<p>Den här uppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för ämnet <em>Krigsvetenskap</em> under författarens studier på <em>Yrkesofficersprogrammet</em> 2006-2009 till arméteknisk officer. I <em>Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt</em> ges läsaren genom deskriptiv metod en exposé över ammunitions- och minröjningens grunder, historia och nutid. Uppsatsens generella syften är att avhandla problematik som svenska ammunitions- och minröjare i sitt yrkesutövande idag kan ställas inför. Och hur delar av den tekniska organisationen och teknisk utrustning för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) och försåt kan bidra till att lösa denna problematik. Författaren genomför utifrån sina intervjuer och litteraturstudier prediktioner av den kommande utvecklingen på området. Prediktionerna innefattar bland annat tydligare teknisk stödorganisation och multisensorplattformar för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, ERW och IED. I texten redovisas viss forskning från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) och visst arbete vid Försvarets materielverk (FMV), Totalförsvarets ammunitions- och minröjningscentrum (SWEDEC).</p> / <p>This essay is written in the course of <em>War science</em> during the author’s studies to become an Officer in the technical corps, in the Swedish armed forces. Due to the descriptive method in <em>Explosive Ordnance Disposal and demining in modern conflict </em>the reader gets an exposé of the basics, history, and present time features for the Swedish EOD- and Demining personnel. The main purpose with this essay is to discuss the problems that Swedish Explosive ordnance clearance (EOC) personnel might encounter in their current daily service. The opportunities for parts of the supporting technical corps and the technical equipment for detecting, locating and classifying mines, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) and booby-traps to be at hand in the process of solving these problems are also discussed. From interviews and literature studies the author conducts predictions of the development in the subject area. The predictions contains amongst others a more understandable supporting technical corps and multi-sensing-platforms for detecting, locating and classifying mines, ERW, IED and booby-traps. Some of the research that the Swedish defence research agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) and the Swedish EOD- and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) have produced is presented in the essay.</p>

Studies of ribosomal reading frame maintenance are often based on frameshift mutation suppression experiments. In this thesis, suppression of a frameshift mutation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by a tRNA and a ribosomal protein are described. The +1 frameshift mutation hisC3072 (that contains an extra G in a run of Gs) is corrected by mutations in the argU gene coding for the minor tRNAArgmnm5UCU. The altered tRNAArgmnm5UCU has a decreased stability and reduced aminoacylation due to changed secondary and/or tertiary structure. Protein sequencing revealed that during the translation of the GAA-AGA frameshifting site the altered tRNAArgmnm5UCU reads the AGA codon inefficiently. This induces a ribosomal pause, allowing the tRNAGlumnm5s2UUC residing in the ribosomal P-site to slip forward one nucleotide. The same frameshift mutation (hisC3072) was also suppressed by defects in the large ribosomal subunit protein L9. Single base substitutions, truncations, and absence of this protein induced ribosome slippage. Mutated ribosome could shift to the overlapping codon in the +1 frame, or bypass to a codon further downstream in the +1 frame. The signal for stimulation of slippage and function of L9 needs to be investigated. During the search for suppressors of the hisD3749 frameshift mutation, a spontaneous mutant was isolated in the iscU gene that contained greatly decreased levels of the thiolated tRNA modifications ms2io6A and s2C. The iscU gene belongs to the iscR-iscSUA-hscBA-fdx operon coding for proteins involved in the assembly of [Fe-S] clusters. As has been shown earlier, IscS influences the synthesis of all thiolated nucleosides in tRNA by mobilizing sulfur from cysteine. In this thesis, it is demonstrated that IscU, HscA, and Fdx proteins are required for the synthesis of the tRNA modifications ms2io6A and s2C but are dispensable for the synthesis of s4U and (c)mnm5s2U. Based on these results it is proposed that two distinct pathways exist in the formation of thiolated nucleosides in tRNA: one is an [Fe-S] cluster-dependent pathway for the synthesis of ms2io6A and s2C and the other is an [Fe-S] cluster-independent pathway for the synthesis of s4U and (c)mnm5s2U. MiaB is a [Fe-S] protein required for the introduction of sulfur in ms2io6A. TtcA is proposed to be involved in the synthesis of s2C. This protein contains a CXXC conserved motif essential for cytidine thiolation that, together with an additional CXXC motif in the C-terminus may serve as an [Fe-S] cluster ligation site.

This thesis deals with method development in asymmetric catalysis and specifically syntheses of enantioenriched O-functionalized cyanohydrins. The first part describes the development of a method for the synthesis of O‑alkoxycarbonylated and O-acylated cyanohydrins. Ethyl cyanoformate and acyl cyanides were added to aldehydes in a reaction catalyzed by a chiral dimeric Ti-salen complex together with a tertiary amine. High yields and enantioselectivities were in most cases obtained. Mechanistic studies were performed and a reaction mechanism was proposed. ­ The second part describes a method in which the undesired minor enantiomer in a Lewis acid–Lewis base-catalyzed acylcyanation is continuously recycled into prochiral starting material. Close to enantiopure O‑acylated cyanohydrins were obtained in high yields. The third part deals with asymmetric acylcyanations of ketones. Acetyl cyanide was found to add to α‑ketoesters in a reaction catalyzed by a chiral Lewis base. Yields up to 77% and 82% ee were obtained. The final part describes an enzymatic method for high-throughput analysis of O‑acylated cyanohydrins. The enantiomeric excess and conversion were determined for products obtained from a number of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. / QC 20100818

Obiettivo del lavoro è lo studio sistematico di tre complessi monumentali della città di Hierapolis di Frigia (Pamukkale, Denizli, Turchia) caratterizzati dall'adozione dell'ordine dorico, ossia il portico del terrazzo inferiore del Santuario di Apollo, la Stoà di Marmo e le facciate della Via di Frontino. La ricerca, fondata sull'osservazione analitica dei blocchi architettonici, ha mirato a restituire, in prima istanza, l'immagine complessiva dei singoli edifici, con ricostruzioni grafiche delle planimetrie e dei prospetti, ma anche a comprendere la “vita” del monumento, ossia la sua destinazione d'uso ed il suo significato pratico ed ideologico all'interno dell'ambito cittadino. Ampio spazio è riservato inoltre allo studio degli aspetti tecnici e formali, che permettono di fare luce sull'attività delle botteghe locali coinvolte nella lavorazione del marmo e del travertino, con attenzione alle loro relazioni con gli altri centri dell'alta valle del Meandro. L'esame degli edifici ierapolitani si accompagna all'analisi dei modelli architettonici sviluppati nel corso dell'età ellenistica in Asia Minore, al fine di valutare correttamente il ruolo del contesto locale nell'elaborazione di nuovi tipi architettonici. L'inquadramento cronologico dei vari complessi, condotto tramite l'esame dei caratteri formali, dei dati epigrafici e stratigrafici, consente di ampliare la conoscenza della storia urbanistica della città di Hierapolis nel corso del I sec. d.C. / Purpose of the present work is the systematic analysis of three monuments of the ancient city of Hierapolis in Phrygia (Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey), which are distinguished by the Doric order: the porticus of the lower terrace of the Apollo Sanctuary, the Marble Stoà and the façades of the Frontinus Street. The research is based on the analytic examination of the architectonical blocks and, in the first place, aims at gaining the ancient image of the buildings developing graphic reconstructions of their plans and fronts, but also wants to define the “life” of the monuments, their practical and ideological meaning in the urban context. Special attention is given to the study of the technical and morphological aspects, to understand the relationships of the local workshops with those of the other cities of the Meander valley. The analysis of the Doric buildings of Hierapolis goes together with the study of the architectural patterns developed during the Hellenistic age in Asia Minor, to achieve the correct view of the local context in the creation of new architectonical types. The chronological definition of the buildings, by means of the analysis of stylistic features, epigraphical and stratigraphical data, allows us to define with more details the urbanistic history of Hierapolis during the Ist century A.D.

This monograph on the œuvre of contemporary American author and multimedia artist Shelley Jackson addresses the question of how literary works employ language to evoke sense impressions. Gilles Deleuze’s notion of aesthetic percepts is drawn on to develop a theory of literary phantom sensations which is then tested on the work of Jackson and related authors.  Although imperceptible as such, it is argued that percepts are made perceptible in art in sense-specific forms as phantom sensations. “Phantom” is not meant to indicate a pale shadow of real sensations but the intensely perceived realness of phantom limb phenomena, in accordance with Deleuze’s understanding of the virtual as real but not actual. For the sake of clarity, literary phantom sensations are divided into phantom smells, tastes, touches, sights and sounds, with a chapter devoted to each in turn. It is found that different phantom sensations serve different functions in Jackson’s work, correlated to the cultural history of the senses as outlined by recent sensory scholarship.  Phantom smells are associated with Deleuze’s concept of becoming due to their liminality. Phantom tastes contribute to an aesthetics of distaste in which shades of disgust are cultivated and drawn upon for literary effect. Phantom touch creates conceptual intimacy and invites the reader to handle words like toys in a game. Phantom sight is turned back upon itself in an anatomy of the eye. Phantom hearing is associated with forms of ventriloquism in which it is unclear who is speaking through whom and in which language itself throws its voice. However, it is also found that all phantom sensations similarly serve to create a material and affective connection between the body of the reader and the body of the text. Throughout the dissertation, Jackson’s work is read against and alongside that of other writers such as Djuna Barnes, Neil Bartlett, Brigid Brophy and Leonora Carrington. Together these form a trajectory termed minor writing for queers to come, which is meant to indicate that aesthetic and sexual-political  radicalism go hand in hand.  Furthermore, Jackson’s work is described as a form of body writing informed by feminist body art and écriture féminine. Specifically, Jackson takes her cue from early modern anatomical blazons and describes living bodies in pieces.  Her work is also described as object writing: a literary equivalent to surrealist object art.  A central method for making words more like things is to arrange her texts spatially rather than temporally, as exemplified by her electronic hypertexts.

Umeå University, Sweden, 2013 Title: Mindre avvikelse från detaljplan - Kartläggning och undersökning av tillåtna mindre avvikelser från detaljplan i Umeå kommun år 2012 English title: Minor deviation from local plan – Survey and analysis of allowed minor deviations from local plan in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden year 2012 Author: Elise Ljung Language: Swedish, with an English abstract Department: Department of Geography and Economic History   The aim with this essay is to analyse the frequency of minor deviations from the local plans in the municipality of Umeå year 2012. The analysis includes what kind of building arrangements that are deviating from the local plan, in what way these buildings are deviating, what kind of buildings that are concerned of deviations and what kind of applicants that apply for building permits that are deviating from the local plan. The provisions that are concerning minor deviations are presented in the results. The analyse is also investigating why deviations are made from the social plans and how the spatial distribution of minor deviations are in the municipality of Umeå and the urban areas of Umeå.   The survey is made from datasets provided by the office of building permits in the municipality of Umeå. The data has been encoded and categorised into four main categories; Type of applicant, type of building, type of building arrangement and type of deviation from local plan. The mapping of data has been made using the property map provided by the Ordnance Survey of the municipality of Umeå.   According to the survey extensions of buildings applied for by private housing owners are the most common minor deviations that are allowed and the deviation from the plan are placement of the extension part. The minor deviations are not a spatial phenomenon in the municipality of Umeå. The occurrence of minor deviations is evenly distributed in the municipality and in the urban areas as well. Provisions of the Planning -and Building act says that a minor deviation from the local plan can be made under conditions that the deviation is small and do not contradicts against the aim of the local plan.

Den här uppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för ämnet Krigsvetenskap under författarens studier på Yrkesofficersprogrammet 2006-2009 till arméteknisk officer. I Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt ges läsaren genom deskriptiv metod en exposé över ammunitions- och minröjningens grunder, historia och nutid. Uppsatsens generella syften är att avhandla problematik som svenska ammunitions- och minröjare i sitt yrkesutövande idag kan ställas inför. Och hur delar av den tekniska organisationen och teknisk utrustning för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) och försåt kan bidra till att lösa denna problematik. Författaren genomför utifrån sina intervjuer och litteraturstudier prediktioner av den kommande utvecklingen på området. Prediktionerna innefattar bland annat tydligare teknisk stödorganisation och multisensorplattformar för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, ERW och IED. I texten redovisas viss forskning från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) och visst arbete vid Försvarets materielverk (FMV), Totalförsvarets ammunitions- och minröjningscentrum (SWEDEC). / This essay is written in the course of War science during the author’s studies to become an Officer in the technical corps, in the Swedish armed forces. Due to the descriptive method in Explosive Ordnance Disposal and demining in modern conflict the reader gets an exposé of the basics, history, and present time features for the Swedish EOD- and Demining personnel. The main purpose with this essay is to discuss the problems that Swedish Explosive ordnance clearance (EOC) personnel might encounter in their current daily service. The opportunities for parts of the supporting technical corps and the technical equipment for detecting, locating and classifying mines, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) and booby-traps to be at hand in the process of solving these problems are also discussed. From interviews and literature studies the author conducts predictions of the development in the subject area. The predictions contains amongst others a more understandable supporting technical corps and multi-sensing-platforms for detecting, locating and classifying mines, ERW, IED and booby-traps. Some of the research that the Swedish defence research agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) and the Swedish EOD- and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) have produced is presented in the essay.

Denna studie handlar om pelletering som möjlig lönsam marginalaffär vid mindre sågverk/hyvlerier. Studien, vilken skett genom djupintervjuer på plats, omfattar fem olika mindre sågverk/hyvlerier i Småland. Verksamheterna är sinsemellan på många sätt olika men har samtliga satsat på pelletering av ekonomiska skäl och av miljöskäl. Studien visar att pelletering är lönsam men också att det krävs vissa förutsättningar för att långsiktigt nå denna lönsamhet. Den viktigaste är långsiktig tillgång till råvara i form av torrt spån men det krävs även ett genuint intresse och en stor kunskap inom såväl teknik som trä för den som skall pelletera Detta beror på att produktionsprocessen är mycket komplicerad och även beroende av en del yttre omständigheter som t.ex. fukt, kyla och torka. Eftersom komplexiteten, och därmed den initiala personella insatsen är stor, bör man också uppnå vissa minimikvantiteter i produktionen. Studien visar också att det även krävs ett antal övriga element för att pelleteringen skall uppvisa den lönsamhet som en hastig förkalkyl ger vid handen. Klarar man att leva upp till de flesta av dessa finns det goda förutsättningar att pelletering över en konjunkturcykel kan medverka till att förbättra lönsamheten för den typ av mindre anläggningar som studerats. / This study is about pelleting as a possible profitable marginal business for minor saw-mills and planing mills. It has been carried out through in depth interviews of five different minor saw-mills and planing mills in Småland. These businesses are different themselves but all of them have invested in pelleting for financial and environmental reasons. The study shows that pelleting is profitable but also that a number of conditions must be fulfilled to reach profitability in the long run. The most important success factor is long-term access to raw material (dry chip) but the production process also demands a high interest and knowledge in wood and processing technology. This is due to the fact that the process is very complex and also depending on external circumstances like humidity, coldness and dryness. Due to this complexity and that the demand of manpower is rather high one should aim for producing at least a certain minimum quantity. The study also shows that there are a couple of other factors that are needed to be fulfilled to reach the profitability that the pre-calculation indicates. If most of these conditions are fulfilled there are very good possibilities that pelleting over a business cycle can contribute to an improved profitability for the type of businesses that have been studied.

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788) published his Versuch &#x00FC;ber die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen in 1753 and 1762. It was the most important essay on keyboard performance practice of the mid-eighteenth century. The publication of this book also made C. P. E. Bach the most influential keyboard pedagogue of the eighteenth century. The last chapter of the Vers&#x00FC;ch, titled ¡§Improvisation¡¨, explains his concepts of ¡§Freie Fantasia¡¨ and provides suggestions for performing the fantasia. C. P. E. Bach points out that Freie Fantasia is a kind of composition in which the performer has much freedom for improvising and for expressing his emotion. This thesis is divided into three sections, excluding the introduction and the conclusion. The first section discusses the development of the fantasia before the eighteenth century. It explores the change of styles and compositional technique of the fantasia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The second part includes an introduction of the life of C. P. E. Bach, his style of composition, technique of improvisation and how he applies his improvisational techniques in his fantasia. The third part provides the definition of ¡§Freie Fantasia¡¨, discusses the influences of J. S. Bach¡¦s Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor on him, and elaborates on the characteristics of the Freie Fantasia, including the recitative style, meter-free and formal structure, virtuosic passages, bold modulations, and the use of contrasting materials. Examples are also provided in this part.

This thesis investigates the formal aspects of the bath-gymnasium complex plan type which was developed in Asia Minor during the Roman era in relation to the development of the the imperial thermae in Rome, the capital city of the Roman Empire. Close resemblances in the architectural configuration of bath-gymnasium complexes and imperial thermae are analyzed in order to provide complementary insight concernin the evolution of Roman bath architecture and bathing tradition. The comparative investigation of the formal aspects of the plan types reveals the contribution of Asia Minor and its role in influencing the architectural developments in the capital. The thesis concentrates on the development of the bath-gymnasium complex plan type in Asia Minor and the imperial thermae in Rome in order to elucidate the outcomes of mutual influence in criss-crossing Greek and Italic features. Crucial to this investigation ,s the understanding of the multiple effects of historical processes such as Hellenization, Romanization and urbanization that were synthesized in the bath architecture of the capital and the provinces. Also, the symbolic, cosmological, and political aspects of Roman bath architecture are highlighted ,n this thesis.