PADOVAN, T. L. Teoria Crítica e indústria museal: reflexões contemporâneas para pensar as ciências e os museus do tempo presente. 2016. 384 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Museologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Quantidade de visitantes, metas a cumprir, captação de recursos, dinamismo na prestação de serviços especializados... Estes são alguns dos termos do mundo dos negócios que, cada vez mais, figuram no linguajar dos gestores que atuam no âmbito dos grandes museus contemporâneos. Assim como quaisquer outras instituições culturais, os museus estão cada vez mais associados à lógica de mercado e à sociedade de consumo. Tais características ensejam a entrada da cultura na esquemática do capitalismo moderno e, para os frankfurtianos Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer, este movimento de apropriação da cultura pelos mercados é compreendido a partir do conceito de indústria cultural. As grandes empresas que gerem os meios de comunicação de massa foram algumas das primeiras a perceberem as benesses advindas dessa indústria que, com o tempo, se embrenhou em todos os demais âmbitos da produção cultural. Os museus, filhos mais novos da indústria cultural, passaram por diversas transformações que os levaram a também fazer parte desse processo. Nesse ínterim, dentre os museus de ciência e tecnologia, emerge um tipo de instituição museal que chama a atenção: os centros de ciências. Compostos majoritariamente por objetos reproduzidos, ou seja, por modelos científico-pedagógicos e aparatos tecnológicos, ao invés de objetos histórico-preservados, estes museus buscam aliar o ensino de ciências à diversão pública. Munidos das novas tecnologias e da noção de interatividade expositiva, estes espaços são comparados a parques temáticos e, não raro, preferem não ser associados ao termo \"museu\". Dessa forma, empreendo neste trabalho a tarefa de explicar a maneira pela qual os museus passaram a levar em conta os ditames da indústria cultural e, também, demonstrar como os centros de ciências, enquanto poderosas instituições museais da contemporaneidade, tem alçado voo na construção não só de objetos, mas de modelos de museus reprodutíveis, componentes que acredito serem básicos para refletir sobre o que chamo neste trabalho de indústria museal. / PADOVAN, T. L. Critical Theory and the museum industry: contemporary reflections to think about sciences and museums in the present moment. 2016. 384 f. Dissertation (Master Degree) - Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Museologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Number of visitors, goals to achieve, fund-raising, dynamism in specialized services, these are some common terms among the business world, which are increasingly part of the cultural managers\' language in major contemporary museums. As in any other cultural institutions, museums have been more related to the logics of the market and the consumption society. Such characteristics entail the entrance of culture in the modern capitalism scheme and, according to the frankfurters Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, this movement of cultural appropriation by the markets is understood from the concept of cultural industry. The big corporations in charge of mass communication media was some of the first and realized the advantages of this industry which, with time, has plunged into all the remaining sites of cultural production. Museums, younger offspring of the cultural industry, have gone through various transformations that led them to be part of this process. In the interim, among museums of science and technology, a specific kind of museum institution stands out: science centers. Composed primarily of reproduced objects, in other words, scientific-educational models and technological apparatuses instead of historic-preserved objects, this museums aim at allying the teaching of science to the public entertainment. Provided with new technologies and the notion of expository interactivity, these spaces are compared to thematic parks and often prefer not to be associated with the term \"museum\". In this way, I engage in this work, the objective of explaining how museums have started to take into consideration the politics of the cultural industry while demonstrating how the science centers, as powerful institutions of contemporary times, have taken off in the construction of not only objects, but of models of reproducible museums, components that I believe to be primary in the comprehension of what I call in this work the museum industry.

A presente investigação examina a atuação de duas instituições museológicas paulistas o MASP e o MAC USP enfocando os pensamentos e práticas de seus dirigentes Pietro Maria e Lina Bo Bardi e Walter Zanini especialmente entre fins da década de 1960 e início da década de 1970. Através do estudo de textos desses diretores e de exposições por eles concebidas junto a essas instituições busca-se entender como suas concepções de arte e museu foram colocadas em prática. O frutífero histórico de ações e reflexões que envolveram as atuações do casal Bardi no MASP e de Zanini no MAC USP compuseram nessas instituições ambientes condizentes com a ideia de museu entendido como espaço vivo e atento à manutenção do diálogo com as suas funções sociais e com a dinâmica do meio no qual está inserido. / This research examines the performance of two museological institutions in São Paulo MASP and MAC USP focusing on the thoughts and practices of their directors Pietro Maria and Lina Bo Bardi and Walter Zanini especially between the late 1960s and the early 1970s. Through the study of these directors texts and exhibitions designed by them in these institutions we seek to understand how their conceptions of art and museum were put into practice. The fruitful historic of actions and reflections involving the actings of the couple Bardi in MASP and Zanini in MAC USP composed in these institutions environments harmonized with the idea of the museum understood as living space and attentive to the maintenance of the dialogue with its social functions and with the dynamics of the environment in which it is inserted.

<p>This paper deals with an object donated by a group of members of the public to the Royal Armoury in Stockholm, Sweden. The donators claimed to own a horse bit that had been used by King Gustav II Adolf's mount in the battle of Lützen, where the King was killed. The bit was a gift to the donators' ancestor, the farmer and politician Petter Jönsson, from the King of Sweden, Oscar I, in the 1850's. In this paper, the donated bit is examined and found unlikely to be the bit used at Lützen. The examination also revealed that the bit now worn by the horse in its display is a prop, included in the group of objects in the 19^th century, and that the original bit probably was lost in a fire in 1648. The examination also raises questions on why this bit was considered a valuable gift, what consequences the gift transaction of the bit had for giver and reviever. It ends with a discussion about the donated bit and the bit in the display, and their roles at the museum in the future.</p>

Cette recherche sintéresse aux principes et aux pratiques de mise en exposition dans les musées dethnographie régionale et de société. Quest-ce quun musée dethnographie, quest-ce quun musée de société ? Quelles sont leurs spécificités par rapport aux autres types dinstitutions muséales ? Comment ont-ils évolué depuis leur invention ? Multiformes et nombreuses, ces institutions sont les héritières de lengouement identitaire de la fin du XIXe siècle, du réveil du régionalisme et de lesprit communautaire des années 1960-70 et de lobsession patrimoniale de la fin du XXe siècle et du « tout muséalisable ». Aujourdhui, dépositaires de collections parfois hétéroclites, ces institutions restent fortement imprégnées de découpages disciplinaires et de cloisonnements typologiques. Partant de ce constat, le questionnement porte tout dabord sur le processus de conception et de réalisation de ces expositions, permanentes ou temporaires. Quest ce qui préside à la structuration thématique, particulièrement cloisonnée, de ces présentions ? Le parcours proposé au visiteur reflète-t-il cette structuration ? Le visiteur est-il invité à prendre des libertés par rapport au « sens de la visite » ? Cette première partie sappuie sur la bibliographie mais également sur des études de cas et des entretiens avec des concepteurs dexpositions ou des conservateurs de musées effectués à loccasion de plusieurs voyages détude. Lexpérience apportée par les différents projets sur lesquels jai travaillé, en particulier celui du Musée de Wanne, vient également enrichir cette réflexion. La deuxième partie de cette recherche offre un caractère expérimental. Comment adapter la conception et le parcours de tels musées ou expositions pour donner une interprétation intégrée des différentes facettes de la vie sociale, hier et aujourdhui, afin de dépasser le cloisonnement et la juxtaposition dentités thématiques, pourtant très liées entre elles ? Comment éviter un parcours linéaire, qui prend lallure dun récit, dun discours ou dune énumération ? La tentative que je propose pour renouveler le langage de lexposition et le parcours du visiteur sinspire de la logique et la structuration de lhypertexte. Pour expérimenter cette nouvelle approche, deux expositions «laboratoires » ont été montées au Musée de la Vie rurale en Wallonie au Fourneau Saint-Michel et au Musée dHistoire de la Ville de Luxembourg. Tout le processus de mise en exposition a été analysé et les expositions finalisées ont donné lieu à des évaluations auprès des visiteurs. Ce travail désire réunir les deux approches, théorique et pratique, de la muséologie de lhomme, des arts et traditions populaires et de société afin de dresser un état de la question et de lui insuffler un renouvellement.

The survey aims to problematize masculinity in the exhibitions of the museum.  In what way is masculinity interpreted and valued in exhibitions? What is the attitude towards masculinity in gender oriented museological texts? This study investigates in which way masculinity is written about – how interpretations of masculinity emerge in the texts and what consequences this may have. The survey is based on the method of discourse analysis and the material is processed from a gender perspective. The source material consists of museological texts dealing with the topic of gender and museology, which also is the core material. A complement to this is a selection of exhibition catalogs from museums as well as reviews which are also based on art exhibitions. The main point of the source material consists of the museological texts. The survey highlights that the gender-conscious museological discourse understands, interpret and evaluate masculinity on a more or less given regulatory framework. The classification of this framework means that masculinity is understood in terms of power or unmanliness as a norm and representation. The result is a definition that is reproduced and transmitted via testimony, texts. This contributes to a perception of masculinity which is formulated in evaluative attitudes – about masculinity itself seen as a problem. The discursive framework which the gender-conscious texts consists of constructs the perception of masculinity, and are not merely observations about masculinity as reflections of reality. The discursive classification presumes what there is to know, or what can be found in the study and interpretation of masculinity, men or masculinity. The gender conscious museological discourse affects how truths and statements are constructed, developed and reproduced. The attitude towards masculinity – the perception of masculinity – in the gender-conscious museological discourse as it manifests itself in these texts, is that masculinity in practice doesn’t need to be problematized.

Darbe nagrinėjamos postmodernizmo teorijos atsiradimo ištakos ir termino vartojimo istorija. Pateikiami autorių svarstymai apie postmodernizmo sampratos susiformavimą. Aptariamos naujosios muzeologijos šalininkų išskirtos naujo postmodernaus muziejaus veiklos kryptys: komunikacija, edukacija bei rinkodara. Atlikus tyrimą, darbe pateikiamos 9 Lietuvos muziejininkų nuomonės apie muziejų (apie lankytojus, jų istorinės savimonės bei kūrybiškumo ugdymo būdus, dabartinio muziejaus trūkumus, modernaus muziejaus viziją ir kt.). 2007 m. patvirtinta „Muziejų modernizavimo programa“, truksianti iki 2015 m. Šioje programoje numatytus tikslus ir uždavinius galima skirti į dvi dalis – materialųjį muziejų modernizavimą ir nematerialųjį muziejų modernizavimą. Į materialiojo muziejaus modernizavimo sąvoką įeina pastatų renovavimas, ekspozicijų atnaujinimas bei naujų eksponatų įsigijimas. Tuo tarpu nematerialusis muziejų modernizavimas apima muziejininkų gebėjimų tobulinimą bei Lietuvos integralios muziejų informacinės sistemos kūrimą. Atlikus tyrimą darbe pateikiami 5 muziejaus darbuotojų požiūriai į muziejų modernizavimo procesą Lietuvoje. / The present Paper deals with the beginning of Postmodernism theory and history of usage of the aforementioned term. Contemplations of different authors regarding formation of Postmodernism conception are provided.Trends of a new postmodern museum activities distinguished by supporters of the new museology are discussed. Three major activities, i.e. communication, education, and marketing, are distinguished. Opinions of 9 Lithuanian museologists on museum (on visitors, methods for development of their historical self-consciousness and creativity, drawbacks of a contemporary museum, vision of a modern museum, etc.) are provided in the Paper upon completion of a research. “Programme for Modernisation of Museums” which shall be implemented by 2015 was approved in 2007. Aims and tasks specified in the aforementioned Programme may be divided into two parts: material modernisation of museums and immaterial modernisation of museums. The conception of material modernisation of museums includes renovation of buildings, renewal of expositions and acquisitions of new exhibits. Meanwhile, immaterial modernisation of museums includes improvement of museologists’ skills and creation of an integral Lithuanian museum information system. 5 attitudes of museum employees towards the process of museum modernisation in Lithuania are provided in the Paper upon completion of the research.

La plupart des analyses actuelles et averties de la notion de public s'intéressent à la diversité des modalités de construction de la catégorie désignée comme public. Elles tentent ainsi de s'écarter à la fois de la vision schématique d'un public assimilé à un groupe anomique et amorphe de récepteurs, et de celle de publics démultipliés à l'infini et jouissant d'une importante liberté. Aussi, ces recherches offrent un nouvel espace d'interrogations : entre structures et individualités, existe-il une (des) réalité(s) de la notion de public ? Et que recouvre(nt)-t-elle(s) ? Cette thèse traite de la question du public du patrimoine en envisageant la (les) forme(s) d'espace public que recouvre la maison de vacances de Marcel Proust : la Maison de Tante Léonie (Illiers-Combray, Eure et Loir). L'hypothèse qui sous-tend ce travail est l'existence d'un visiteur co-constructeur. Le patrimoine suscite une production de sens par une diversité d'acteurs (professionnels, pouvoirs publics, visiteurs, etc. ), ces significations contribuant, par adjonction et/ou conjonction, à façonner la symbolique du patrimoine. L'analyse des entretiens effectués auprès des visiteurs de trois sites (la Maison de tante Léonie, l'exposition Marcel Proust à la BnF en 1999 et le Musée Curie) a permis de mettre à l'épreuve cette hypothèse principale, en proposant une méthodologie originale combinant mondes de référence et critères de jugement. Des figures de visiteurs ont été dégagées et ne correspondent plus au public fort du schéma binaire proposé dans le cadre des recherches portant sur la télévision, et qui l'opposerait à un média fort. L'opposition fait place à une co-construction. En outre, les méandres des médiations (A. Hennion, 1993) mises en évidence, en faisant apparaître une forme de mutualité qui lie visiteurs, professionnels et objet patrimonial, font émerger des réalités de sujets et d'objets à la fois co-constructeurs et co-construits.

This paper deals with an object donated by a group of members of the public to the Royal Armoury in Stockholm, Sweden. The donators claimed to own a horse bit that had been used by King Gustav II Adolf's mount in the battle of Lützen, where the King was killed. The bit was a gift to the donators' ancestor, the farmer and politician Petter Jönsson, from the King of Sweden, Oscar I, in the 1850's. In this paper, the donated bit is examined and found unlikely to be the bit used at Lützen. The examination also revealed that the bit now worn by the horse in its display is a prop, included in the group of objects in the 19th century, and that the original bit probably was lost in a fire in 1648. The examination also raises questions on why this bit was considered a valuable gift, what consequences the gift transaction of the bit had for giver and reviever. It ends with a discussion about the donated bit and the bit in the display, and their roles at the museum in the future.

This thesis explores how art produced in the former GDR has been looked upon, handled and exhibited after the reunification of Germany in 1990. Swedish Art History has paid little attention to art in the GDR. The debate starting in the 50s between the spokesmen for abstract art and the defenders of figuration restrained for a long period the ability to look upon art from the GDR without prejudices. This led to a rejection of all figurative art in the GDR and sweeping judgmental attitudes, like it´s all “kitsch”. Comparatively few artists in the GDR however, painted in the style prescribed by political leaders. An open issue in this study was, against background: Has GDR art gained in interest and respectability?    This study focuses on two exhibitions The Divided Heaven in Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin and an exhibition in Kalmar konstmuseum, Sweden, named Maintaining the Order of Things – the Aesthetic of Modernism in Commercialism, Nationalism, Elitism and Socialism, 2011. The exhibitions have been analyzed along several dimensions: The number of works from the GDR, strategies for hanging them, the presentation of the exhibitions in information brochures and the homepage of the museums. Descriptions of the works give information on typical motives in the GDR over time and some information as regards the artists. The way the building has supported visitors in experiencing an exhibition has been considered and its importance as an institution.     The study of the two exhibitions illustrates two different strategies for showing art from the GDR, in contrast or integrated. The Swedish exhibition which primarily exposed paintings from the 60 s focused on comparing GDR paintings and the Swedish sketches on commissioned  etchings on vases from Orrefors glassworks.  The German exhibition exposed GDR art together with art from other countries, along thematic lines.     The study indicates an increasing interest in the art from the GDR, which is confirmed by the great number of exhibitions 2012.  Also projects researching the art from this period in German history and the construction of a new museum for it supports the idea that interest in and respect for art produced in the former GDR is gradually established. This increased interest has not yet included the officially promoted style – Socialist Realism. / <p>Vid den elektroniska publiceringen har två bilder tagits bort från den ursprungliga versionen av upphovsrättsliga skäl, bild 21 och 26.</p>

Os museus podem, hoje, ser caracterizados por dois paradigmas: o tradicional e o contemporâneo, que influenciam as atividades de pesquisa, documentação e exposição. Observa-se a existência de diversas tipologias e novos modelos de museus. Contudo, a maneira de se fazer e comunicar ciência também está mudando, de um fazer regido pela especialização e fragmentação para um fazer investigativo, governado pela ―mistura‖ a partir das relações disciplinares e da contextualização do conhecimento. Hoje em relação ao conhecimento científico temos de um lado os saberes divididos em disciplinas e de outro a realidade e problemas cada vez mais globais e multidisciplinares. O Museu da UFRGS caracteriza-se por ser um museu Universitário, mas que não abrange em seu espaço físico laboratórios de pesquisas acadêmicas e científicas. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo é observar como ocorre a transposição da classificação do conhecimento das linhas de pesquisa do Departamento de Astronomia da UFRGS (DepAstro), em uma esfera de produção, para a classificação do conhecimento da exposição "Em Casa, no Universo" do Museu da UFRGS, em uma esfera de comunicação. A presente pesquisa se constitui em um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, realizada através de entrevistas, análise documental, observação, indexação e classificação. Para análise dos dados se utilizou a Classificação Decimal Universal - CDU - nas temáticas das linhas de pesquisa e na exposição. Como considerações finais da pesquisa destacam-se as relações disciplinares existentes nas instâncias de produção e de comunicação do conhecimento por meio de três graus: inter, trans e multidisciplinar. A esfera de comunicação do saber apresentou um número maior de relações disciplinares comparado com a esfera de produção A dissertação apresenta a CDU como uma proposta metodológica para estudos bibliométricos e cienciométricos para Ciência da Informação. / Nowadays, museums may be characterized by two paradigms: traditional and contemporary, with research, documentation and exhibition activities being influenced by those two models. However, the way science is made and communicated is also changing, ie, from a specialized, fragmented practice toward an investigative practice, reigned by the "mix" of disciplinary relations and knowledge contextualization. The aim of this study is to observe how occurs the transposition from the knowledge classification of the UFRGS's Astronomy Department research lines, in a production sphere, to the knowledge classification of the UFRGS's Museum "At Home, in the Universe" exhibition, in a communication sphere. This research is a case study with qualitative approach, made by means of interviews, document analysis, observing, indexing and classification. The Universal Decimal Classification — UDC — was used for data analysis in the research lines' themes ad in the exhibition. As final considerations, this work points to the existing disciplinary relations in knowledge production and communication, in three levels: inter, trans and multidisciplinary. It also presents the UDC as a methodology for bibliometric and scientometric studies.