Orientador: Maria Margaret Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T15:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valente_MariaEstherAlvarez_D.pdf: 1845884 bytes, checksum: 5e76b981b75111d44425cf285813b808 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Há uma evidência inquestionável e concreta da criação de museus de ciências e tecnologia a partir dos anos de 1980, no Brasil, e parece pouco consistente explicar a proliferação das iniciativas museológicas como um mero processo de imitação e/ou da criação voluntarista. A intenção de ir além das factualidades levou à busca de outras explicações. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi procurar compreender os momentos do processo que 'pavimentaram' o ambiente do surgimento dos projetos de museus de ciências e tecnologia efetivados a partir dos anos de 1980, no Brasil. Ou seja, entender o que explica esse surgimento que pôde ser percebido no recorte do período estudado, delimitado entre as décadas de 1950 - 1970. Nessa busca, partiu-se da hipótese de que o surgimento desses museus se daria em função de um ambiente propício para que esse fenômeno ocorresse. A análise de documentos, oriundos da área da museologia e da ciência e tecnologia, fundamentou e forneceu subsídios à construção de momentos, de ambientes e de trajetória dos museus de temática científica e tecnológica brasileiros. O presente estudo tem por finalidade contribuir para a história da museologia brasileira, com foco nos museus de ciências e tecnologia. / Abstract: Evidence of the establishment of museums of science and technology from the 1980s in Brazil is unquestionable and concrete, and it seems little consistent to explain the proliferation of museological initiatives as a mere imitation and/or voluntary creation process. The intention to go beyond the factually led to the search for other explanations. The core aim of the research was to attempt to understand the moments of the process which 'paved the way' for the appearance of the projects of museums of sciences and technology carried out from the 1980s on, in Brazil. In other words, to understand what explains this appearance that could be noticed in the period studied, limited between the decades of 1950 and 1970. In this search, the start point was the assumption that the appearance of these museums was due to a proper environment for this phenomenon to occur. The analysis of documents from the museology as well as the science and technology areas substantiated and provided support for the construction of moments, environments and trajectories of Brazilian museums of science and technology category. This study aims at contributing to the history of Brazilian museology, emphasizing museums of science and technology. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências

Este estudo propõe a discussão da construção, desenvolvimento e apropriação do conceito de musealidade, não apenas dentro do campo museológico - em sua teoria e prática -, mas sua possível reverberação em campos correlatos e sua influência na delimitação das formas de enquadramento e tratamento do patrimônio. Propõe-se que esse conceito é central para o universo museológico, sendo um dos catalisadores das operações de salvaguarda e comunicação museológicas. Neste sentido, a sua qualificação - ou, melhor dizendo -, a tentativa de dotação de musealidade às coisas, é algo que define a Museologia como uma área específica do saber e do fazer humanos. Seria pelo prisma da musealidade que a Museologia poderia, dentro das áreas do conhecimento, lançar um olhar próprio ao mundo, qualificando ao mesmo tempo em que cria mecanismos de atuação sobre aquilo que consideramos herança. Também faz parte desta discussão a problematização das noções de Museologia, museu, musealia, musealização, entre outras. Utilizar-se-á, para este intuito, uma básica abordagem metodológica. Visa-se à revisão da literatura teórica sobre o assunto, encarando, além dos autores pilares da teoria museológica e do patrimônio, algumas definições, normas, diretrizes e outros documentos produzidos no âmbito de associações, órgãos governamentais e entidades a fim de tentar perceber as implicações do pensamento museológico no campo de sua experimentação, ou seja, os museus e o patrimônio. Finalmente, esta pesquisa visa a uma contribuição nas discussões em torno da teoria museológica. Se intenciona, também, compreender como a Museologia se configura como uma área específica e aplicada do conhecimento, sendo a musealidade um dos artifícios centrais neste processo. / This study proposes to discuss the construction, development and appropriation of the concept of museality, not only within the museological field - in its theory and practice - but its possible reverberation in related fields and its influence on the delimitation of the forms of framing and treatment of heritage. It is proposed that this concept is central to the museological universe, being one of the catalysts of museological preservation and communication operations. In this sense, its qualification - or rather -, the attempt to endow museality on things is something that defines Museology as a specific area of human practice and knowledge. It is through the prism of museality that Museology may, within the areas of knowledge, launch a proper look at the world, qualifying it at the same time that creates mechanisms of action on what we consider inheritance. It is also part of this discussion the problematization of the notions of Museology, museum, musealia, musealization, among others. For this purpose, a basic methodological approach will be used. It aims at reviewing the theoretical literature on the subject considering in addition to the pillar authors of the museological theory and the heritage field, some definitions, norms, guidelines and other documents produced by associations, government agencies, and other entities in order to perceive the implications of museological thinking in the field of its experimentation, that is, museums and heritage. Finally, this research aims at a contribution on the discussions around the museological theory. It also intends to understand how Museology is a specific and applied area of knowledge, with museality being one of the central devices on this process.

O presente trabalho busca percorrer as tramas do pensamento museológico que se constituiu e conduziu dois cursos de Pós Graduação em Museologia no Estado de São Paulo. Tomamos, para isto, como contexto histórico o do ensino de Museologia no Brasil, e as respectivas especificidades paulistas ali inseridas, especialmente em relação à pós-graduação neste estado. Se São Paulo possui, por um lado, uma lacuna expressa na ausência de graduação em Museologia, também há, por outro, especificidades criadas pela opção pelo ensino pós-graduado. Buscamos, portanto, entender, sob o viés do ensino pós-graduado de Museologia, como este pensamento museológico se constituiu, percorrendo para isto as tramas em torno dos cursos que formam nosso objeto de estudo: Curso de Museologia da Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo -FESP; e Curso de Especialização em Museologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo -CEMMAE-USP. Para desenvolvermos o projeto de pesquisa, utilizamos análises bibliográficas e documentais em nossa metodologia. Recorremos, para isto, a fontes de pesquisa e referência dos conjuntos documentais relacionados aos dois cursos estudados. As análises destes corpos documentais foram cruzadas posteriormente com fontes orais, através de entrevistas realizadas com os ex alunos e docentes dos respectivos cursos. Este esforço consiste em uma tentativa de desvendar nosso principal objetivo: entender as características e especificidades do pensamento museológico paulista, sob o viés do ensino de pós-graduação, percorrendo para isto as tramas contidas nos conceitos de Museologia abordados nessas duas instâncias de aprendizagem. / This research attempts to scroll through the tissue of the museological thinking that led to two graduate courses in São Paulo, considering the contextual overview of Museology teaching in Brazil and the specificities from the state of São Paulo that are inserted in this scenario. On the one hand, if São Paulo has a lack in the teaching of Museology, caused by the absence of a local undergraduate course, on the other hand, a choice for the teaching of Museology on a graduate level brings about certain singularities. Therefore, we aim to understand how this museological outlook was originally formulated by examining the contents of both of the graduate courses elected as our objects of study: Curso de Museologia da Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo - FESP; and Curso de Especialização em Museologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo - CEMMAE USP. To develop this research, we first analyzed documents from bibliographic and documental sources related to the graduate courses in question, to later compare the interpretations found in them to written and oral sources provided by interviews with alumni and professors from the same courses. In a nutshell, the present work represents an effort to uncover possible particularities in the museological thinking formed in São Paulo, in the light of the Museology tissue woven by the graduate courses in their syllabus.

Os centros e museus de ciência e tecnologia foram pouco estudados sob o aspecto arquitetônico. É proposto o conceito de centro de ciência e tecnologia, cuja particularidade é ser focado na experiência e nos fenômenos, e não nos objetos. Existem instituições específicas relacionadas a esse tipo de instituições, em especial o CIMUSET / ICOM, ASTC, ECSITE e ABCMC. Os centros de ciência são protagonistas das mudanças museológicas desde seu surgimento, nos anos 1930. O equivalente da experiência estética dos museus de arte nos museus de ciência é a experiência do processo da ciência. Os objetivos dos centros de ciência são: educacional, divulgação científica, debate e participação, social, motivação, lazer, impacto urbano. Seus públicos alvos principais são famílias e escolas. A internet, a realidade virtual e outras novas tecnologias têm grande impacto nos museus. A interatividade com objetos não é condição suficiente para o aprendizado. São necessários níveis mais profundos de interatividade e interações sociais para o sucesso do aprendizado. Os modelos interativos dos centros de ciências são os equivalentes aos objetos originais nos acervos dos museus tradicionais. A mediação humana é a mais indicada forma de interlocução entre a instituição e o visitante, mas existem outras formas, impessoais, de mediação. Diversos são os recursos expográficos disponíveis para os centros de ciências. Os percursos numa exposição estão relacionados com duas organizações espaciais: linear e episódica. A idéia de museu nasceu há vários séculos, mas o museu moderno surgiu a partir do século XVIII, constituindo uma nova tipologia funcional arquitetônica. Os museus científicos podem ser divididos em três gerações. Suas origens estão associadas às exposições universais. Montaner apresenta uma classificação dos museus contemporâneos em oito posições tipológicas. Há várias visões com relação à essência da arquitetura. Para Zevi é o espaço interior. Para Frampton, é a estrutura. Lynch defende a importância da legibilidade e da imagibilidade da cidade. Os elementos marcantes contribuem para a legibilidade. Eles podem ser edifícios. Para o adequado dimensionamento de edifícios de centros de ciências é necessário o estudo de padrões de visitação. A dissertação incluiu o estudo de diversas instituições, especialmente sob o aspecto arquitetônico. / The science and technology centers and museums have been little studied under an architectural point of view. This kind of institution is focused on the experience and phenomena, rather than on objects. There are specific institutions related to such museums, especially the CIMUSET / ICOM, ASTC, ECSITE and ABCMC. Since they appeared in the 1930s, the science centers are important agents of change in the museum field. The equivalent, in science museums, of the aesthetic experience of art museums is the experience of the process of science. The aims of a science center are: educational, scientific dissemination, discussion and participation, social, motivation, leisure, urban impact. Their main public is schools and families. The Internet, virtual reality and other new technologies have great impact on museums. The interactivity with objects is not a sufficient condition for learning. It takes deeper levels of interactivity and social interactions for learning to take place. Interactive models in science centers are the equivalent to the original objects in the traditional museums collections. The human mediation is the most appropriate form of dialogue between the institution and the visitor, but there are other ways. There are several ways of exhibit the collection at science centers. The routes in a museum may be linear or episodic. The idea of the museum was born several centuries ago, but the modern museum appeared in the eighteenth century, and became a new functional architectural typology. Science museums can be divided into three generations. Its origins are linked to universal expositions. Montaner presents a classification of contemporary museums in eight typologies. The essence of architecture may be the interior space, as for Zevi, or the structure, as for Frampton, or even other aspects. Lynch presents the important concepts of readability and imageability of the city. If they area considerably imageable, buildings may become landmarks. The study of patterns of visitation are required if one wants to design adequate science and technology centers and museums. The dissertation included the study of several institutions, mainly with an architectural view.

Jaime Cortesão (1884-1960) viveu no Brasil entre 1940 e 1957 e durante esse período constituiu grande parte de sua obra historiográfica. Emigrado de Portugal por pressão do salazarismo, desfrutou de condições bastante privilegiadas à sua produção intelectual, favorecidas tanto pelas instituições governamentais nas quais trabalhou quanto pelas relações que cultivou. A análise das condições de sua produção intelectual no Brasil permite iluminar questões da política cultural e da produção do conhecimento no contexto da Era Vargas. Considerando que identidade nacional, modernidade, interiorização do país eram alguns dos temas que mobilizavam a intelligentsia nacional, busco neste trabalho identificar as conexões entre os trabalhos de Cortesão e o intenso debate promovido dentro e fora do aparelho do Estado brasileiro. Neste aspecto, a sua atuação na Biblioteca Nacional e no Ministério das Relações Exteriores, ampliada por uma intensa colaboração na imprensa paulistana e carioca, suscita reflexões acerca dos percursos de sua escrita da história da colonização portuguesa. Do ponto de vista do autor, a ação colonizadora é protagonizada pelos bandeirantes e é criadora de uma família luso-tupi, de relações simbióticas entre colonos e nativos a partir do planalto paulista. Essas concepções, que se encontraram também na exposição histórica em comemoração ao quarto centenário da fundação da cidade de São Paulo (1954), organizada por Cortesão no conjunto de um amplo evento, local e nacionalmente significativo, permitiam a Portugal manter-se presente na identidade brasileira, bem como participar com relevo da celebração do ingresso do Brasil na modernidade. / Jaime Cortesão (1884-1960) lived in Brazil between 1940 and 1957 and during this period constituted most part of his historiographical work. Emigrated from Portugal by Salazar pressure, he has enjoyed quite privileged conditions to his intellectual production; both government institutions in which he worked as well as the relationships he has cultivated favored those conditions. The analysis of the conditions of his intellectual production in Brazil allows illuminate issues of cultural policy and production of knowledge in the context of Vargas government. Taking into consideration that national identity, modernity, the country internalization were some of the issues which mobilized the national intelligence, I aim in this paper identify the connections between Cortesão works and the intense debate promoted within and outside the Brazilian state apparatus. In this respect, his performance at the National Library and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, magnified by intense collaboration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro press, raises reflections on the paths of his writing about the history of Portuguese colonization. From the author\'s point of view, the colonizing action is led by pioneers and is the creator of a Portuguese-Tupi family of symbiotic relationships between settlers and natives from the Sao Paulo plateau These concepts, which are also found in the historical exhibition commemorating the fourth centenary of the founding of the city of São Paulo (1954), organized by Cortesão in the set of a large event, locally and nationally significant, allowed Portugal to keep present inside the Brazilian identity and participate considerably of the celebration of Brazil\'s entry into modernity.

Le 10 octobre 2007, le premier musée de l’immigration en France ouvre enfin ses portes après moult années de militantisme de la part des associations et des universitaires et une prise de conscience progressive des pouvoirs publics. Cette nouvelle institution, qui bénéficie du rare statut juridique de musée national, intitulée musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration s’insère dans le cadre d’une structure organisationnelle qui dépasse le simple cadre du musée, la Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration, un établissement pluridisciplinaire sous la quadriple tutelle des ministères de la Culture, de l’Education, de la Recherche et de l’Intégration. L’objet de notre thèse consiste à déterminer comment s’opère la construction médiatique des identités du musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration. Cette analyse commence par une interrogation sur les outils conceptuels intéressants pour ce sujet. A partir du postulat d’aborder le musée comme espace de communication symbolique (Davallon, Schiele, Lamizet, Dufrêne, Regourd), elle envisage les préalables épistémologiques des sciences humaines et sociales, l’identité comme construit (Claude Lévi-Strauss) et l’identité narrative (Paul Ricoeur), les fondements en muséologie (les modèles muséologiques) et en médiation culturelle (les notions de dispositif de médiation et d’espace public). Notre analyse se poursuit par une étude de la superposition des médiations selon les différentes temporalités du musée, celle du musée imaginé (les récits de l’utopie au travers des documents préparatoires) et celle du musée réalisée (médiation architecturale, muséographique, du site), ce qui nous amène à une interrogation sur les conflits des médiations à l’œuvre au sein du musée tant du point de vue de la forme que du fond : récit colonial et récit républicain, récits historiques, artistiques et anthropologiques, récits historiques et mémoriels, récit d’unité de la nation et récit de diversité du patrimoine des migrants. Le constat d’une polyphonie énonciative et d’une pluralité d’identités du musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration nous conduit à sont tour à une réflexion sur le discours républicain à l’épreuve des mémoires et à l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle muséal : voit-on se dessiner un musée de l’innovation sociale à partir de la structure musée/réseau ? Dans quelle mesure la réflexion sur la diversité culturelle et l’interculturalité qui traverse l’espace public contemporain affecte t-elle le musée à l’heure de la mondialisation ? Peut-on parler de l’émergence d’un prototype muséal hybride entre musée républicain et musée de voisinage, universalisme et communautarisme ? / On 10th October 2007, France's first museum of immigration finally opens its doors after many years of lobbying by various organisations and academics and the rising awareness of public authorities. The new institution named Musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration enjoys the legal status of national museum. It fits into an organizational structure which transcends the usual concept of a museum, the Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration, a multidisciplinary quango in the quadriple guardianship of the ministries of Culture, Education, research and Integration.The purpose of our thesis is to determine the media construction of identities of the National Museum of History and Cultures of Immigration. Based on the approach that considers the museum as a space of symbolic communication (Davallon, Schiele, Lamizet, Dufrene, Regourd), it exposes as epistemological prerequisites two concepts of humanities, the social identity as constructed (Claude Levi-Strauss) and the narrative identity (Ricoeur). Then, it also refers to museology (museum models) and cultural mediation (mediation devices and public space) as main concepts.Our analysis continues with a study of the superposition of mediations according to the different temporalities of the museum, the imagined museum (stories of utopia through the preparatory documents), the completed museum (architectural mediation, museography and website). This brings us to the query of conflicting mediations inside the museum between colonial and republican narratives, historical, artistic and anthropological narratives, historical and memorial stories, narrative of unity of the nation and account of diversity of the heritage of migrants.The finding of an enunciative polyphony and the a plurality of identities of the National Museum of History and Cultures of Immigration leads us in turn to consider how the republican discourse deals with memories and how a new museum model emerges. Do we see the beginnings of a museum of social innovation from the museum structure/network? How far does the reflection on cultural diversity and multiculturalism that crosses the contemporary public space, affects the museum in the age of globalization? Can we speak of the emergence of a hybrid museum prototype between republican museum and neighbourhood museum, universalism and communitarianism?

This study deals with the formulation of a proposal exposure to archaeological collected Archaeological RS - Q -17 Estancia Velha Jarau . The survey collected information on bibliography , dissertations , monographs and material culture ; through these materials sought to develop a proposal for exposure. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a proposal for the archaeological exhibition with the Estancia Velha Jarau . This thesis sought to examine initially the elements that make up the formation of the resort, as the pampa , his legend , the Archaeological Site , regarding the interventions , their archeology and the law of the same . After the discussion was contextualized , covering aspects such as museum, exhibition of goods , means of communication museum , as well as the proposed exhibition, pervaded by the Heritage Education . This contextualization sought to build a proposed museum exhibition meaningful , easy to understand , seeking access to information , preservation and enhancement of these assets , while important assets of Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil. / Este estudo trata da formulação de uma proposta de exposição para os bens arqueológicos coletados no Sítio Arqueológico RS-Q-17 Estância Velha do Jarau. A pesquisa coletou informações em bibliografia, dissertações de mestrado, monografias e na cultura material; através destes materiais procurou-se elaborar uma proposta de exposição. O objetivo desta Dissertação é elaborar uma proposta de exposição com os bens arqueológicos da Estância Velha do Jarau. Esta Dissertação buscou analisar, inicialmente, os elementos que compõe a formação da estância, como o pampa, sua lenda, o Sítio Arqueológico, no que tange às intervenções realizadas, sua arqueologia e à legislação do mesmo. Após foi contextualizada a discussão, abordando aspectos como museu, exposição dos bens, forma de comunicação museológica, bem como a proposta de exposição, permeados pela Educação Patrimonial. Essa contextualização procurou construir uma proposta de exposição museológica significativa, de fácil compreensão, buscando o acesso à informação, a preservação e valorização destes bens, enquanto importantes patrimônios do Rio Grande do Sul e do Brasil.

Depuis la fin des années 1980, les collaborations avec les communautés autochtones semblent s’accroître dans les musées canadiens. Un déplacement apparaît de la prise de parole en contexte de revendication au don de parole en contexte muséal. Après la remise en cause des musées ethnologiques, la prise en charge de la parole autochtone annonce le temps de la reconnaissance. Seulement, le mot reconnaissance est employé dans des contextes variés en muséologie. Ses occurrences indiquent plusieurs sens, dérivés de la volonté de redonner dignité et respect aux peuples autochtones et de produire des expositions qui présentent leur patrimoine d’origine à la lumière de leurs points de vue. Selon une approche communicationnelle, notre travail a porté sur les pratiques des musées qui consistent à donner la parole aux peuples autochtones et à l’exposer. Le travail a été centré sur la combinaison des points de vue autochtones avec ceux des concepteurs-muséographes. L’entreprise de la recherche a visé à cerner les opérations induites et générées par cette situation d’entrecroisements de points de vue, plus ou moins discordants, qui doivent, d’une manière ou d’une autre, s’unir dans un même espace communicationnel. Le système polyphonique de l’exposition est conceptualisé en trois moments de médiation : la prise en compte, la monstration et l’interprétation des points de vue autochtones. Ils correspondent aux intentions des concepteurs-muséographes et des expositions, puis à la manière dont elles sont interprétées par les visiteurs. Nous avons réalisé quatre enquêtes de terrain dans onze musées à travers le Canada : observation participante ; entretiens individuels auprès de professionnels des musées ; analyse de discours ; entretiens de groupes auprès de visiteurs autochtones et allochtones. Nous avons examiné les pratiques collaboratives et croisé ces quatre formes de discours des musées afin de mettre à l’épreuve le potentiel de reconnaissance des expositions qui tiennent compte des points de vue des représentants autochtones. Il résulte que la patrimonialisation est conçue en tant que processus de reconnaissance. De plus, l’intensification de la patrimonialisation des objets autochtones est synchronique de l’expansion coloniale. Néanmoins, l’analyse de la prise de distance du concepteur-muséographe vis-à-vis de son point de vue et de celui des autochtones rend compte des relations complexes entre le don de parole, l’autorité de discours et l’auctorialité. Malgré les divergences entre les intentions explicitées par les professionnels et leurs intentions implicites dans les expositions, les discours des visiteurs autochtones et allochtones traduisent un contrat de reconnaissance entre le musée et les visiteurs. Ainsi, le principe polyphonique et ses formes de reconnaissance sont mis en évidence dans les espaces de production et de réception des expositions produites en collaboration. Notre recherche révèle plusieurs modalités de reconnaissance manifestes dans la combinaison et l’entrecroisement des voix autochtones avec celles des praticiens. Cet essai d’interprétation met au jour des conflits d’ordre patrimonial et socio-historique qui engendrent des mécanismes de régulation par assimilation/accommodation. Il décrit deux logiques fondamentales relatives à l’identité et à la mémoire. De ces adaptations mises en œuvre par les musées ressort un phénomène permanent de reconnaissance amorcé depuis la colonisation des territoires autochtones. La recherche suggère finalement d’envisager le musée comme lieu de reconnaissance non seulement du patrimoine, mais aussi des publics et des peuples donateurs et donataires du patrimoine. / Collaborations with aboriginal communities appear to be increasing in Canadian museums, with the communities shifting from speaking in a context of claiming theirrights to being given a voice in the museum context. In keeping with the questioning about ethnological museums, taking into account the voice of the aboriginal peoplesprefigures since the eighties the time for recognition. But the word recognition is used indiverse museum contexts.Based on a communicational approach, our research considers the links between thepolyphonic and recognition modalities of the exhibition media. We have attempted toidentify and understand the processes induced and generated by exhibitions’ interactionaland intertextual systems. The polyphonic system is conceptualized in three mediation moments in the production and reception spaces of the exhibition: acknowledgment, monstration, and interpretation of aboriginal points of view. They correspond to there cognition intentions of the exhibitions and designers-museographers, then visitors’recognition. We have conducted four field studies in eleven different Canadian museums : participant observation; one-on-one interviews with museum professionals; discourse analysis ; group interviews with native and non-native visitors. We have studied the collaborative practicesand these four types of museum discourses to demonstrate the recognition potential ofexhibitions dedicated to the aboriginals’ perspectives.Our research reveals several recognition modes manifest in the combination andinterlinking of aboriginals’ and practitioners’ voices; it identifies logic in the polysemy ofthe word recognition. This interpretation essay reveals patrimonial and socio-historical conflicts that generate regulation mechanisms through assimilation/accommodation. A permanent recognition phenomenon emerges from the adaptations implemented by themuseums since the beginning of aboriginal patrimonialization during the colonizationperiod. Our research proposes to apprehend the museum as a recognition place of heritage, but also of the general public and the peoples, whether donors or donees of that heritage.

The goals of museum collaboration are several, as are its intended beneficiaries. Assuming the success of the practice, local communities can gain the opportunity for self-representation and self-determination, museums can contribute to the creation and dissemination of new kinds of knowledge, and visitors can take home better understandings of cultural difference. While these are the ideals of collaboration, they frequently go unrealized, in large part because, as research indicates, the visiting public fails to recognize the active involvement of communities at museums. This raises the question as to whether, in the absence of this audience awareness, museum collaboration can fully contribute to the realization of the tolerant society that it purports to support. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of museum visitors in achieving the goals of museum collaboration, as well as to consider why this public has difficulty recognizing community involvement at museums and how this may be remedied. “A Partnership of Peoples” is an extensive renewal project underway at the Museum of Anthropology (MOA) at the University of British Columbia (UBC), designed to facilitate collaborative research at the museum. It also serves as a case study for my consideration of the relationship between museums and the visiting public as a part of the collaborative process. By speaking with both MOA staff and visitors, I gained insight into the intended goals of the renewal project with respect to the museum’s relationship with communities and the general public, as well as visitor understandings of collaboration. With this fieldwork, in addition to a literature review, I found that the significance of collaboration rests in the personal interactions that occur between individuals. As the majority of visitors do not benefit from these interactions during their time at the museum, they are at a disadvantage when it comes to recognizing the engagement of others in the creation of displays or the facilitation of research. The task for museums, then, is to make contemporary peoples visible and audible, connecting objects to communities and increasing opportunities for visitors to experience these personal meanings. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

In the 21st century, public museums who are collecting contemporary art has simultaneously begun to reframe the role of museums in society. Two museums – the Moderna Museet of Stockholm and M+ of Hong Kong that have completely different historic and geographic backgrounds, as well as operating models are now working closely with their acquisitions and collections to draw audience of old and new closer to them. These two museums that are located in the center of two well-defined cultures – geographically representing the west and the east, play vital roles in their respected social and cultural spheres. In view of how these two museums are responding to the present time by deploying art that are seemingly different in terms of theme and discipline, the immediate distinction that this study aims to frame is how the Moderna Museet, established in the 20th century and still prevailing in the present differ from M+ that comes from a younger generation of museums who proclaims itself as a museum of visual culture, and not art. Instead of analyzing their exhibitions, this study focuses on their policies of acquisitions, thus offering a perspective including many varying actors and networks. Hence Bruno Latour’s actor-network theories have been introduced to unfold the highly entangled networks of these two museums. Two important actants, the so-called acquisition policy and the institutional curators are taken into consideration in order to outline what constitute as acquisition policies of these two museums and investigate if the benchmarking of contemporary art, and in addition, if the notion of contemporaneity can be identified from written documents. Furthermore, this study is based on interviews with curators employed at the two museums to find out how the professionals have understood these policies and used them accordingly to justify their practices while fulfilling the museums’ missions. This study has found out there are many crucial relationships between these actants and that they are constantly interacting with each other. The strength and interaction of these relationships fostered the positioning for these two museums today and also determined how the knowledge of art can be shaped and dispensed to the public. Looking from the point of view of the history of museums, practices of donation and acquisition, late- capitalism, cultural differences between the west and east, this study provides a pragmatic explanation of how collections may transform the landscape of a museum, and in turn how a museum may perhaps alter the meaning of art.