineered walls. The liquid-vapor interface (meniscus) in the cavity regions is approximated as flat in the numerical analysis. Two conditions are explored with regard to the cavity region: 1) The liquid flow at the liquid-vapor interface is treated as shear-free (vanishing viscosity in the vapor region), and 2) the liquid flow in the microchannel core and the vapor flow within the cavity are coupled through the velocity and shear stress matching at the interface. Predictions reveal that significant reductions in the frictional pressure drop (as large as 80%) can be achieved relative to the classical smooth channel Stokes flow. In general, reductions in the friction factor-Reynolds number product (fRe) are greater as the cavity-to-rib length ratio is increased (increasing shear-free fraction), as the relative module length (length of a rib-cavity module over the channel hydraulic diameter) is increased, as the Reynolds number decreases, and as the vapor cavity depth increases. The thermal transport results predict lower average Nusselt (Nu) numbers as the cavity-to-rib length ratio is increased (increasing shear-free fraction), as the relative module length (is increased, and as the Reynolds number decreases with little dependence on cavity depth. The ratio of Nu to fRe was evaluated to characterize the relative change in heat transfer with respect to the reduction in driving pressure. Results show that the benefits of reduction in driving pressure outweigh the cost of reduction in heat transfer at higher Reynolds numbers and narrower relative channel widths.

The present master's thesis deals with numerical modeling of solid-state micrometrical-sized polymeric dye lasers, commonly denoted as microcavities. It is part of a large research initiative carried out in the optics group, at the MAP (Microelectronics and Applied Physics) department in KTH (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan - Royal Technical School) and targeted towards the design and manufacturing of micro- and nano-scaled polymeric components for nano-photonics, primarily lasers. The finite element method (FEM) in frequency domain is used as a primary modeling tool through the simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics. Models for spontaneous emission, optical losses and gain are developed and demonstrated. A specic layout is studied: the double hexagonal microcavity. While it was expected to be a good candidate for a laser, the design shows unexpected properties making it useful for sensing applications. Finally, the transposition of models to time domain is initiated : a replacement solution for the lacking perfectly matched layer (PML) in Comsol is developed and demonstrated. Methods for modeling materials parameters in time domain are investigated, together with the possible use of a more suitable algorithm : finite dierences in time domain (FDTD) or Yee's scheme.

Optical filters encompass a vast array of devices and structures for a wide variety of applications. Generally speaking, an optical filter is some structure that applies a designed amplitude and phase transform to an incident signal. Different classes of filters have vastly divergent characteristics, and one of the challenges in the optical design process is identifying the ideal filter for a given application and optimizing it to obtain a specific response. In particular, it is highly advantageous to obtain a filter that can be seamlessly integrated into an overall device package without requiring exotic fabrication steps, extremely sensitive alignments, or complicated conversions between optical and electrical signals. This dissertation explores three classes of nano-scale optical filters in an effort to obtain different types of dispersive response functions. First, dispersive waveguides are designed using a sub-wavelength periodic structure to transmit a single TE propagating mode with very high second order dispersion. Next, an innovative approach for decoupling waveguide trajectories from Bragg gratings is outlined and used to obtain a uniform second-order dispersion response while minimizing fabrication limitations. Finally, high Q-factor microcavities are coupled into axisymmetric pillar structures that offer extremely high group delay over very narrow transmission bandwidths. While these three novel filters are quite diverse in their operation and target applications, they offer extremely compact structures given the magnitude of the dispersion or group delay they introduce to an incident signal. They are also designed and structured as to be formed on an optical wafer scale using standard integrated circuit fabrication techniques. A number of frequency-domain numerical simulation methods are developed to fully characterize and model each of the different filters. The complete filter response, which includes the dispersion and delay characteristics and optical coupling, is used to evaluate each filter design concept. However, due to the complex nature of the structure geometries and electromagnetic interactions, an iterative optimization approach is required to improve the structure designs and obtain a suitable response. To this end, a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is developed and applied to the simulated filter responses to generate optimal filter designs.

Topologische optische Systeme ziehen als Gegenstand aktueller Forschung große Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Bemerkenswert sind dabei Phänomene wie die streu- und verlustfreie Lichtausbreitung mit Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Defekten oder die einseitig gerichtete Lichtausbreitung. Das wissenschaftliche Verständnis topologischer Systeme ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, topologische Systeme in einer Dimension sowohl aus experimenteller wie auch aus theoretischer Sicht besser zu verstehen. Grundlage für alle Untersuchungen sind Mikrokavitäten mit einer optischen Dicke von der Hälfte der Designwellenlänge 1/2·λ_D = 1/2·620 nm. Diese werden umschlossen von Braggreflektoren und erreichen Qualitätsfaktoren in der Größenordnung von 10^3. Aufgrund der starken Lokalisierung des elektrischen Feldes in Kombination mit zahlreichen Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung optischer Messungen bieten Mikrokavitäten sowohl ein System zur Realisierung topologischer Zustände als auch Nachweismethoden für diese Zustände. Die Kavitäten sind mit der organischen Matrix tris-(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum (Alq_3) und darin eingebetteten kleinen organischen Farbstoffmolekülen gefüllt. In einem ansonsten symmetrischen Probenaufbau wechseln sich Kavitäten mit 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) als optisch aktivem Medium (Gewinn) und zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) als Absorber (Verlust) ab. Bei sorgfältig austariertem Gewinn und Verlust ermöglicht eine Kombination aus Raumspiegelungs- und Zeitumkehrsymmetrie (PT-Symmetrie) eine spontane Symmetriebrechung, die für das Auftreten nicht-trivialer topologischer Eigenschaften erforderlich ist. Auf theoretischer Seite wird ein Tight-Binding-Modell für optische Mikrokavitäten hergeleitet. Das elektrische Feld ist stark in den Kavitäten lokalisiert und gebunden; die Transmission durch die Spiegel, welche die Kavitäten trennen, wird mittels eines Hüpfterms im Hamiltonoperator beschrieben. Mit dem entwickelten Modell wird ein Probenaufbau mit gekoppelten Kavitäten, die in einer PT -symmetrischen Su-Schrieffer-Heeger-Kette (SSH-Kette) angeordnet sind, betrachtet. Die Auswertung des Hamiltonoperators sagt die Ausbildung topologisch nicht-trivialer Randzustände ab sechs gekoppelten Kavitäten voraus. Die Analyse einer nicht-trivialen topologischen Kette mit zehn gekoppelten Kavitäten zeigt das Auftreten von Randzuständen und simuliert die daraus resultierenden Eigenschaften der Reflexionsmessungen. Im Experiment werden Proben mit zwei gekoppelten Kavitäten (eine Einheitszelle der SSH-Kette) hergestellt und das Transmissions- und Laserverhalten analysiert. Sowohl die symmetrischen als auch die antisymmetrischen Moden des gekoppelten Systems zeigen Lasing. Oberhalb der Laserschwelle zeigt das gekoppelte System mit austariertem Gewinn und Verlust nicht-reziprokes Verhalten. Die Messungen unterscheiden sich in Abhängigkeit von der Pump- und Detektionsrichtung in der Intensität, was auf eine gebrochene PT -Symmetrie hinweist.:1 Introduction 2 Principles of microcavity lasers 3 Physical models of light as particle and wave 4 Sample preparation and measurement setups 5 Theoretical modeling with the tight-binding approximation 6 Experimental results 7 Summary and Outlook Bibliography / Topological photonics has attracted tremendous research interest in recent years due to remarkable phenomena, like scatter-free and lossless light propagation with immunity to defects or directional light propagation. However, many questions regarding non-trivial topological systems are still open. This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of non-trivial topological systems in one dimension from both the experimental and theoretical points of view. The basis for all investigations are microcavities with an optical thickness of half of the design wavelength 1/2·λ_D = 1/2·620 nm. These are enclosed by Bragg reflectors and achieve quality factors in the order of 10^3. Due to the strong confinement of the electric field in combination with numerous possibilities to conduct optical measurements, microcavities offer a system for both realizing topological states as well as detection methods for these states. The cavities are filled with the organic matrix tris-(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum (Alq_3) and therein embedded small organic dye molecules. In an otherwise symmetric sample design, coupled cavities are doped alternating with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethyl\-amino\-styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) as optically active medium (gain) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as absorber (loss). With balanced gain and loss, parity-time (PT) symmetry provides the spontaneous breaking of symmetry necessary for the emergence of non-trivial topological signatures. From the theoretical side, a tight-binding model for optical microcavities is developed. The electric field is strongly confined in the cavities; transmission of the electric field through the mirrors separating the cavities is explained with the help of a hopping mechanism. This model is then applied to a sample design with coupled cavities arranged in a PT-symmetric Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) chain. The evaluation of the Hamiltonian predicts topological non-trivial edge states starting from a minimum of six coupled cavities. The analysis of a non-trivial topological chain with ten coupled cavities shows the emergence of edge states and predicts the implications on reflection measurements. In the experiment, samples with two coupled cavities (one unit cell in the SSH chain) are fabricated, and transmission and lasing behavior are analyzed. Both the symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the coupled system show lasing. Above the lasing threshold, the coupled system with balanced gain and loss shows non-reciprocal behavior. The measurements differ in intensity as a function of the pump and detection directions, pointing to the achieved broken PT-symmetric phase.:1 Introduction 2 Principles of microcavity lasers 3 Physical models of light as particle and wave 4 Sample preparation and measurement setups 5 Theoretical modeling with the tight-binding approximation 6 Experimental results 7 Summary and Outlook Bibliography

[pt] Este trabalho descreve teoria, simulação e caracterização óptica de microcavidades semicondutoras utilizadas para a mudança de cor de pulsos de luz e geração de pulsos ultra-curtos. Amostras foram fabricadas por MBE com GaAs e AlAs em estruturas compostas de dois espelhos de Bragg e um espaçador de GaAs, formando cavidades de Fabry-Pérot. Espectros de refletância e transmitância foram simulados com o Método da Matriz de Transferência, considerando modelos realísticos para as propriedades ópticas dos materiais. A caracterização óptica foi realizada por FTIR e experimentos de Ring-Down utilizando uma streak camera. Fatores de qualidade maiores que 10(5) foram observados, correspondendo a tempos de armazenamento da luz maiores que 100 ps. Experimentos de troca de cor da luz em uma configuração de pump and probe foram realizados. A geração de pulsos ultra-curtos com cavidades em micropilar foi estudada. Para caracterizá-las, foram empregados o chaveamento óptico de cavidades e a microfotoluminescência resolvida no tempo. O processo completo, ultrarápido, de chaveamento dos modos ressonantes de uma cavidade semicondutora foi claramente observado de maneira inédita. / [en] This work describes the theory, simulation and optical characterization of semiconductor microcavities used to change the color of light and generate ultrashort pulses. Samples were fabricated by MBE with GaAs and AlAs in structures composed of two Bragg mirrors and a GaAs spacer, creating Fabry-Pérot cavities. Reflectance and transmittance spectra were simulated with the transfer-matrix method considering realistic models of the materials optical properties. Optical characterization was performed using FTIR spectroscopy and Ring-Down experiments with a streak camera. Quality factors in excess of 10(5) were observed, corresponding to storage times larger than 100 ps. Color-change experiments using a pump and probe optical setup were performed. The generation of ultra-short pulses with micropillar cavities was investigated. Time-resolved microphotoluminescence and optical cavity switching were employed to characterize the cavities. The complete ultrafast process of switching resonant modes of a semiconductor cavity using all-optical free carrier injection has been clearly observed for the first time.

The PhD dissertation is organized in two parts. In the first part, we present an experimental study of stimulated Raman scattering in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire. We demonstrate that the Raman amplification of a narrow-band Stokes wave experiences a saturation effect for high pump intensities because of self phase modulation of the pump beam. Moreover, an analytical model is presented that describes the experimental results remarkably well. The model furthermore provides an estimation of the Raman gain coefficient γR of silicon. The second part is devoted to the experimental study of stimulated Raman scattering in a doubly resonant planar GaAs microcavity. The nonlinear measurements clearly show some totally unexpected results. We experimentally demonstrate that the relaxation of the electrons in the conduction band of GaAs is significantly modified through the interaction with coherently excited Raman phonons.

L’objet de ces travaux de thèse a été de réaliser un système compact et non-invasifde mesure vectorielle de champs électriques. Ce système est dédié aux mesures en espacelibre (diagramme de rayonnement d’antennes) ainsi qu’aux mesures en champ proche(diagnostic de circuits électriques par exemple). Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé unsystème de mesure utilisant d’une part des sondes électro-optique fibrées, dont la partietransductrice est composée d’un guide d’onde en LiNbO3, intégrée dans une cavité Fabry-Pérot. Le cristal non-linéaire induit une modulation de phase d’un faisceau laser de sonde,dépendante du champ électrique à mesurer. La cavité, quant à elle, convertit le signal enmodulation d’amplitude et permet de réduire la taille du capteur grâce à l’augmentationde la longueur effective d’interaction entre l’onde optique et le champ électrique à mesurer.D’autre part l’étude d’un filtrage optique de très grand facteur de qualité associé à unepost-amplification est proposée, dans le but d’accroître d’au moins un ordre de grandeurla sensibilité de mesure. / The aim of this work is to design and realize a compact and non-invasive system dedicatedto vectorial characterization of electric field. The field to be measured can be eitherradiated (for antenna radiation pattern) or guided (for on chip measurement). We herepropose a measurement system including pigtailed electro-optic probe. The transducingdevice is based on a Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity integrating LiNbO3 waveguide. The nonlinearcrystal induces a phase modulation of a laser probe beam depending on the theelectric field to be characterized. The FP cavity converts the signal into a linear amplitudemodulation and leads to a millimeter sized sensor thanks to the enhancement ofthe effective interactive length between the optical wave and the electric field. The sensorexhibits a sensitivity greater than 0.5 V.m−1.Hz−1/2, a spatial resolution as accurate as100 μm and a frequency bandwidth covering [10 Hz-10 GHz]. Moreover, we here suggesta high quality factor post-filtering of the optical carrier in order to increase the sensitivityof one order of magnitude.

Orientador: Odilon Divino Damasceno Couto Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T03:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Covacevice_AllanCassioTrevelin_M.pdf: 15137963 bytes, checksum: 6269264b01d872c4b40e0034a1575cf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, implementamos cálculos feitos através do método de elementos finitos no estudo de propriedades mecânicas e ópticas de microcavidades ópticas planares (POMCs) quando estas estão sob os efeitos de modulação induzidos por ondas acústicas de superfície (SAWs). Começamos resolvendo separadamente os problemas de modulação mecânica e caracterização de modos ópticos. Após isso, fundimos esses dois modelos em um terceiro, permitindo a caracterização da modulação acusto-óptica do sistema, o que nos permite também calcular as alterações induzidas nas propriedades ópticas das POMCs devido às SAWs. Concentramos nossa atenção em POMCs que possuem refletores de Bragg (DBRs) compostos por camadas de materiais fortemente piezoelétricos, como o ZnO e o LiNbO3. Mostramos que, usando em torno de 10 DBRs acima e abaixo da cavidade óptica, POMCs baseadas em ZnO/SiO2 e LiNbO3/SiO2 poderiam, em princípio, apresentar fatores de qualidade excedentes a 104. O alto confinamento de luz na cavidade permite-nos observar efeitos relacionados ao forte acoplamento fóton-fônon induzido pelas SAWs. Em particular, mostramos como a presença de SAWs confere a formação de super-redes ópticas dinâmicas induzidas acusticamente, as quais são caracterizadas pela dobradura ("folding") da dispersão dos fótons na cavidade, e pelo surgimento de "mini" zonas de Brillouin. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com resultados experimentais presentes na literatura. Eles abrem a possibilidade de caracterização de modulações acusticamente induzidas em sistemas de camadas arbitrários e criam uma plataforma muito boa para interpretação de resultados experimentais / Abstract: In this work, we implement finite element method calculations to study the mechanical and optical properties of planar optical microcavities (POMCs) under the strain modulation induced by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). We start by solving separately the problems of mechanical modulation and optical mode characterization. Afterwards, we merge the two models in a single one which enables the characterization of the acousto-optic modulation in the system and allows us to calculate the SAW induced modification in the optical properties of POMCs. We concentrate our attention in POMCs which have distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) composed of layers of highly piezoelectric materials like ZnO and LiNbO3. We show that, using around 10 DBRs on top and below the optical cavity layer, POMCs based on ZnO/SiO2 and LiNbO3/SiO2 could, in principle, have Q-factors exceeding 104. The strong light confinement in the cavity allows us to the observe effects related to the strong photon-phonon coupling induced by the SAW. In particular, we show how the presence of SAWs leads to the formation of acoustically induced dynamic optical superlattices, which are characterized by the folding of photon dispersion in the cavity and the appearance of "mini" Brillouin zones. Our results are in very good agreement with experimental results reported in literature. They open the possibility of characterization of acoustically induced modulation in arbitrary layered systems and create a very good platform for interpretation of experimental results / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 2013/118635-2 / 2012/11382-9 / CAPES / FAPESP

This thesis is devoted to optical properties of Aharonov-Bohm quantum rings in external electromagnetic fields. It contains two problems. The first problem deals with a single-electron Aharonov-Bohm quantum ring pierced by a magnetic flux and subjected to an in-plane (lateral) electric field. We predict magneto-oscillations of the ring electric dipole moment. These oscillations are accompanied by periodic changes in the selection rules for inter-level optical transitions in the ring allowing control of polarization properties of the associated terahertz radiation. The second problem treats a single-mode microcavity with an embedded Aharonov-Bohm quantum ring, which is pierced by a magnetic flux and subjected to a lateral electric field. We show that external electric and magnetic fields provide additional means of control of the emission spectrum of the system. In particular, when the magnetic flux through the quantum ring is equal to a half-integer number of the magnetic flux quantum, a small change in the lateral electric field allows tuning of the energy levels of the quantum ring into resonance with the microcavity mode, providing an efficient way to control the quantum ring-microcavity coupling strength. Emission spectra of the system are calculated for several combinations of the applied magnetic and electric fields.