The thesis entitled “Design and Synthesis of Benzimidazole Based Templates in Duplex and Quadruplex DNA Recognition and in Topoisomerase Inhibition” deals with the design and synthesis of several benzimidazole based molecules and their interaction with duplex and quadruplex DNA structures. It also elucidates the inhibition effect of the compounds on the activity of topoisomerase I enzyme of parasitic pathogen Leishmania donovani. The work has been divided into five chapters. Chapter 1: An Introduction to DNA and its Interaction with Small molecules. The first chapter provides an introduction to the double helical structure of DNA and the central dogma that suggests the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. This chapter also presents an overview on the various types of small molecules that interact with duplex and quadruplex structures of DNA or interfere with the activity of DNA targeted enzymes like topoisomerase. This chapter describes the importance of such molecules as chemotherapeutic agents. Chapter 2 deals with three isomeric, symmetrical bisbenzimidazole derivatives bearing pyridine on the two termini. The syntheses, duplex DNA binding and computational structure analyses of the molecules have been divided into two sections. Chapter 2A: Novel Symmetrical Pyridine Derivatized Bisbenzimidazoles: Synthesis and Unique Metal Ion Mediated Tunable DNA Minor Groove Binding. The first chapter deals with the synthesis and double stranded (ds) DNA binding characteristics of the three bisbenzimidazole derivatives. Despite being positional isomers, their relative binding affinities towards ds-DNA varied considerably. Fluorescence, circular dichroism and temperature dependent UV-absorption spectroscopy have been employed to characterize ligand-DNA binding interaction. All spectroscopic studies revealed the strong A-T selective DNA binding affinities of the p- and m-pyridine derivatized molecules (p-pyben and m-pyben respectively) and indicated dramatically weak binding interaction of the ortho derivative (o-pyben) to ds-DNA. Additionally, unique transition metal ion mediated tunable DNA binding shown by o-pyben has been described in this chapter. While the ds-DNA binding characteristics of p- and m-pyben remained unaffected in presence of metal ions, that of o-pyben could be reversibly ‘switched off’ in the presence of divalent transition metal ions like Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. Addition of EDTA reversed the effects and DNA binding was again observed. This interesting observation provides valuable insight into the DNA recognition property of these isomeric bisbenzimidazole derivatives. Figure 1. Molecular structures of pyridine derivatized symmetrical bisbenzimidazoles. Chapter 2B: Differential Binding of Positional Isomers of Symmetric Bisbenzimidazoles on DNA Minor-Groove: A Computational study. To explain the weak DNA binding affinity of o-pyben, compared to p- or m-pyben, detailed ab initio/DFT computational analyses of the inherent structural features of the three isomers were performed both in the gas-phase and in water. The study revealed the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bond existing in the opyben, between the benzimidazole proton (H3) and the pyridine nitrogen (N1). Additionally, potential energy scans for rotation about the bonds connecting the pyridine-benzimidazole and benzimidazole-benzimidazole fragments were performed. This revealed surprising conformational rigidity existing in the o- isomer that resisted any out-of-plane twisting of the pyridine-benzimidazole fragment. The presence of intramolecular H-bonding was further confirmed by experimental determination of pKa of the three isomers. The molecules being bisbenzimidazole derivatives bound to the minor groove of ds-DNA, the benzimidazole protons forming hydrogen bonded interactions with the DNA bases. However in the o- derivative, the intramolecular hydrogen bonding made the crucial benzimidazole protons unavailable for DNA binding thereby leading to its poor interaction with DNA. Chapter 3. Novel Series of Anthra[1,2-d]imidazole-6,11-dione Derivatives: Synthesis, DNA Binding and Inhibition of Topoisomerase I of Leishmania donovani This chapter describes the synthesis of nine imidazole fused anthraquinone derivatives and their interaction with double-stranded DNA, investigated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and viscometric titrations. Figure 2. Molecular structures of the imidazole fused anthraquinone derivatives. All the molecules showed intercalative mode of binding to double stranded DNA, though their relative binding affinities were different. Next their inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I enzyme of Leismania donovani were investigated. L. donovani is the causative agent for human visceral leishmaniasis; a fatal disease affecting liver and spleen. Five out of the nine derivatives tested, proved to be extremely efficient inhibitors of the enzyme. Of them, three showed greater inhibition potency than camptothecin, a well-established topoisomerase I inhibitor and the precursor for several clinically useful anti-tumor drugs. The molecules were shown to inhibit by the stabilization of enzyme-DNA cleavable complex, and the inhibition efficiency was found to be highly dependent on the pKa of the side-chain nitrogen. These results provide useful insights towards developing more potent inhibitors of the parasitic enzyme. As the compounds are synthetically facile, chemically stable and possess long shelf life, they should be attractive candidates for design of novel family of topoisomerase I inhibitor. Indeed the nature of amine based side chain and its pKa would hold the key in such design. Chapter 4 deals with a series of symmetrical bisbenzimidazole derivatives in which the benzimidazole units have been connected via different aromatic linkers. The syntheses, duplex DNA interaction, topoisomerase inhibition and quadruplex DNA stabilization shown by these four molecules have been divided into two sections. Chapter 4A. Synthesis, Duplex DNA Binding and Topoisomerase I Inhibition by Symmetrical Bisbenzimidazole Derivatives with Aromatic Linkers. This chapter describes the synthesis of four symmetrical bisbenzimidazole derivatives bearing aromatic linkers, phenyl, naphthyl or anthryl between the benzimidazole rings. Next their interaction with duplex DNA was investigated using fluorescence and temperature dependent UV absorption spectroscopy and viscometric titration techniques. Addition of DNA caused fluorescence enhancement of the molecules implying their interaction with duplex DNA. All the four molecules on binding to double helical DNA induced thermal stabilization of the latter. Viscometric titration of calf thymus DNA with the four compounds revealed a partial-intercalative mode of binding for the anthracene derivatized molecule 4. Next, their inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I enzyme were studied. The anthracene derivatized compound (4) showed high inhibition of the enzyme catalyzed relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA. Naphthalene derivatized compound (3) exhibited weak inhibition whereas the derivatives bearing 1,4- and 1,3-disubstitued benzene (1 and 2 respectively) units showed no inhibition. Figure 3. Molecular structures of the symmetrical bisbenzimidazole derivatives. Chapter 4B. Quadruplex DNA Stabilization by Symmetrical Bisbenzimidazole Derivatives with Aromatic Linkers. The ability of the aforementioned molecules to stabilize G-quadruplex structures was investigated next. DNA quadruplex secondary structures are potential molecular targets for new generation chemotherapeutic drugs; hence there is an impetus in developing quadruplex targeting molecules. The Tetrahymena thermophilia telomeric sequence 5´-(T2G4)4-3´ was selected for the studies as it exhibits interesting structural polymorphism depending on whether quadruplex formation occurs in presence of Na+ or K+. Circular dichroism and fluorescence anisotropy techniques were used to study the interaction of these newly synthesized molecules with quadruplex DNA. Also thermal stabilization of quadruplex structure induced by the molecules was determined by temperature dependent UV absorption studies. The compounds 1, 3 and 4 stabilized Na+ induced quadruplex without causing any structural alterations of the latter. However, the m-phenyl linker bearing molecule 2, above a certain [ligand]/[DNA] concentration ratio, caused uniquestructural alteration of the Na+ induced quadruplex such that the CD-signature of the latter resembled that of a K+ induced quadruplex structure. This result was corroborated by quadruplex thermal melting data and fluorescence anisotropy. Interestingly this ligand was also able to induce secondary structure formation in randomly oriented ss-DNA, akin to K+ induced quadruplex structure, even in the absence of Na+ or K+. Chapter 5. Synthesis and DNA Binding of Novel Biscationic Dimers of Bisbenzimidazole Systems. This chapter describes the design, synthesis and ds-DNA binding properties of four dicationic dimers of bisbenzimidazoles. Targeting long base pair sequences in double helical DNA is a key issue in chemical biology and connecting different DNA binding modules by appropriate linkers is an attractive strategy for achieving the same. The precursor monomer unit was a bisbenzimidazole derivative and an analogue of Hoechst 33258. Two such moieties were connected via bisoxyethylenic or 6- or 3-methylenic or piperazinyl units to achieve linker of varying length, rigidity and hydrophilicity. To study the interaction of the dimers with duplex DNA, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used. Two of the dimers, (bbim-2ox-bbim and bbim-6met-bbim) bearing long flexible spacers, were able to target 13-AT base pairs long oligonucleotide sequences in a 1:1 binding mode with an affinity 8-10 times better than the precursor monomer or Hoechst 33258. Also thermal denaturation experiments showed high duplex stabilization induced by the same two dimers. All studies indicated a bidentate mode of binding where both the arms of the dimers participated in DNA binding. The molecules bearing the short and rigid linkers (bbim-3met-bbim and bbimpiper- bbim) on the other hand showed low binding affinity towards duplex DNA, as indicated by fluorescence, circular dichroism and thermal melting studies. The short linkers probably did not favor simultaneous binding of both the monomeric arms of the dimers to DNA minor groove. The work reported in this chapter indicates the strong influence of the length and nature of linker in determining drug/DNA binding affinity. Figure 4. Molecular structures of dicationic dimeric bisbenzimidazole derivatives.(Refer PDF File)

<p>Knowledge is the Key</p><p>- Internet access, utilization and opinions in Grenada, West Indies</p><p>Information and knowledge contributes to growth and development through empowering individuals and communities, creating opportunities to improve their living conditions. Technology is advancing rapidly and the Information and Communication Technology, ICT, provides new ways to attain information. Especially the Internet is regarded to be a source of information and knowledge. However, there are still many places in the world where Internet access is not yet available to everyone. The consequences are that people in developing countries do not get the opportunity to benefit from the new technology and the possibilities it brings.</p><p>The research for this thesis was carried out in Grenada during November and December 2006. Grenada is a small independent island in the English speaking Caribbean, where only a small percentage of the population has Internet access. The purpose of the study is to examine if a selection of young individuals in Grenada can obtain enhanced knowledge through using the Internet. Furthermore, the study intends to depict what attitudes and opinions can be found among the youths, focusing on the possibilities as well as the negative effects of the Internet.</p><p>This study was conducted trough a qualitative orientated methodological perspective with strategically selected respondents between 11 and 35 years old. Qualitative interviews were being made with nine individuals who were using the Internet regularly.</p><p>The conclusion of this thesis is that organized strategies and projects are required, with the aim to create motives for the young generation of Grenada to obtain enhanced knowledge through Internet usage. The access and availability in itself is not enough, because seeking information and knowledge is not the main purpose when the youths are using the Internet. Nevertheless, the respondents stated that the Internet is considered to be a source of information and knowledge and that they know where and how to find information when using the Internet, if they wanted to. The result also reveals an overall positive attitude towards the Internet and the future among the youths, yet still well aware of the negative consequences. The respondents expressed a desire to be able to keep up with the technology and wished for increased and improved accessibility and connectivity in Grenada.</p><p>Another interesting conclusion this research generated is the confirmation of the digital divide as a matter of global stratification, rather than differences between countries. Regardless of the country of origin, people with Internet access will have advantages in life and benefit from the technology, unlike those who have no access and hence, will fall even further behind.</p>

<p>Denna studie handlar om pelletering som möjlig lönsam marginalaffär vid mindre sågverk/hyvlerier. Studien, vilken skett genom djupintervjuer på plats, omfattar fem olika mindre sågverk/hyvlerier i Småland. Verksamheterna är sinsemellan på många sätt olika men har samtliga satsat på pelletering av ekonomiska skäl och av miljöskäl.</p><p>Studien visar att pelletering är lönsam men också att det krävs vissa förutsättningar för att långsiktigt nå denna lönsamhet. Den viktigaste är långsiktig tillgång till råvara i form av torrt spån men det krävs även ett genuint intresse och en stor kunskap inom såväl teknik som trä för den som skall pelletera Detta beror på att produktionsprocessen är mycket komplicerad och även beroende av en del yttre omständigheter som t.ex. fukt, kyla och torka. Eftersom komplexiteten, och därmed den initiala personella insatsen är stor, bör man också uppnå vissa minimikvantiteter i produktionen. Studien visar också att det även krävs ett antal övriga element för att pelleteringen skall uppvisa den lönsamhet som en hastig förkalkyl ger vid handen.</p><p>Klarar man att leva upp till de flesta av dessa finns det goda förutsättningar att pelletering över en konjunkturcykel kan medverka till att förbättra lönsamheten för den typ av mindre anläggningar som studerats.</p> / <p>This study is about pelleting as a possible profitable marginal business for minor saw-mills and planing mills. It has been carried out through in depth interviews of five different minor saw-mills and planing mills in Småland. These businesses are different themselves but all of them have invested in pelleting for financial and environmental reasons.</p><p>The study shows that pelleting is profitable but also that a number of conditions must be fulfilled to reach profitability in the long run. The most important success factor is long-term access to raw material (dry chip) but the production process also demands a high interest and knowledge in wood and processing technology. This is due to the fact that the process is very complex and also depending on external circumstances like humidity, coldness and dryness. Due to this complexity and that the demand of manpower is rather high one should aim for producing at least a certain minimum quantity.</p><p>The study also shows that there are a couple of other factors that are needed to be fulfilled to reach the profitability that the pre-calculation indicates.</p><p>If most of these conditions are fulfilled there are very good possibilities that pelleting over a business cycle can contribute to an improved profitability for the type of businesses that have been studied.</p>

This study provides an in depth analysis of three temples dedicated to emperors in Roman Asia (western Asia Minor): the Temple of Divine Rulers at Aphrodisias, the Temple of Divine Rulers at Ephesus and the Temple of Zeus Philios and Trajan at Pergamon. Focusing on each case study in a separate chapter, the project provides a brief introduction to each city's history and a detailed discussion of each temple's name, dating, patronage structure, architectural form, sculptural program, and the application techniques of sculptural and architectural details. The study proposes an understanding of these temples as key monuments of constantly changing dynamic urban landscapes rather than simple symbolic gestures towards the Roman emperors. Utilizing Kevin Lynch's terminology, the project suggests close links between each monument and the already existing urban elements of each individual city, further strengthening its overall urban image. These structures were essential to their urban contexts, and their meanings and functions were directly linked to the culture and history of each city. Finally, the project demonstrates that through their architectural designs and sculptural programs, each temple emphasized the perspectives of the local elite. The methodology of the project involves a careful study of the city plans, an analysis of context-specific local features and finally a consideration of multiple-viewer perceptions. This dissertation aims to provide an alternative model for later studies in Roman provincial art and architecture. / text

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Avec la romanisation à grande échelle pendant le Haut-Empire, les Romains ont propagé leur culture dans tout le bassin méditerranéen. Les jeux de gladiateurs ont été en Asie Mineure un apport important à la société romaine instaurée en milieu grec. Les théâtres hellénistiques ont été modifiés pour accueillir ces nouveaux divertissements, typiquement romains. Il est question de tout ce qui entoure ces endroits et les gladiateurs grecs qui les ont massivement fréquentés pendant les trois premiers siècles de notre ère, également de ces combattants grecs à travers les spectacles, les festivals et le culte impérial. Quatre cités sont étudiées dans cette optique : Éphèse, Aphrodisias, Attaleia, Side. Nous pouvons ainsi analyser les développements de ce phénomène autant dans les grands que les petites villes. / With full scale Romanization during the early days of the Empire, the Romans propagated their culture all across the Mediterranean region. Gladiatorial games were in Asia Minor a significant feature of the Roman culture implanted amid the Greek population. The Hellenistic theaters were modified to accommodate this new Roman entertainment. This contribution is about all that surrounds these places and the Greek gladiators who fought in them during the first three centuries of our era ; it explores those Greek warriors in spectacle, festival and imperial cult. Four cities are studied : Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Attaleia and Side. The choice of these examples, it is hoped, will allow a better understanding of the development of this phenomenon in big urban centers as well as in smaller cities. / Entièrement réalisé grâce au programme LaTeX (http://www.latex-project.org/)

The dissertation consists of two parts. In the first part several asymptotic properties of random intersection graphs are studied. They include birth thresholds for small complete subgraphs in the binomial random intersection graph, the clique number in sparse random intersection graphs and the chromatic index of random uniform hypergraphs. Several new methods and theoretically and practically relevant algorithms are proposed. Some results are illustrated with data from real-world networks. The second part deals with asymptotic enumeration and properties of graphs from minor-closed classes in the case when the excluded minors are disjoint. The class of graphs without k+1 (vertex-)disjoint cycles and more general classes of graphs without k+1 disjoint excluded minors (satisfying a condition related to fans) are considered. Typical graphs in such classes are shown to have a simple “k apex vertex” structure. Other asymptotic properties (connectivity, number of components, chromatic number, vertex degrees) are also determined. Finally, it is shown that typical graphs without k+1 disjoint minors K4 have a more complicated “2k+1 apex vertex” structure, and properties of such graphs are investigated. Part of the results is proved in greater generality. A variety of methods from computer science, graph theory, combinatorics and the theory of generating functions are applied. / Disertacijoje yra dvi pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje gaunami keli nauji rezultatai uždaviniams, susijusiems su atsitiktiniais sankirtų grafais. Nagrinėjamas pilnojo pografio gimimo slenkstis binominiame atsitiktiniame sankirtų grafe, didžiausios klikos eilė atsitiktiniame retame sankirtų grafe ir chromatinio indekso eilė atsitiktiniame reguliariajame hipergrafe. Sprendimams pasiūloma keletas naujų metodų, taip pat pateikiami teoriškai ir praktiškai svarbūs algoritmai. Kai kurie rezultatai iliustruojami duomenimis iš realių tinklų. Antrojoje dalyje pristatomi rezultatai grafų su uždraustaisiais minorais tematikoje, nagrinėjamas atvejis kai uždraustieji minorai yra nejungūs. Čia tiriamas asimptotinis grafų, neturinčių k+1 nepriklausomų ciklų, skaičius, rezultatai apibendrinami grafų, neturinčių k+1 uždraustųjų minorų, tačiau tenkinančių tam tikrą „vėduoklės“ apribojimą, klasėms. Įrodoma, kad tipiniai tokių klasių grafai turi paprastą „k dydžio blokatoriaus“ struktūrą, nustatomos kitos tokių grafų asimptotinės savybės (jungumas, komponenčių skaičius, viršūnių laipsniai). Galiausiai parodoma, kad tipiniai grafai, neturintys k+1 nepriklausomų minorų K4 turi sudėtingesnę „2k+1 dydžio blokatoriaus“ struktūrą ir ištiriamos kitos jų savybės. Dalis šių rezultatų įrodoma daug bendresniu atveju. Darbe pasitelkiami įvairūs informatikos, kombinatorikos, grafų, tikimybių ir generuojančiųjų funkcijų teorijos metodai.

Through interviews, research, observations and the use of service design methods the author of this report, Jenny Annebäck, executed a Minor Field Study within the field of recycling of PET bottles in Uganda. The project work resulted in thorough studies of service design thinking and methodology, sustainable development, the market and situation in Uganda as well as the consumer group concerned about sustainable development. The result was a pre-study of a future development of a recycling service, visualized through two stakeholder maps, personas and a customer journey map. These three tools constitutes a beginning and a solid ground for further work with developing the service. A service that can contribute to a more sustainable development in the country of Uganda. In the report, examples are stated how to continue with the project as well as how it can be applied in other developing countries. The project work of this Minor Field Study(MFS) lasted from November 2011 until June 2012, as a degree project of 22,5 ECTS credits for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering at Karlstad University. The MFS program is organized by the Swedish International Programme Office for Education and Training and financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, enabling graduating students to perform a thesis in a developing country. Jenny Annebäck spent the first two months of the project time in Jinja, Uganda, together with her project partner Olga Sabirova Höjerström, both students at Karlstad University. The two project group members performed this Minor Field Study together with Sarah Keller, industrial designer and general manager at Uganda Innovation Factory(UIF). UIF is a product and graphic design company situated in Jinja, working with local designers to encourage Ugandan design and production for the global market. The supervising teacher of this project has been Monica Jakobsson and the examiner professor Fredrik Thuvander, both belonging to the Faculty of Technology and Science at Karlstad University. / Genom intervjuer, undersökningar, observationer och användning av tjänstedesignmetoder utförde författaren av denna rapport, Jenny Annebäck, en Minor Field Study inom återvinning av PET-flaskor i Uganda. Projektarbetet resulterade i noggranna studier av tjänstedesignmetodik, hållbar utveckling, situationen och marknaden i Uganda samt konsumentgruppen upptagna av just hållbar utveckling. Slutresultatet blev i form av en förstudie för en framtida utveckling av en återvinningstjänst för PET-flaskor. Detta visualiserades med hjälp av två intressentkartor (stakeholder maps), personas och en kundresekartläggning (customer journey map). Dessa tre verktyg utgör en början och en solid grund för framtida arbete med utveckling av tjänsten. En tjänst som kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling i landet. I rapporten ges exempel på hur man kan gå vidare med projektet samt hur man kan applicera det i andra utvecklingsländer. Projektarbetet inom denna Minor Field Study(MFS) varade från november 2011 till juni 2012 och utgjorde författarens examensarbete på 22,5 hp på Högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i Innovationsteknik och Design vid Karlstads universitet. MFS organiseras av Internationella programkontoret och finansieras av Sida, Styrelsen för Internationellt utvecklingssamarbete, och möjliggör för kandidatstudenter vid svenska universitet och högskolor att göra ett examensarbete genom en fältstudie i ett utvecklingsland. Jenny Annebäck spenderade de först två månaderna av projektet i Jinja, Uganda, tillsammans med Olga Sabirova Höjerström, studiekamrat på Karlstads universitet. De två projektmedlemmarna utförde MFS projektet tillsammans med Sarah Keller, verksamhetschef på Uganda Innovation Factory (UIF). UIF är en produkt och grafisk designbyrå i Jinja, som arbetar med lokala designers för att främja ugandisk design och produktion för en global marknad. Handledare för Jenny Annebäck har varit Monica Jakobsson och examinator har varit professor Fredrik Thuvander, båda tillhörande Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet.

Various methods for extraction and analysis of high value minor proteins (lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins) directly from raw milk were explored. Extraction, purification and analysis of high-value minor proteins directly from milk without pre-treatment are major challenges for dairy industry, largely due to the complexity of milk and the presence of colloidal solids (casein micelles and milk fat globules). To overcome some of these challenges, this work focused on three main objectives: 1) characterization of cryogel monolith chromatography for purification of lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LP) directly from raw milk in single step, 2) identification and characterization of Protein A Mimetic affinity ligands for purification of immunoglobulins (Igs) from milk and 3) development and validation of a surface plasmon resonance method for simultaneous quantification of five whey proteins in multiple samples. Results portrayed the possibility of 40–50 column volumes of various milk samples (whole milk, skim milk and acid whey) to pass through a 5 mL cryogel monolith chromatography column at 525 cm hr⁻¹ without exceeding its pressure limits if the processing temperature is maintained around 35–37°C. Ideally, this should be the milk secretion temperature. The dynamic binding capacity obtained for the cryogel matrix (2.1 mg mL⁻¹) was similar to that of the binding capacity (2.01 mg mL⁻¹) at equilibrium with 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ of lactoferrin in the feed samples. Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase was selectively bound to the cryogel column with trivial leakage in flowthrough fractions. Lactoferrin was recovered from elution fractions with a yield of 85% and a purity of 90%. These results, together with the ease of manufacture, low cost and versatile surface chemistry of cryogels suggest that they may be a good alternative to packed-bed chromatography for direct capture of proteins from milk, provided that the binding capacity can be increased. A Protein A Mimetic (PAM) hexapeptide (HWRGWV) peptide ligand that binds to the Fc portion of antibody molecules was explored for affinity purification of immunoglobulins from milk. The peptide has the ability to purify IgG from various milk and whey samples with a purity of greater than 85% in single step. More than 90% bound IgG was recovered with 0.2 M acetate buffer at pH 4.0 and total column regeneration was successfully achieved by 2.0 M guanidine-HCl. At 9.0 mg mL⁻¹ of IgG feed concentration, an equilibrium binding capacity of 21.7 mg mL⁻¹ and dynamic binding capacity of approximately 12.0 mg mL⁻¹ of resin was obtained. Recoveries and yields of IgG were significantly influenced by the feed IgG concentration. PAM hexamer ligand also contributed a significant amount of cross-reactivity with casein, glycomacropeptides and β-lactoglobulin proteins, however majority of these proteins were recovered in the regeneration step, except β-lactoglobulin, which co-eluted with IgG. Higher IgG concentration in feed vastly reduced the amount of cross-reactivity whilst increasing the recoveries and purities in the final product. PAM affinity ligands also showed interactions towards other classes of bovine immunoglobulins. These findings established the possibility of using PAM hexamer peptide as an alternative to conventional Protein A/G affinity chromatography for the isolation of Igs from milk in single step process. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method was developed for simultaneous, quantitative determination of commercially important whey proteins in raw and processed milk samples, whey fractions and various milk-derived products, with six samples per assay. Immobilized antibody stability and reproducibility of analyses were studied over time for 25 independent runs (n=300), giving a relative standard deviation (RSD) of <4%. Immobilized antibodies showed negligible non-specific interactions (<2–4 SPR response units (RU)) and no cross-reactivity towards other milk components (<1 RU). Regeneration of immobilised antibodies with glycine at pH 1.75 was determined to be optimal for maintaining the SPR response between samples. This method compared and validated well with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

In Peter Weiss debut Från ö till ö (1947) the ‘I’ travels from island to island as a castaway. The island here can signify, or work as a synecdoche for exile and the feeling of isolation that exile often induces. But the movement from island to island also implies a restless state: Peter Weiss shifting from painting to writing to filmmaking and theatre, from German to Swedish and then back to German. The years during exile and the years that followed the exile until his breakthrough in Germany with Schatten des körpers des Kütchens (1960), Abschied von den Eltern (1961) and Fluchtpunkt (1962), were the formative years of Peter Weiss authorship. In Sweden he abandoned a Hesse-influenced new-romanticism – an aesthetical and political dead-end in the 1940s – and oriented towards the Swedish modernists – fyrtiotalisterna – discovered psychoanalysis and became politically “aware”. These happenings – or machines as this essay likes to view them – all influenced and produced Weiss Swedish prose which is this essay’s main focus. Following Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari this essay understands Weiss Swedish authorship as a minor authorship. As Franz Kafka was in the German language, Peter Weiss was a stranger in Swedish and in Sweden, a “foreign bird” as one critic calls him. As a minor writer he is a political writer, the political realities are connected to him, his half-Jewish body is intertwined in the (bio)political realities of mid-century Germany; and those realities are visible in his prose, even if he himself, or his contemporaries, see him as an unpolitical author. Therefore there is no unpolitical and political period in the œuvre of Peter Weiss. Instead there are different flows and movements, from the political, from the production of the psychoanalytic-, modernist- and romantic-machine among others. There are lines of flights, deterritorialization and reterritorialization. This essay aims to follow some of these lines in the Swedish prose of Peter Weiss.