Why is it that the international scientific consensus on climate change has not been followed by a proportionate policy response in Canada? Perhaps the relationships between the country’s science organizations and government agencies are not functioning properly. My research adopts an interdisciplinary approach (i.e. science studies and political science) to this issue, highlighting the relevant literature’s underlying consensus on co-production, a norm of deliberative two-way engagement between scientists and policy-makers. I hypothesize that relationships embodying elements of co-productive design (e.g. informal communication, appointed liaisons) are more likely to facilitate climate action. To test this, I examine three cases of climate science-policy partnership in Canada by interviewing participants from both sides. The partnership between the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium and BC municipalities exhibits substantial influence on policy, tied to a considerable degree of co-productive design. The partnership between the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and the Climate Action Secretariat of the BC provincial government also displays notable design characteristics, but primarily facilitates side benefits and soft influences rather than concrete policy changes. The attempted partnership between the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences and the federal government exhibits few elements of co-productive design and has been effectively terminated, demonstrating the prerequisite importance of political interest. The relevant literature is not sufficiently nuanced to fully predict or explain these situations, so I put forward a new theoretical model. My science-policy relationship hierarchy (SPRHi) suggests that each such case can be classified as incidental interaction, basic partnership, interactive dialogue, or true co-production. It specifies the conditions which must be met for any given relationship to improve, maximizing potential benefits and influences. Concrete policy changes seem to result only from true co-production, though, which generally requires exceptional external requirements and thus cannot be deliberately facilitated. As such, co-productive design ultimately does not offer a clear way to address Canada’s climate inaction. I suggest that further research be conducted on international coordination mechanisms, public attitudes, and (especially) political leadership. However, the soft influences of science-policy partnerships may affect these broader factors in unpredictable ways, so the importance of co-productive design should not be underestimated. / Graduate

Les applications logicielles sont de plus en plus diversifié et complexe. Avec le développement orageux du Cloud Computing et de ses applications, les applications logicielles deviennent encore plus complexes que jamais. Les applications de cloud computing complexes peuvent contenir un grand nombre de composants logiciels qui nécessitent et consomment une grande quantité de ressources (matériel ou d'autres composants logiciels) répartis en plusieurs niveaux en fonction de la granularité de ces ressources. En outre, ces composants logiciels peuvent être situés sur différents nuages. Les composants logiciels et de leurs ressources requises d'une application Nuage ont des relations complexes dont certains pourraient être résolus au moment de la conception, mais certains sont nécessaires pour faire face au moment de l'exécution. La complexité des logiciels et de l'hétérogénéité de l'environnement Couverture devenir défis que les solutions d'élasticité actuelles ont besoin de trouver des réponses appropriées à résoudre. L'élasticité est l'un des avantages du cloud computing, qui est la capacité d'un système Cloud pour adapter à la charge de travail des changements par des ressources d'approvisionnement et deprovisioning d'une manière autonome. Par conséquent, les ressources disponibles correspondent à la demande actuelle d'aussi près que possible à chaque moment. Pour avoir une solution d'élasticité efficace, qui ne reflète pas seulement la complexité des applications Cloud mais également à déployer et à gérer eux d'une manière autonome, nous proposons une approche d'élasticité roman. Il est appelé à plusieurs niveaux élasticité fine qui comprend deux aspects de la complexité de l'application: plusieurs composants logiciels et la granularité des ressources. Le multi-niveau élasticité fine concerne les objets touchés par les actions d'élasticité et la granularité de ces actions. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons plateforme Roboconf un système de cloud computing autonome (ACCS) pour installer et reconfigurer les applications complexes ainsi que soutenir le multi-niveau élasticité fine. A cet effet, Roboconf est également un gestionnaire d'élasticité autonome. Merci à cette plate-forme, nous pouvons abstraire les applications cloud complexes et automatiser leur installation et de reconfiguration qui peut être de plusieurs centaines d'heures de travail. Nous utilisons également Roboconf à mettre en œuvre les algorithmes de multi-niveau élasticité fine sur ces applications. Les expériences menées indiquent non seulement l'efficacité de l'élasticité fine multi-niveau, mais aussi de valider les caractéristiques de support de cette approche de la plateforme Roboconf. / Software applications are becoming more diverse and complex. With the stormy development of Cloud Computing and its applications, software applications become even more complex than ever. The complex Cloud applications may contain a lot of software components that require and consume a large amount of resources (hardware or other software components) distributed into multiple levels based on granularity of these resources. Moreover these software components might be located on different clouds. The software components and their required resources of a Cloud application have complex relationships which some could be resolved at design time but some are required to tackle at run time. The complexity of software and heterogeneity of Cloud environment become challenges that current elasticity solutions need to find appropriate answers to resolve. Elasticity is one of benefits of Cloud computing, which is capability of a Cloud system to adapt to workload changes by provisioning and deprovisioning resources in an autonomic manner. Hence, the available resources fit the current demand as closely as possible at each point in time. To have an efficient elasticity solution which not only reflects the complexity of Cloud applications but also deploy and manage them in an autonomic manner, we propose a novel elasticity approach. It is called multi-level fine-grained elasticity which includes two aspects of application’s complexity: multiple software components and the granularity of resources. The multi-level fine-grained elasticity concerns objects impacted by elasticity actions and granularity of these actions. In this thesis, we introduce Roboconf platform an autonomic Cloud computing system (ACCS) to install and reconfigure the complex applications as well as support the multi-level fine-grained elasticity. To this end, Roboconf is also an autonomic elasticity manager. Thanks to this platform, we can abstract the complex Cloud applications and automate their installation and reconfiguration that can be up to several hundred hours of labour. We also use Roboconf to implement the algorithms of multi-level fine-grained elasticity on these applications. The conducted experiments not only indicate efficiency of the multi-level fine-grained elasticity but also validate features supporting this approach of Roboconf platform.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du leadership par une approche multi-évaluateurs (dite à 360 degrés). Tout d'abord les différents modèles du leadership, allant d'une conception unitaire, à une conception interractionniste puis à une définition en termes d'effet, sont détaillés. Puis en étudiant la question de la mesure, on met en évidence qu'avec la popularité croissante de leurs modèles, certains outils d'évaluation sont devenus des questionnaires psychométriques à part entière. Pourtant, du fait des limites de l’auto-évaluation, une nouvelle approche du leadership à vu le jour: l'évaluation à 360°. Elle évalue les qualités d'un manager en interrogeant les personnes travaillant avec lui (subordonnés, collègues, supérieurs...) et en comparant leurs évaluations avec la propre évaluation du manager. Un des points central de notre recherche a été d’étudier les apports et les limites de cette méthode. Tout d'abord on a vérifié dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques souvent utilisées pour expliquer la variabilité entre les catégories d'observateurs permettaient réellement de comprendre les écarts observés. Ces analyses ont montré que malgré des résultats significatifs, ces variables n’expliquent que très partiellement la variance existante. De par ces conclusions l’accent a été mis, non plus sur les différences inter-groupes, mais sur l'accord et le désaccord au sein des groupes d'observateurs. Enfin, la dernière partie revient aux bases méthodologiques et théoriques de la mesure en cherchant à proposer un modèle psychométriques qui conviendrait aux résultats de questionnaires à 360°, permettant de donner un cadre conceptuel au recours à des évaluateurs multiples. / This thesis is centered on leadership assessment through multi-rater evaluation, commonly known as 360 degrees assessment. First, leadership models were presented, and then, we discussed the measurement aspects of leadership, wherein we observed that some tools became full fledged psychometric assessments owning to the growing popularity of their underlying theory. Nevertheless, the concerns over the inherent limitations of self-report measures continued to be a major challenge in leadership assessment. This led to a new assessment approach called 360 degrees in which the characteristics of leaders are assessed by people working with them (subordinates, colleagues, superiors...) and compared with the leaders' self-appraisals. The focal point of this thesis was to study the advantages as well as the limitations of this approach. The study started with examining how well the variables which are supposed to explain the inter-rater variability were actually helpful in understanding the observed variance among observers. Those analysis yielded significant results despite the fact that those variables could explain only a very limited amount of variance. Following these observations, the study switched its focus from inter-group differences to intra-group / inter-rater agreement and disagreement. Finally, the last part of this thesis gets back to methodological and theoretical basics of measurement theory and proposes a psychometric model that would suit the 360 degrees assessments followed by a conceptual framework for the studies using multi-rater techniques.

Previsões meteorológicas para longos períodos de tempo estão se tornando cada vez mais importantes. A preocupação mundial com as consequências da mudança do clima tem estimulado pesquisas para determinar o seu comportamento nas próximas décadas. Ao mesmo tempo, os passos necessários para definir uma melhor modelagem e simulação do clima e/ou tempo estão longe da precisão desejada. Aumentar o refinamento da superfície terrestre e, consequentemente, aumentar o número de pontos discretos (utilizados para a representação da atmosfera) na modelagem climática e precisão das soluções computadas é uma meta que está em conflito com o desempenho das aplicações numéricas. Aplicações que envolvem a interação de longos períodos de tempo e incluem um grande número de operações possuem um tempo de execução inviável para as arquiteturas de computadores tradicionais. Para superar esta situação, um modelo climatológico pode adotar diferentes níveis de refinamento da superfície terrestre, utilizando mais pontos discretos somente em regiões onde uma maior precisão é requerida. Este é o caso de Ocean-Land-AtmosphereModel, que permite o refinamento estático de uma determinada região no início da execução do código. No entanto, um refinamento dinâmico possibilitaria uma melhor compreensão das condições climáticas específicas de qualquer região da superfície terrestre que se tivesse interesse, sem a necessidade de reiniciar a execução da aplicação. Com o surgimento das arquiteturas multi-core e a adoção de GPUs para a computação de propósito geral, existem diferentes níveis de paralelismo. Hoje há paralelismo interno ao processador, entre processadores e entre computadores. Com o objetivo de extrair ao máximo a performance dos computadores atuais, é necessário utilizar todos os níveis de paralelismo disponíveis durante o desenvolvimento de aplicações concorrentes. No entanto, nenhuma interface de programação paralela explora simultaneamente bem os diferentes níveis de paralelismo existentes. Baseado neste contexto, esta tese investiga como explorar diferentes níveis de paralelismo em modelos climatológicos usando interfaces clássicas de programação paralela de forma combinada e como é possível prover refinamento de malhas em tempo de execução para estes modelos. Os resultados obtidos a partir de implementações realizadas mostraram que é possível reduzir o tempo de execução de uma simulação atmosférica utilizando diferentes níveis de paralelismo, através do uso combinado de interfaces de programação paralela. Além disso, foi possível prover maior desempenho na execução de aplicações climatológicas que utilizam refinamento de malhas em tempo de execução. Com isso, uma malha de maior resolução para a representação da atmosfera terrestre pode ser adotada e, consequentemente, as previsões numéricas serão mais precisas. / Weather forecasts for long periods of time has emerged as increasingly important. The global concern with the consequences of climate changes has stimulated researches to determine the climate in coming decades. At the same time the steps needed to better defining the modeling and the simulation of climate/weather is far of the desired accuracy. Upscaling the land surface and consequently to increase the number of points used in climate modeling and the precision of the computed solutions is a goal that conflicts with the performance of numerical applications. Applications that include the interaction of long periods of time and involve a large number of operations become the expectation for results infeasible in traditional computers. To overcome this situation, a climatic model can take different levels of refinement of the Earth’s surface, using more discretized elements only in regions where more precision are required. This is the case of Ocean-Land- Atmosphere Model, which allows the static refinement of a particular region of the Earth in the early execution of the code. However, a dynamic mesh refinement could allow to better understand specific climatic conditions that appear at execution time of any region of the Earth’s surface, without restarting execution. With the introduction of multi-core processors and GPU boards, computers architectures have many parallel layers. Today, there are parallelism inside the processor, among processors and among computers. In order to use the best performance of the computers it is necessary to consider all parallel levels to distribute a concurrent application. However, nothing parallel programming interface abstracts all these different parallel levels. Based in this context, this thesis investigates how to explore different levels of parallelism in climatological models using mixed interfaces of parallel programming and how these models can provide mesh refinement at execution time. The performance results show that is possible to reduce the execution time of atmospheric simulations using different levels of parallelism, through the combined use of parallel programming interfaces. Higher performance for the execution of atmospheric applications that use online mesh refinement was also provided. Therefore, more mesh resolution to describe the Earth’s atmosphere can be adopted, and consequently the numerical forecasts are more accurate.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T18:25:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 62090100007.pdf: 2857253 bytes, checksum: 101b9abdceb9a13cd05ecc32d128d6f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T18:44:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 62090100007.pdf: 2857253 bytes, checksum: 101b9abdceb9a13cd05ecc32d128d6f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-26T18:45:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 62090100007.pdf: 2857253 bytes, checksum: 101b9abdceb9a13cd05ecc32d128d6f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-26T18:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 62090100007.pdf: 2857253 bytes, checksum: 101b9abdceb9a13cd05ecc32d128d6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-15 / The first Brazilian metropolitan regions were instituted in a top-down approach as part of a national development strategy during the military regime. Perceived as an undemocratic institution and rejected as a fou rth tier of government, these regions have, since the 1988 Constitution, been gradually emptied of their original purposes. In their orphanhood, socioeconomic problems have proliferated and deepened, and competitive rather than cooperative intergovernmental relations have predominated. One of the main challenges faced by the Brazilian federal model, in particular when referring to metropolitan regions, concerns the need for greater cooperation and coordination, necessary in order to ensure a more balanced relationship within the federation, as well as the effective implementation of policies to address inequality and social exclusion in these urban agglomerations. This article analyzes the Grande Recife Metropolitan Transport Consortium, established in 2008 between the governments of the Recife metropolitan region, in order to plan, manage and implement the public transport system in the region. The Grande Recife became a reality with the promulgation of a new instrument for federal cooperation, the Public Consortia Law in 2005. It is a pioneer and innovative experience that demonstrates it is possible to overcome conflicts and common challenges while simultaneously preserving autonomy and the rights of the citizens. The Grande Recife consortium is an experience in intergovernmental cooperation and an example of multi-level governance (MLG), illustrating a new democratic institutional arrangement between different governmental spheres for the shared management of a public service. / As primeiras regiões metropolitanas brasileiras foram instituídas de maneira vertical e autoritária como parte da estratégia de desenvolvimento nacional promovida pelo governo militar. Percebidas como instituições não-democráticas e rejeitadas como possível quarto ente federativo, as regiões metropolitanas, desde a Constituição de 1988, foram gradualmente esvaziadas dos seus propósitos originais. Em sua orfandade, os problemas socioeconômicos proliferaram e foram acentuados, e passaram a predominar relações intergovernamentais competitivas em vez de cooperativas. Um dos principais desafios enfrentados pelo modelo federalista brasileiro, em especial quando se trata destas regiões, está relacionado à necessidade de estabelecer maior cooperação e coordenação, tidas como imprescindíveis para garantir um relacionamento mais equilibrado entre os entes federativos, assim como para a efetiva implementação de políticas de enfrentamento das desigualdades e exclusão social nas aglomerações urbanas. Este trabalho analisa o Grande Recife Consórcio Metropolitano de Transportes (CMT), empresa pública multifederativa estabelecida em 2008 entre os governos municipais e estadual da Região Metropolitana de Recife (RMR). Responsável pelo planejamento, gestão e implementação compartilhada da política de transporte público coletivo na RMR, o Grande Recife se tornou realidade com a aprovação e regulamentação da Lei Federal nº 11.107 de 2005, conhecida como a Lei de Consórcios Públicos. O Grande Recife é uma experiência pioneira e inovadora, demonstrando que é possível encontrar uma maneira de superar conflitos e desafios comuns e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a preservação da autonomia de cada ente, bem como os direitos cidadãos. Neste trabalho consideramos essa experiência de cooperação intergovernamental como um exemplo de multi-level governance (MLG), uma vez que é ilustrativa de um novo arranjo institucional democrático entre distintas esferas governamentais para a gestão compartilhada de um serviço público.

Ces travaux de thèse consistent à proposer des outils matériels et logiciels pour estimer et améliorer le rendement énergétique de la chaine de conversion d’énergie photovoltaïque pour les applications de l’habitat. Nous avons dans un premier temps proposé une nouvelle architecture mixte d’onduleur à 5 niveaux. Ce type de structure, fondé sur un couplage d’un onduleur en pont complet et d’une architecture NPC, permet de diminuer le THD de la tension de sortie du convertisseur tout en limitant les niveaux de courant de fuite induits par les modules photovoltaïques. Ce type d’architecture est constitué d’un nombre limité de dispositifs à semi-conducteurs par rapport à une structure NPC et permet d’améliorer la robustesse de l’onduleur. Ces premiers résultats de test à puissances réduite permettent de valider le concept proposé. On s’intéresse ensuite à l’étude des paramètres environnant du système pouvant impacter la production d’énergie. Il est mis en évidence l’influence de la variation du coefficient d’échange convectif avec la vitesse du vent. Pour cela, un outil flexible d’estimation de production a été développé. Il est alors possible de quantifier et de qualifier l’impact des conditions météorologiques sur la production d’énergie photovoltaïque. / This study deals with the development of hardware and software tools to estimate and improve the efficiency of the PV energy conversion chain for household photovoltaic applications. We firstly proposed a new mixed 5-level inverter. This type of structure, based on the mixture of a full bridge inverter and NPC architecture, reduces the converter output voltage THD while reducing levels of leakage current induced by the PV modules. This architecture consists of a limited number of semiconductor devices with respect to a NPC structure and improves the robustness of the inverter. Several test results in reduced power validate the concept proposed. Finally, we focus on some parameters that could perturb the system and impact the energy production. It is highlighted that the impact of the convective heat transfer coefficient variation with wind speed is important. For this purpose, a flexible tool was developed to estimate the PV production. It is then possible to quantify and qualify the impact of wind speed on the photovoltaic energy production.

This report is about control, design and implementation of a low voltage-fed quasi Z-source three-level inverter. The topology has been interesting for photovoltaic-systems due to its ability to boost the incoming voltage without needing an extra switching control. The topology was first simulated in Simulink and later implemented on a full-bridge module to measure the harmonic distortion and estimating the power losses of the inverter. An appropriate control scheme was used to set up a shootthrough and design a three-level inverter. The conclusion for the report is that the quasi Z-source inverter could boost the DC-link voltage in the simulation. But there should be more consideration to the internal resistance of the components for the implementation stage as it gave out a lower output voltage than expected.

Previsões meteorológicas para longos períodos de tempo estão se tornando cada vez mais importantes. A preocupação mundial com as consequências da mudança do clima tem estimulado pesquisas para determinar o seu comportamento nas próximas décadas. Ao mesmo tempo, os passos necessários para definir uma melhor modelagem e simulação do clima e/ou tempo estão longe da precisão desejada. Aumentar o refinamento da superfície terrestre e, consequentemente, aumentar o número de pontos discretos (utilizados para a representação da atmosfera) na modelagem climática e precisão das soluções computadas é uma meta que está em conflito com o desempenho das aplicações numéricas. Aplicações que envolvem a interação de longos períodos de tempo e incluem um grande número de operações possuem um tempo de execução inviável para as arquiteturas de computadores tradicionais. Para superar esta situação, um modelo climatológico pode adotar diferentes níveis de refinamento da superfície terrestre, utilizando mais pontos discretos somente em regiões onde uma maior precisão é requerida. Este é o caso de Ocean-Land-AtmosphereModel, que permite o refinamento estático de uma determinada região no início da execução do código. No entanto, um refinamento dinâmico possibilitaria uma melhor compreensão das condições climáticas específicas de qualquer região da superfície terrestre que se tivesse interesse, sem a necessidade de reiniciar a execução da aplicação. Com o surgimento das arquiteturas multi-core e a adoção de GPUs para a computação de propósito geral, existem diferentes níveis de paralelismo. Hoje há paralelismo interno ao processador, entre processadores e entre computadores. Com o objetivo de extrair ao máximo a performance dos computadores atuais, é necessário utilizar todos os níveis de paralelismo disponíveis durante o desenvolvimento de aplicações concorrentes. No entanto, nenhuma interface de programação paralela explora simultaneamente bem os diferentes níveis de paralelismo existentes. Baseado neste contexto, esta tese investiga como explorar diferentes níveis de paralelismo em modelos climatológicos usando interfaces clássicas de programação paralela de forma combinada e como é possível prover refinamento de malhas em tempo de execução para estes modelos. Os resultados obtidos a partir de implementações realizadas mostraram que é possível reduzir o tempo de execução de uma simulação atmosférica utilizando diferentes níveis de paralelismo, através do uso combinado de interfaces de programação paralela. Além disso, foi possível prover maior desempenho na execução de aplicações climatológicas que utilizam refinamento de malhas em tempo de execução. Com isso, uma malha de maior resolução para a representação da atmosfera terrestre pode ser adotada e, consequentemente, as previsões numéricas serão mais precisas. / Weather forecasts for long periods of time has emerged as increasingly important. The global concern with the consequences of climate changes has stimulated researches to determine the climate in coming decades. At the same time the steps needed to better defining the modeling and the simulation of climate/weather is far of the desired accuracy. Upscaling the land surface and consequently to increase the number of points used in climate modeling and the precision of the computed solutions is a goal that conflicts with the performance of numerical applications. Applications that include the interaction of long periods of time and involve a large number of operations become the expectation for results infeasible in traditional computers. To overcome this situation, a climatic model can take different levels of refinement of the Earth’s surface, using more discretized elements only in regions where more precision are required. This is the case of Ocean-Land- Atmosphere Model, which allows the static refinement of a particular region of the Earth in the early execution of the code. However, a dynamic mesh refinement could allow to better understand specific climatic conditions that appear at execution time of any region of the Earth’s surface, without restarting execution. With the introduction of multi-core processors and GPU boards, computers architectures have many parallel layers. Today, there are parallelism inside the processor, among processors and among computers. In order to use the best performance of the computers it is necessary to consider all parallel levels to distribute a concurrent application. However, nothing parallel programming interface abstracts all these different parallel levels. Based in this context, this thesis investigates how to explore different levels of parallelism in climatological models using mixed interfaces of parallel programming and how these models can provide mesh refinement at execution time. The performance results show that is possible to reduce the execution time of atmospheric simulations using different levels of parallelism, through the combined use of parallel programming interfaces. Higher performance for the execution of atmospheric applications that use online mesh refinement was also provided. Therefore, more mesh resolution to describe the Earth’s atmosphere can be adopted, and consequently the numerical forecasts are more accurate.

The objective of these article is to evaluate different kinds of methodological tools thatmeasure the levels of congruence of the competition within de multi-level party systems, unders- tanding this last one as the levels of similitude that are experimented by the different districts where political parties compete. It starts from the premise that every party system is multi- level because in that system exists competition in different institutional levels (and in different districts simultaneously). The relevance of multi-level appears when national elections and subnational elections dynamics are not necessarily equals, and it is required to overcome the methodological traditional nationalism that it has been experimented until the moment in the research agenda about parties and party systems. The review of the concept of «congruence» is not exhaustive, and it seeks to systematize the contemporary literature to observe de similarities and differences in national and subnational electoral dynamics, and the consequences of the use of each measurement tool for the identified dynamics. / El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar diferentes herramientas metodológicas para medir los niveles de congruencia de la competencia de los sistemas de partidos multinivel, entendida esta como los niveles de similitud que experimentan entre los diferentes distritos donde compiten los partidos. Se parte de la premisa de que todo sistema de partidos es multinivel, ya que existe competencia en distintos niveles institucionales (y en diferentes distritos de manera simultánea). La relevancia de la lógica multinivel se da en que la dinámicas en las elecciones nacionales y subnacionales no son necesariamente iguales y requieren superar el tradicional nacionalismo metodológico que ha experimentado hasta el momento la agenda de investigación sobre los partidos y los sistemas de partidos. La revisión del concepto de congruencia no es exhaustiva y busca sistematizar la literatura actual para observar las similitudes y diferencias en las dinámicas electorales nacionales y subnacionales, y las consecuencias del uso de cada instrumento de medición sobre las dinámicas que se identifican.

Au moment où le dialogue social européen fête les vingt ans de sa reconnaissance institutionnelle par le Traité de Maastricht, il est pertinent d’analyser le rôle des partenaires sociaux européens dans la régulation de l’emploi, alors que cette dernière connait d’importantes transformations au sein de l’UE. Partant du constat que le marché du travail européen acquiert une consistance propre qui le distingue d’une addition d’espaces nationaux, nous montrons que cette construction ne dérive pas mécaniquement de l’intégration économique du marché des produits mais résulte en partie de l’intervention des partenaires sociaux européens dans la régulation communautaire de l’emploi et des interactions qu’ils nouent avec les autres parties prenantes dont, au premier plan, la Commission européenne. L’expérimentation de nouvelles formes de régulation permet de conforter la légitimité des partenaires sociaux européens en élargissant leur champ d’intervention et en les maintenant dans le circuit de la régulation communautaire alors que d’autres acteurs (société civile organisée, groupes d’experts) auraient pu les en écarter. Cependant, le changement de paradigme de l’emploi, au nom de la « modernisation du marché du travail », les conduit à délibérer sur des objets plus généraux (« plus d’emploi et de meilleure qualité », « marchés du travail inclusifs »), au détriment d’une opérationnalité qui leur fait d’autant plus défaut que le manque d’approfondissement de la régulation de la relation d'emploi entrouvre la porte à des cas de dumping social. Dès lors, plus que les nouvelles formes de régulation, ce sont les déplacements de l’objet de la régulation qui mettent à l’épreuve la portée du dialogue social européen. / When the European social dialogue is celebrating the twentieth anniversary of its institutional recognition in the Maastricht Treaty, analysing the role of the European social partners in the employment regulation which now facing significant changes within the EU is of peculiar relevance. Our study establishes that the making of the European labour market differs from an addition of national scales. We demonstrate that this construction is not mechanically induced by the goods market integration but partly results from the European social partners’ involvement in the Community employment regulation and from their interactions with the other stakeholders, mainly the European commission. Experimenting new forms of regulation reinforces the European social partners’ legitimacy. It widens their scope of intervention and maintains them in the Community regulation process whereas other players (civil society, groups of experts) could have drawn them aside. In However, because of the evolution of the employment paradigm on behalf of the “modernization of the labour market”, the European social partners now deliberate on more general terms (“more and better jobs”, “inclusive labour markets”) at the expense of operability. This limited operability is all the more problematic as the lack of deepening in the regulation of the employment relationship opens the door to cases of social dumping. Therefore, the impact of European social dialogue is more tested by the evolutions of the subject of regulation than by the new forms of regulation.