O interesse e o conceito de patrimônio vem aumentando em diferentes partes do mundo e também no Brasil. Há um crescimento vertiginoso nas ações de patrimonialização de bens culturais e naturais, aspecto que já vem sendo discutido por diversos autores e que discutiremos no primeiro capítulo. Esse processo de expansão engloba tanto o interesse pelo tema patrimônio, como a sua implementação e gestão, isto é, as práticas envolvidas nesse processo, seja por meio do seu reconhecimento legal, como também, pelo seu emprego em ações de preservação, que frequentemente estão vinculadas à defesa de territórios e de manifestações culturais. Buscamos neste trabalho identificar nesse processo de interesse crescente por elementos que representem traços significativos de um passado, transformações no seu entendimento e aplicação que permitam entender a passagem de um processo de valorização de elementos isolados identificados por critérios de excepcionalidade, raridade, beleza por propostas que tragam para o centro do debate sobre o patrimônio como fenômeno social e consequentemente a ideia de ações de transformação social, econômica e política que podem ser implantadas e alcançadas a partir da sua identificação. / The concept of heritage has been widening in different parts of the world and in Brazil too. Moreover, there is a huge expansion of the creation of new forms of heritage including cultural as well as natural goods, which has been discussed by several authors. This debate includes aspects of implementation and management, legal recognition, and preservation, which is often linked to the safeguard of territories and cultural manifestations. In this work we examine those issues, focusing on the process through which they assume the role of promoting social, economic and political transformation.

Este trabalho é fruto de uma série de processos: de pesquisas, de vontades, de lutas; que surgem da escassez e da vontade de preservar parte de um passado e melhorar a qualidade de vida da população. Assim sendo, ele é um estudo de reflexão da realidade patrimonial e social encontrada no âmbito do Ecomuseu Sítio do Físico e uma construção de uma prática possível a um trabalho de Musealização da Arqueologia, articulando as informações provenientes da Arqueologia, a busca pela conservação e comunicação proporcionada pela Museologia, tendo em vista a comunidade e seu desenvolvimento sustentável e harmonioso com ambiente em que está inserida. / This work is the result of a series of processes: of research, of wills, of struggles; Which arise from the scarcity and the will to preserve part of the past and improve the quality of life of the population. Thus, it is a study of reflection of the patrimonial and social reality found within the scope of the Ecomuseum Sítio do Físico and a construction of a possible practice to a work of Musealization of Archeology, articulating the information coming from Archeology, the search for conservation and communication provided by Museology, with a view to the community and its sustainable and harmonious development with the environment in which it is inserted.

Esta dissertação se constitui como estudo da História da Arquitetura e da Museologia por meio da análise do projeto arquitetônico e dos elementos formais do edifício que abriga o Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. O seu desenvolvimento está estruturado na reconstituição do programa arquitetônico, a partir do processo histórico do qual este Museu faz parte. Associado à tradição dos Museus de História Natural, organizados cientificamente, portadores de coleções de pesquisa e de ensino, o Museu de Zoologia da USP se caracteriza como uma instituição dedicada à preservação das referências patrimoniais da Zoologia Neotropical, mantenedor de coleções naturais que datam desde meados do século XIX. Christiano Stockler das Neves, autor do projeto arquitetônico deste Museu, ao receber um programa de necessidades historicamente determinado, construiu um edifício totalmente voltado ao atendimento dos requisitos da museologia do final da década de 1930. Assimilou as idéias de organização de museu daquele período e as recodificou em formas arquitetônicas que representam um importante momento para a história dos museus. Esta construção torna-se assim uma referência patrimonial, portanto, portadora de sentidos, no estudo da arquitetura e da museologia. / This dissertation is a study constituted in the fields of the History of Architecture and Museology. It is based in the analysis of the architectonic project and the formal elements of the building that shelters the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo. Its development is structured in the re-establishment of the architectonic project based on the historical process this Museum belongs to. It is associated to the Natural History Museums tradition which means that they are scientific organized and hold research and study collections. The Museum of Zoology of USP is recognized as an institution dedicated to the preservation of the heritage references of South American Zoology and it maintains natural collections that are dated beginning from the second half of XIXth Century. The author of the architectonic project of this Museum, Christiano Stockler das Neves, received a program of needs historically settled and constructed a building totally devoted to the accomplishment of the requirements of the final of the 1930\'s museology. He has assimilated ideas of that period on museum organization and has re-codified them in architectonic forms that represent an important moment for the history of museums. Because of that this construction becomes a heritage reference and being so it can be understood as a holder of meanings in the study of architecture and museology.

Este trabalho se propôs a refletir sobre a história do Museu Histórico Nacional através da dimensão educativa que se fez presente nas práticas institucionais, bem como verificar, sob a perspectiva da História da Educação, a importância do Curso de Museus na construção de representações relacionadas ao caráter educativo da instituição. Compreendeu os anos de 1922 a 1958, período que abrange desde a fundação do museu e as primeiras investidas para a concretização de um curso direcionado para as suas necessidades, até a realização do Seminário Regional da UNESCO Função Educativa dos Museus, bem como as publicações de diplomados do Curso de Museus que tiveram como temática central a educação em museus. A investigação foi realizada utilizando-se a metodologia da análise de textos, percorrendo a trajetória do Museu Histórico Nacional por meio de documentos oficiais produzidos pelo museu; matérias de jornais; livros, artigos, relatórios e entrevista de antigos funcionários da instituição; e publicações de formados pelo Curso de Museus. Para o embasamento teórico do trabalho três áreas do conhecimento tiveram destaque: História da Educação, História Cultural e História dos Museus, dialogando com diversos autores, tais como Antonio Viñao Frago, Moysés Kuhlmann Júnior, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Pierre Nora, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, Mário Chagas, Aline Montenegro Magalhães. O trabalho ressaltou que desde sua fundação o Museu Histórico Nacional teve definida sua dimensão educativa, condição subsidiada por projetos desenvolvidos pelo corpo funcional da instituição, tendo em destaque o idealizador e primeiro diretor Gustavo Barroso, personagem que fortaleceu a relevância desse museu por meio de evocações como o mote “O Culto da Saudade”. Finalizou ao afirmar que um desses projetos, o do Curso de Museus, em seu processo de consolidação foi capaz de desenvolver uma matriz intelectual no cenário museológico brasileiro tornando-se, por meio dos multiplicadores, um difusor das representações do Museu Histórico Nacional para o País. / This study aimed to reflect about the history of the National Historical Museum through educational dimension that is made present in its institutional practices, as well as verify, under the perspective of the History of Education, the importance of Course of Museums in building representations related to the educational character of the institution. It encompassed the years 1922 through 1958, a period that covers from the foundation of the Museum and the first attempts at achieving a course directed to its needs, to the UNESCO’s Regional Seminar on the Educational Role of Museums, as well as publications of Course of Museums graduates that had as its central theme the museum education. The research was conducted using the analysis of texts methodology, covering the history of the National Historical Museum through official documents produced by the Museum; newspaper articles, books, articles, reports and interviews of former employees of the Institution, and publications by graduates of the Course of Museums. For the theoretical foundation of the work, three areas of knowledge were highlighted: History of Education, Cultural History and Museum’s History, dialoguing with many authors such as Antonio Viñao Frago, Moyses Kuhlmann Jr., Paul Knauss, Roger Chartier, Pierre Nora, Ulpian Bezerra Meneses, Mário Chagas, Aline Montenegro Magalhães. The study emphasized that since its inception the National History Museum had its educational dimension defined, condition subsidized by projects developed by the institution’s functional body, featuring the founder and first director Gustavo Barroso, a character that strengthened the relevance of this Museum through evocations as the motto "O Culto da Saudade." Concluded by stating that one of these projects, the Course of Museums, in its consolidation process was able to develop an intellectual matrix in the Brazilian museum’s scenery becoming, due to multipliers, a diffuser of the representations of the National History Museum for the Country.

Esta dissertação se constitui como estudo da História da Arquitetura e da Museologia por meio da análise do projeto arquitetônico e dos elementos formais do edifício que abriga o Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. O seu desenvolvimento está estruturado na reconstituição do programa arquitetônico, a partir do processo histórico do qual este Museu faz parte. Associado à tradição dos Museus de História Natural, organizados cientificamente, portadores de coleções de pesquisa e de ensino, o Museu de Zoologia da USP se caracteriza como uma instituição dedicada à preservação das referências patrimoniais da Zoologia Neotropical, mantenedor de coleções naturais que datam desde meados do século XIX. Christiano Stockler das Neves, autor do projeto arquitetônico deste Museu, ao receber um programa de necessidades historicamente determinado, construiu um edifício totalmente voltado ao atendimento dos requisitos da museologia do final da década de 1930. Assimilou as idéias de organização de museu daquele período e as recodificou em formas arquitetônicas que representam um importante momento para a história dos museus. Esta construção torna-se assim uma referência patrimonial, portanto, portadora de sentidos, no estudo da arquitetura e da museologia. / This dissertation is a study constituted in the fields of the History of Architecture and Museology. It is based in the analysis of the architectonic project and the formal elements of the building that shelters the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo. Its development is structured in the re-establishment of the architectonic project based on the historical process this Museum belongs to. It is associated to the Natural History Museums tradition which means that they are scientific organized and hold research and study collections. The Museum of Zoology of USP is recognized as an institution dedicated to the preservation of the heritage references of South American Zoology and it maintains natural collections that are dated beginning from the second half of XIXth Century. The author of the architectonic project of this Museum, Christiano Stockler das Neves, received a program of needs historically settled and constructed a building totally devoted to the accomplishment of the requirements of the final of the 1930\'s museology. He has assimilated ideas of that period on museum organization and has re-codified them in architectonic forms that represent an important moment for the history of museums. Because of that this construction becomes a heritage reference and being so it can be understood as a holder of meanings in the study of architecture and museology.

The topic of this dissertation is the history and preservation of the synagogues associated with the Atlantic World (1636-1822). The synagogue is a significant kind of structure to study because it represents a specific ethnic demographic that transcends international political borders in history and preservation management. This thereby provides a special opportunity to study how different societies approach heritage interpretation and historic preservation for a common building type. Forty-four synagogues were identified that were constructed between 1636 and 1822 in the Dutch, British, Danish, and French empires, and in the United States. Only nine synagogues of the 44 surveyed survived. These nine synagogues are the last remaining vestiges of this heritage and their continued preservation is immensely important. Since the 1990s, some cultural resources has been regained from the lost synagogues through the work of archaeological excavations at several sites in the Caribbean and South America. Presently, 11 countries and territories (Brazil, Curacao, Gibraltar, Israel, Jamaica, St. Christopher and Nevis, St. Eustatius, Suriname, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and the United States) have (or have had) proactive preservation and/or archaeological activities on this heritage. The history of preservation of these sites has also been important within each of the respective participating countries and territories as symbols of meaning on multiculturalism / acase@tulane.edu

Beginning in the ninth century, Chaco Canyon saw the construction of distinctive, large-scale masonry architecture that has come to characterize the Chaco culture system. However, the great houses of Chaco Canyon were abandoned long before European contact, leaving behind no record of why these large structures were originally built or what function they served. Pueblo Bonito, which was among the earliest and most centrally located of the Chaco great houses, entombed dozens of individuals in two small clusters of intramural burial chambers. Many of the remains were disarticulated, while others were buried with a remarkable array of grave goods, engendering a range of theories regarding who these persons were and why they were buried within the walls of this important structure. To address these questions, the present study uses methods derived from bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology by first reassociating the commingled human skeletal remains, then performing taphonomic and pathological analysis of these individuals. Reassociation of these remains prior to analysis permits more accurate assessment of sex and age of these individuals, as well as of their health status of these individuals in life and their treatment at death. Results of this study do not support previous interpretations that these burials represent sociopolitical elites, nor that they were the victims of human sacrifice, fallen warriors, or victims of cannibalism. This research does not indicate that the disarticulated bodies result from natural taphonomic processes, looting or vandalism, and points to a different perspective on Chaco mortuary behavior. This research offers a fresh perspective on who these persons may have been and what their disposition within the walls of Pueblo Bonito might signify / acase@tulane.edu

This thesis explores the rich and provocative fields of interaction between Australian artists and museums from 1975 to 2002. Artists have investigated and engaged with museums of art, social history and natural science during this period. Despite the museum being a major source of exploration for artists, the subject has rarely been examined in the literature. This thesis redresses this gap. It identifies and examines four prevailing approaches of Australian contemporary art to museums in this period: oppositional critique, figurative representation, intervention and collaboration. / The study asserts that a general progression from oppositional critique in the seventies through to collaboration in the late nineties can be charted. It explores the work of three artists who have epitomised these approaches to the museum. Peter Cripps developed an oppositional critique of the museum and was intimately involved with the art museum politics in Melbourne during the mid-seventies. Fiona Hall figuratively represented the museum. Her approach documented and catalogued museum tropes of a bygone era. Narelle Jubelin’s work intervened with Australian museums. Her work has curatorial capacities and has had real effect within Australian museums. These differing artistic approaches to the museum have the effect of contesting history and expanding narrative within museums. / Curators collaborated with artists and used artistic methods to create exhibits in Australian museums during the 1990s. Artistic approaches are a major methodology of museums seeking to contest traditional modes of history and expand narrative in their exhibits. Contemporary art has played a vital, curatorial, role in the Hyde Park Barracks, Museum of Sydney, Melbourne Museum and Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia, amongst other museums. While in earlier years artists were well known for their resistive approach to the art museum, this thesis shows that artists have increasingly participated in new forms of representation within art, social history, and natural history museums. I argue that the role of contemporary art within “new” museums is emblematic of new approaches to history, space, narrative and design within the museum. (For complete abstract open document)

The aim of this study is to give a historical view upon and examine the development of local and regional cultural history museums in Norway as a topic in Norwegian cultural policy 1900 – circa 1970. The present thesis is divided into four main parts: In part one data sources and theoretical perspectives are presented. The thesis is written in museology and this is the background for a perspective where of local and regional museums arose as a subject requiring development of public politics. The theoretical perspective is how development of politics frequently appears as a choice between various alternatives based on available contemporary material and ideological suppositions. Local and regional museums appear in this perspective as a cultural phenomenon in their own age, a phenomenon to which Stortinget, the Ministry and the museum profession attached both interpretations and conceptions. In part two, entitled “Concern over a group of museums” the parallelism between museum growth and policymaking from 1900 – 1920 is analyzed. Development of politics in these years can be considered as a process where the formation of clearly defined guiding principles for practice by the authorities took place. In the centre of this development of politics was the regulation on governmental subsidy based on a political framework the need to conform to norms related to calculability and equal treatment. At the same time it does appeared the legitimacy to carry out disciplinary measures was nourished by a conception of local and regional museums as unruly and an image of them as a type of “freely growing” institution. In part three, “A formative recognition”, deals with the growing cooperation between The Norwegian Museums Assosiation and the Ministry in the field of local and regional museum and how it influenced the work in this museum. Cooperation with the museum society ensured that a competent apparatus was available to the Ministry. This led gradually to development of a new administrative regime, more specifically a move toward something which can be described as a professional administration. Part four “Consolidation of the politics” examines the development 1945 – circa 1970. The new tendencies would turn out to reflect an increasing awareness of the educational opportunities for future museum personnel, different solutions for establishing good professional guidance for the unmanned museums and, in parallel within the professional museum milieu, an emerging debate on the museums’ role in society. Common for all these initiatives is that they demonstrate what one could characterise as an increasing degree of professionalism. Part four end with the Proposal from the Museum Committee of 1967. This white paper was presented by the Ministry of Churches and Education in 1972. The document was the first of its kind and was intended to be recognised as a comprehensive plan.  The most tangible result of the white paper was the arrangement for subsidies to semi-public museums which was introduced in 1975.

La thèse interroge les pratiques mises en œuvre aujourd'hui pour collecter des objets contemporains au sein des écomusées et des musées de société en France. Cette question de la " contemporanéité " connaît un regain d'actualité en muséologie et prête le flanc à la critique dans le paysage des politiques culturelles. Aussi, la première partie constitue le questionnement théorique de la recherche. Elle interroge la situation paradoxale des musées ethnographiques français, dans l'objectif d'examiner la nouvelle orientation des collections, axée sur le " contemporain ". La deuxième partie trace l'évolution dans les orientations, les méthodes et les finalités des politiques d'acquisition. Le corpus de la recherche analyse, dans ce sens, des pratiques de collecte aujourd'hui opérationnelles au sein de trois musées, foncièrement différents de par leur taille, leur implantation géographique et leurs missions : le musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MUCEM) à Marseille, l'écomusée du Val de Bièvre à Fresnes (Val-de-Marne) et le musée de la ville de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Yvelines). Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse présente les résultats de l'étude expérimentale de terrain. D'abord, en examinant le sens du contemporain au sein du musée de société, à travers la représentativité des exemples retenus dans le corpus. Ensuite, en présentant les conséquences de la collecte de l'objet contemporain, tant sur les missions du musée que sur le statut de l'objet. Ces deux entités sont analysées dans le cadre d'un " système signifiant " qui permet au musée de construire un savoir et une connaissance sur l'objet d'aujourd'hui, à partir des notions d'" altérité ", de " document ", de " tri ", de " mémoire " et de " patrimoine ".