<p dir="ltr">The goal of this thesis is to develop a method of evaluating long-term IAQ performance of an industrial facility and use machine-learning to model the relationship between critical air pollutants and the facility’s HVAC systems and processes. The facility under study for this thesis is an electroplating manufacturer. The air pollutants at this facility that were studied were particulate matter, total-volatile organic compounds, and carbon-dioxide. Upon sensor installation, seven “zones” were identified to isolate areas of the plant for measurement and analysis. A statistical review of the long-term data highlighted how this facility performed in terms of compliance. Their gaseous pollutants were well within regulation. Particulate matter, however, was found to be a pressing issue. PM10 was outside of compliance more than 15% of the time in five out of seven of the zones of study. Some zones were out of compliance up to 80% of the total collection period. The six pollutants that met these criteria were deemed critical and moved on to machine learning modeling. Our model of best fit for each pollutant used a gaussian process regression model, which fits best for non-linear rightly skewed datasets. The performance of each of our models was deemed significant. Every model had at least a regression coefficient of 0.935 and above for both validation and testing. The maximum average error was 12.64 ug.m^3, which is less than 10% of the average PM10 concentration. Through our modeling, we were able to study how HVAC and production played a role in particulate matter presence for each zone. Exhaust systems of the west side of the plant were found to be insufficient at removing particulates from their facility. Overall, the methods developed in this thesis project were able to meet the goal of analyzing IAQ compliance, modeling critical pollutants using machine learning, and identifying a relationship between these pollutants and an industrial facility’s HVAC and production systems.</p>

L'objectif principal de la thèse est d'établir un modèle sous forme hamiltonienne à ports pour la dynamique du plasma dans les réacteurs de fusion de type tokamak, puis de démontrer le potentiel de cette approche pour aborder les problèmes d'intégration numérique et de commande non linéaire. Les bilans thermo-magnéto-hydrodynamiques, écrits sous forme hamiltonienne à ports à l'aide de structures Stokes-Dirac, conduisent à un modèle 3D “ multi-physique ” du plasma. Ensuite, un modèle 1D équivalent au modèle de diffusion résistive est obtenu en supposant les mêmes hypothèses d'équilibre quasi-statique et de symétries. Un schéma symplectique de réduction spatiale de ce modèle 1D qui préserve la structure du modèle et ses invariants est établi. Il ouvre la voie à des travaux ultérieurs de commande non linéaire fondés sur la structure géométrique d'interconnexion et les bilans du modèle. La commande IDA-PBC (Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control) basée sur la passivité du modèle est d'abord synthétisée pour ce système en dimension finie. Finalement, une commande IDA-PBC associée avec la commande à la frontière est proposée pour le système en dimension infinie. Les controlleurs sont testés et validés avec les simulateurs des tokamak (METIS pour le Tore Supra de CEA/ Cadarache, et RAPTOR pour le TCV de l'EPFL Lausanne, Suisse). / The modelling and analysis of the plasma dynamics in tokamaks using the port-Hamiltonian approach is the main project purpose. Thermo-mMagnetohydrodynamics balances have been written in port-Hamiltonian form using Stokes-Dirac interconnection structures and 3D differential forms. A simplified 1D model for control has been derived using quasi-static and symmetry assumptions. It has been proved to be equivalent to a classical 1D control model: the resistive diffusion model for the poloidal magnetic flux. Then a geometric spatial integration scheme has been developped. It preserves both the symplecticity of the Dirac interconnection structure and physically conserved extensive quantities. This will allow coming works on energy-based approaches for the non linear control of the plasma dynamics.An Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control (IDA-PBC) , the most general Port-Hamiltonian control, is chosen first to deal with the studied Tokamak system. It is based on a model made of the two coupled PDEs of resistive diffusion for the magnetic poloidal flux and of radial thermal diffusion. The used TMHD couplings are the Lorentz forces (with non-uniform resistivity) and the bootstrap current. The loop voltage at the plasma boundary, the total external current and the plasma heating power are considered as controller outputs. Due to the actuator constraints which imply to have a physically feasible current profile deposits, a feedforward control is used to ensure the compatibility with the actuator physical capability. Then, the IDA-PBC controllers, both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional, are designed to improve the system stabilization and convergence speed. The proposed works are validated against the simulation data obtained from the Tore-Supra WEST (CEA/Cadarache, France) test case and from RAPTOR code for the TCV real-time control system (CRPP/ EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland).

[pt] A concepção e modelagem de objetos educacionais para compreensão da dinâmica de motocicletas/bicicletas em projetos de engenharia têm nesta tese dois objetivos gerais: o entendimento da dinâmica de veículos de duas rodas de bitola zero e a apresentação de solução para o problema de incompatibilidade, ainda que parcial, do perfil do formando em engenharia quando comparado ao desejado pelo mercado de trabalho. Para cumprir com o primeiro objetivo, este trabalho desenvolve a modelagem de bicicletas e motocicletas utilizando as técnicas de Grafo de Ligação e Fluxo de Potência, para em seguida descrever aparatos educacionais em desenvolvimento no LDSM (Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Sistemas Mecatrônicos da PUC-Rio) projetados para auxiliar no entendimento desses veículos. No intuito de conseguir responder à questão que envolve o segundo objetivo geral, este trabalho apresenta um breve estudo sobre aprendizagem ativa para então, passando pela análise dos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de engenharia mecânica e de controle e automação, propor solução para uma melhor formação do engenheiro utilizando a metodologia de aprendizagem ativa, denominada PBL. O autor emprega os conhecimentos obtidos ao alcançar o primeiro objetivo para propor a utilização de projetos criados em torno dos veículos em questão como ferramentas do processo de ensino/aprendizagem. Através de pesquisas bibliográficas e de comparação do alcance e da abrangência entre, por um lado, a organização curricular vigente e, por outro, aquela proposta utilizando a metodologia de aprendizagem ativa, o autor evidencia que esta última cumpre satisfatoriamente com o rigor da formação técnica do engenheiro. Através de pesquisas bibliográficas e experimentação em aula, ele verifica que a nova organização curricular pode ir além e cobrir também as competências não ligadas à formação técnica que a atual organização não consegue contemplar satisfatoriamente, como consciência socioambiental e ética profissional, entre outras. Por fim o trabalho indica novos caminhos a serem seguidos, tanto na modelagem de tais veículos, como no estudo e na utilização da metodologia pesquisada. / [en] The conception and modeling of educational objects for understanding of motorcycles/bicycles dynamics in engineering design have in this thesis two general objectives: understanding the dynamics of two wheels vehicles of gage zero and resenting the solution for the incompatibility problem, even if partial, of the engineering graduate profile when referred to the profile desired by the job market. To accomplish with the first goal, this work develops the modeling of bicycles and motorcycles using the Bond Graphs and Power Flow techniques, to then describe education apparatuses developed in LDSM (Mechatronic Systems Development Laboratory of PUC-Rio) designed to aid in the understanding of those vehicles. In order to answer the question that involves the second general objective, this work presents a brief study on active learning and then, through the analysis of the mechanical and mechatronics engineering courses pedagogical projects, proposes a solution for engineers training using the active learning methodology, the so called PBL. The author uses the knowledge obtained in achieving the first objective to propose the use of projects created around the considered vehicles as tools to the teaching/learning process. Through bibliographical researches and through comparison of reach and inclusion among, on one hand, the current curricular organization and, on the other hand, that one proposed using active learning methodology, the author shows that this last one fulfills satisfactorily the rigor of the engineer s technical formation. Through bibliographical researches and experimentation in class, he verifies that the new curricular organization can go further and also covers the competences not linked to the technical formation that the current organization is not able to cover satisfactorily, as social- environmental awareness and professional ethics, among others. Finally, the work indicates new paths to follow, both in the modeling of such vehicles, as in the study and use of the researched methodology.

Le travail présenté dans la thèse s’inscrit dans le projet de recherche partenarial ANR-ABV 2009 dont l’objet est la conception d’un système de conduite automatisée à basse vitesse. Il décrit et analyse les principes d’un contrôle partagé d’un véhicule automobile entre un conducteur humain et un copilote électronique (E-copilote). L’objectif est de mettre en place une coopération Homme-Machine efficace entre le conducteur et l’E-copilote. Un des enjeux est notamment de permettre au conducteur d’interagir avec l’E-copilote de façon continue pour pouvoir exécuter les manœuvres qu’il souhaite sans nécessiter la désactivation ni être gêné par l’E-copilote. Cet enjeu répond au besoin de prise en compte des actions du conducteur entreprises pour pallier celles du E-copilote dans certaines situations par exemple éviter un obstacle non perçu par le système. L’objectif dans ce cas est de garantir le confort au conducteur ainsi que sa conscience du mode engagé (système actif ou pas). Le conducteur et l’E-copilote agissant simultanément sur le système de direction, chacun doit être conscient des actions de l’autre : une communication bidirectionnelle est essentielle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons retenu les interactions haptiques à travers le système de direction du véhicule. Le couple appliqué par le conducteur sur volant est utilisé par l’E-copilote pour prendre en compte ces actions de la même façon que le couple produit par l’E-copilote est ressenti par le conducteur et utilisé pour comprendre le comportement du système. D’autres aspects essentiels pour la coopération H-M ont également été abordés : l’´étude des changements de modes de fonctionnement du système ainsi que l’IHM via laquelle le conducteur interagit avec le système. / The work presented in the thesis is part of the research partnership project ANRABV 2009 which aims is to design an automated low-speed driving. It describes and analyzes the principles of shared control of a motor vehicle between a human driver and an electronic copilot (E-copilot). The objective is to establish effective human-machine cooperation between the driver and E-copilot. One issue is particular to allow the driver to interact with the E-copilot continuously in order to perform maneuvers he wants without requiring deactivation neither constrained by E-copilot. This issue addresses the need for consideration of driver actions taken to remedy those of E-copilot for example avoiding undetected obstacle by the system while ensuring operator comfort and the driver situation awareness. The driver and E-co-pilot acting simultaneously on the steering system, everyone must be aware of the actions of the other: twoway communication is essential. To achieve this goal, we used the haptic interactions through the steering system of the vehicle. The torque applied by the driver on the steering wheel is used by the E-copilot to take into account these actions as the torque produced by the E-copilot is felt by the driver and used to understand the system’s behavior. Other key issues for the Human-Machine Cooperation were also discussed: the study of changes in modes of operation of the system and HMI via which the driver interact with the system.

<p>This study is focused on the design, production, and operation of a controlled environmental olfaction chamber to evaluate human physiological and emotional response to volatile chemical emissions (VCPs) from scented household products in addition to careful characterization of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in these product emissions. Utilizing proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the chamber can collect VCP emissions and identify VOCs present to complete an accurate chemical profile of household and common product emissions not previously known. This instrument is one of the first of its kind and will serve as a key element in understanding the relationship between human physical and cognitive health and the built environment.</p>